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At least 1,495 records · Page 83Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

An investigation of the role played by the superior colliculus and ventromedial thalamus in self-injurious behavior produced by intranigral microinjection of muscimol.

Bilateral injection of muscimol (30 or 60 ng) into the substantia nigra (pars reticulata) of rats produced a variety of stereotyped acts, self-injurious behavior (SIB), and antinociception. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the superior colliculus strongly suppressed SIB without reducing the antinociceptive effects of intranigral muscimol. Electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial thalamus had no effect on behavioral responses to intranigral muscimol. These studies suggest that the SIB produced by intranigral muscimol is mediated by neuronal pathways that terminate in or pass through the superior colliculus. The ventromedial thalamus does not appear to play a role in mediating behavioral responses to intranigral muscimol.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effect of tryptophan supplementation on autotomy induced by nerve lesions in rats.

Rats were fed an artificial diet containing either their normal, or five times their normal, daily requirement of tryptophan for up to five weeks and were tested in an animal model of deafferentation pain, nerve lesion-induced autotomy. In this model one of the hind limbs of the animal was denervated, and the extent to which the animal attacked its denervated paw was assessed. Rats receiving the high-tryptophan diet showed significantly lower levels of autotomy, compared to rats fed the control diet. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain and spinal cord were significantly elevated in rats receiving the high-tryptophan diet, indicating that the supplemented diet produced a chronic increase in CNS indoleamine metabolism. Currently there is no accepted pharmacological treatment of deafferentiation pain. Our results suggest that tryptophan should be tested in phantom limb pain and other deafferentation pain syndromes.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The first 100 admissions to a regional general purpose adolescent unit.

Details are presented of the first 100 admissions to a regional "general purpose" psychiatric unit for adolescents. Seventy-seven per cent had been referred from other consultants, including 51 per cent from child and adolescent psychiatrists. There was a high incidence of family disruption and disharmony. Apart from a small group of "organic" problems (eight) they were evenly distributed between four major diagnostic groupings: psychotic disorder, conduct disorder, neurotic disorder and mixed conduct/neurotic disorder. Use was made of a variety of treatment approaches and the best outcomes were in the neurotic group (81 per cent some or much improved at discharge) and the psychotic group (68 per cent some or much improved). Attention is drawn to the high rate of "premature" discharge (41 per cent) including 18 per cent expelled because of their behaviour. Nearly 50 per cent of these fell in the conduct disorder group and there are obvious implications for the selection process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The biochemical basis of the behavioral disorder in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

An inherited complete deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in male children is associated with a severe neurological disorder characterized by chloroform and athetoid movements, hypertonicity, mental retardation, and self-injurious behavior. In the review that follows several possible mechanisms by which the enzyme defect may cause the CNS disorder are discussed. Current evidence suggests that the primary neural deficit in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia. It is argued that this neurochemical lesion results from a deficiency of purine nucleotides which impairs arborization of nigrostriatal neurons during perinatal development. Differences in the ontogenetic timing of the neurochemical lesion may be partly responsible for the different neurological symptoms displayed by persons afflicted with the Lesch-Nyhan and Parkinson's syndromes.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1983

Self-amputation and restitution.

This paper reports two cases of psychotically induced self-amputation of the hand, and discusses the psychological issues for the patient and staff involved in replantation and adaptation. The psychiatrist's role in facilitating patients' and staffs' utilization of restorative innovative techniques is also addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The self-inflicted dermatoses: a critical review.

The self-inflicted dermatoses, namely dermatitis artefacta, neurotic excoriations, and trichotillomania, have been reported to be associated with various degrees of psychopathology in the dermatologic literature, but have received surprisingly little emphasis in the psychiatric literature. This probably reflects, firstly the fact that most of these patients initially deny any psychologic problems and hence may not receive psychiatric interventions, and secondly a lack of adequate collaboration between the psychiatrist and dermatologist. These disorders may be associated with serious sequelae, such as suicide and repeated major surgical procedures. Their treatment is also primarily psychiatric. This article critically reviews the literature and comments upon the salient clinical features and treatments for these disorders, which are relevant for the psychiatrist doing consultation-liaison work. Knowledge of these disorders is important in the evaluation of any psychiatric patient, as these disorders are essentially a cutaneous sign of psychopathology.

Dermatitis↗
PubMed1991

Relationship of depression and cognitive impairment to self-injury in borderline personality disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia.

Self-injury was studied in 64 adults with borderline personality disorder, major depression, or chronic paranoid schizophrenia. Subjects were rated according to acute depression, chronic depression, self-injurious behaviors, and neurocognitive deficits, as measured by cognitive function examination. Borderline patients showed more self-injurious behaviors and more chronic depressive symptoms than the major depression or schizophrenia groups. Self-injury was not significantly correlated with acute or chronic depression in any group, but self-injury was correlated with neurocognitive deficits in borderline and schizophrenic groups. The results are explained in the context of a neurocognitive model of psychotic thought process in borderline disorder and schizophrenia.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Tongue piercing (oral body art).

Oral body art is a relatively recent fashion in the West where jewelry is inserted in the oral soft tissues. A patient who had tongue-piercing is presented, and the subject of oral piercing reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Self-injury and its relationship to diagnostic schemes in psychopathology.

It is argued that self-injury should be conceptualized within accepted diagnostic schemes prevalent in the United States and abroad. This approach is viewed as having several benefits including better and more clearly emphasizing to practitioners the nature of the problem by inclusion in DSM III and related diagnostic systems that are readily available in applied settings. It is believed that encorporating self-injury more clearly as a diagnostic entity would also have the result of further legitimizing it for reimbursement by third party payers who routinely use DSM III categories. Additional issues pertaining to the relationship of self-injury to diagnosis are discussed.

Compulsive Behavior↗
PubMed1986

The immediate and long-term effectiveness of overcorrection in treating self-injurious behavior in a mentally retarded adult.

A brief positive practice overcorrection procedure was used as a method of eliminating head-banging in a profoundly mentally retarded adult. Treatment produced an immediate reduction in head-banging episodes, with near zero occurrence of behavior during the third phase of treatment. One year later data collection was resumed on the subject for an 11-week period. Data from the long-term follow-up revealed that head-banging continued to occur, but mean weekly levels of episodes (M = 5.8) were still well below those recorded during the baseline period (M = 18.8). The overcorrection procedure produced immediate short-term effects and, in this case, was also effective in the long-term. Variables related to the maintenance of response suppression are discussed with respect to this intervention's success.

Adult↗