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PubMed1999

Induction of parturition in bitches with minimal side effects by two injections of a low dose of fenprostalene, a prostaglandin F2alpha analogue, and pretreatment with prifinium bromide.

An experiment using 16 Beagle bitches (aged 11 months to 6 years and 2 months) in their 56th to 58th day of pregnancy was carried out to investigate the effects of two injections of a low dose of fenprostalene, a long-acting prostaglandin F2alpha analogue, and pretreatment with prifinium bromide, a parasympathetic nerve blocking agent, on the induction of parturition and severity of side effects. The bitches were divided into three treatment groups: one injection of 5 microg/kg of fenprostalene (group I, n=5); one injection of 7.5 mg/head of prifinium bromide followed by one injection of 5 microg/kg of fenprostalene at 5 min after prifinium bromide injection (group II, n=6); and one injection of 7.5 mg/head of prifinium bromide followed by two injections of 2.5 microg/kg of fenprostalene, one injection at 5 min after prifinium bromide injection and the next at 1 hr after the fenprostalene first injection (group III, n=5). Following the injection of fenprostalene, side effects such as salivation, vomiting, colic symptoms, and watery diarrhea occurred most frequently (80-100% of cases) in group I bitches. Apart from colic symptoms, no side effects were observed in group III bitches. Group III bitches also showed the smallest increase in plasma cortisol concentration. No significant difference in the time to initiation of parturition was found between the three groups. The one-week survival rate of newborn puppies was highest in group III. The results showed that pretreatment with prifinium bromide and two injections of 2.5 microg/kg of fenprostalene can alleviate side effects following fenprostalene administration and have no adverse effect on the survival of newborn puppies, indicating that this method is a reliable and safe way of inducing parturition in bitches.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed2002

Effect of isotonic and hypotonic lactated ringer's solutions with dextrose intravenously administered to dehydrated heifers.

To determine the effects of rapid infusion of essential fluids in a volume of hypotonic lactated Ringer's solution, the central venous pressure (CVP) and acid-base equilibrium were investigated in to mildly dehydrated heifers. Mild dehydration was induced in 9 Holstein heifers by withholding food and water until 7.0+/-5.7% of plasma volume had been lost. The heifers were randomly assigned to the ILG (lactated Ringer's + 5% dextrose), HLG (1/2 lactated Ringer's + 2.2% dextrose) or HRG (1/2 Ringer's + 2.5% dextrose) groups with 3 heifers in each group. Heifers received 30 ml/kg of one of the fluids, at a flow rate of 20 ml/kg/hr. The rapid intravenous (IV) infusions of HLG and HRG used in this study were found to be safe and effective in increasing plasma volume without increasing CVP, even though the infusion was given to the jugular vein at a dosage of 30 ml/kg. However, ILG infusion induced progressive increases in CVP, reaching 9.0+/-2.0 mmHg. No clinical signs, such as moist rales on auscultation, moist cough, jugular vein congestion, ophthalmoptosis, salivation or arrhythmia, were observed throughout the fluid infusion. The relative changes in base excess (rBE) for the ILG and HRG groups were significantly decreased until the end of fluid infusion. As for the HLG group, rBE slightly decreased until the end of the fluid infusion. Then the values significantly increased and exceeded the pre-infusion value at the end of the experiment. While IV infusion of HLG inhibited acidification caused by dilution, HRG infusion induced diluted acidification. It is suggested that HLG infusion should be examined as a treatment for cattle with dehydration and moderate metabolic acidosis, since rapid infusion of HLG may be more beneficial for rehydrating cattle with metabolic acidosis than current treatment.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2002

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural identification of Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum in bovine fatal necrotizing glossitis.

A 37-day-old male Japanese black calf showing marked salivation and leucocytosis died and was examined the tissues histologically. Histological lesions were characterized by severe focal necrotic glossitis on the ventral side of the root of the tongue. Immunohistochemically, Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum antigen was detected in the necrotic tissues and its distribution corresponded to that of the gram-negative, nonsporeforming, long filamentous organisms. Ultrastructural similarities between the organism and F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum, but not subsp. funduliforme were observed. These findings clearly demonstrated that the fatal necrotic glossitis was caused by F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum. This is the first report of bovine fatal necrotizing glossitis with leucocytosis caused by F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum infection, and this organism may be an important fatal pathogen in calves with glossal lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A case of chronic wasting disease in an elk imported to Korea from Canada.

A seven-year-old male elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) was euthanized and necropsied after having a 3-week history of body weight loss, emaciation, excessive salivation, teeth grinding, fever, anorexia, and respiratory distress. The elk was imported into Korea from Canada on March 9, 1997. Gross pathologic findings were restricted to a diffuse fibrinous pneumonia. Microscopic lesions included mild neuronal vacuolation and spongiform change in the neuropil of selected brain stem nuclei and generalized astrocytosis. Immunohistochemistry for protease-resistant prion protein (PrP(res)) was positive in all brain sections but more pronounced in the section of the obex of the medulla. And the PrP(res) was also detected by western immunoblotting in the brain and spinal cord. All the remaining elk and deer that had been in contact with this elk were destroyed and negative for chronic wasting disease (CWD). To our knowledge, this is the first case of CWD occurring outside of the U.S.A. and Canada.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Influence of a PGF2alpha-analogue, etiproston tromethamine, on the functional corpus luteum of dogs.

To induce luteal regression-related abortion/delivery and treat pyometra in dogs, various PGF2alpha-analogues (PGAs) are administered, but a PGA most appropriate for clinical application in dogs, with a low incidence of side effects, is being investigated. In this study, we compared the effects of etiproston tromethamine (PGA-E), which has not been investigated in dogs, with those of cloprostenol (PGA-C), which is routinely used in dogs. A single dose of PGA-E at 100, 200, 400 or 800 microg or PGA-C at 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 microg was administered to beagles (n=5 per group) 25 days after ovulation, when the corpus luteum was in the functional phase. We compared the state of luteal regression by measuring plasma progesterone levels. As side effects, the incidences of salivation, vomiting, tachypnea, diarrhea and the drop in body temperature were investigated. In the 400-microg and 800-microg groups treated with PGA-E, the mean intervals from administration until luteal regression were 18.6 days and 31.2 days, respectively. In the dogs treated with 50 microg or more of PGA-C, luteal regression was noted 2 days after administration. The above side effects were observed for 3 hr after administration of PGA-E/PGA-C. In the dogs treated with 800 microg of PGA-E, the mean body temperature was 36.7 degrees C 4 hr after administration; hypothermia persisted. PGA-E may be less useful than PGA-C for promoting luteal regression in dogs in clinical application.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Clozapine-induced hypersalivation.

OBJECTIVE: To review underlying pathophysiology and possible treatments for clozapine-induced hypersalivation. DATA SOURCES: Primary literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966-May 1999). Key search terms included clozapine, hypersalivation, sialorrhea, and treatment. DATA SYNTHESIS: Hypersalivation occurs in up to 54% of patients receiving clozapine. An evaluation of studies and case reports focusing on management of clozapine-induced hypersalivation was conducted. CONCLUSIONS: It is unclear whether clozapine increases salivation through its muscarinic M4 receptor activation and/or blockade of alpha2-adrenoceptors, or by causing a distortion in swallowing reflex. Treatment options include chewing gum, reducing the dosage of clozapine, or prescribing pharmacologic agents such as anticholinergics or alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists.

Adrenergic Agonists↗
PubMed2006

Listeric meningoencephalomyelitis in a cougar (Felis concolor): characterization by histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular methods.

Listeria monocytogenes has been recognized as an important food-borne pathogen in animals. Records of the disease caused by this bacterium in large felids are, however, rare. The nervous form of listeriosis was diagnosed in a 12-year-old male cougar (Felis concolor) with a several-day history of neurologic disease characterized by excess salivation, head pressing, and circling that progressed to recumbency and death. Microscopically, the main alteration in the brain and spinal cord was a variably severe meningoencephalomyelitis composed mainly of mononuclear cell aggregates with fewer neutrophils. L. monocytogenes was isolated from the brain by microbiological culture, and L. monocytogenes antigen was detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of brain and spinal cord by immunohistochemical analysis. On the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, the isolated strain was determined to be serotype 1/2a. Food-borne transmission of the bacterium was suspected, but food was not available for testing.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Experimental vesicular stomatitis virus infection in horses: effect of route of inoculation and virus serotype.

Horses were inoculated with Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey and Indiana viruses by routes simulating contact and vector transmission. Clinical signs, lesions, antibody development, viral shedding and persistence, and viremia were monitored. Horses were infected with both viruses by all routes as confirmed by seroconversion. Salivation, primary lesions at inoculation sites, and secondary oral lesions were the most common clinical findings. Viral shedding was most often from the oral cavity, followed by the nasal cavity; titers were highest from oral cavity samples. Virus was rarely isolated from the conjunctival sac and never from feces or blood. Development of neutralizing antibody coincided with cessation of lesion development and detection of virus by isolation. Circulating virus-specific IgM, IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies developed in most animals postinoculation (PI) days 6 to 12, depending on the route of inoculation. At postmortem (PI days 12 to 15), lesions were healing, were not vesicular, and did not contain detectable virus by isolation, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, or immunohistochemistry. Numerous infiltrating lymphocytes and plasma cells suggested that lesion resolution was partially due to local immunity. Detection of viral RNA from tonsil and lymph nodes of head at necropsy suggests that these tissues play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease; molecular techniques targeting these tissues may be useful for confirming infection in resolving stages of disease. The routes of inoculation used in this study reflect the diversity of transmission routes that may occur during outbreaks and can be used to further study contact and vector transmission, vaccine development, and clarify pathogenesis of the disease in horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Sialorrhea and gastroesophageal reflux.

It is not unusual for patients who are pregnant or have a hiatal hernia to develop gatroesophageal reflux with the resultant symptoms of heartburn. This article reviews the role reflux plays in causing episodes of increased salivation. Stimulation of the esophagus by gastric acids excites and esophagosalivary reflex. A marked increase in salivary flow ensues, neutralizing the acid content of the esophagus. The dental practitioner is in a strategic position to be consulted about or recognize the existence of the esophagosalivary reflex and the consequent bouts of sialorrhea. Recognition mandates medical consultation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Chronic parotitis: diagnosis and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Chronic parotitis, or CP, is a nonspecific sialadenitis that often is seen first in the dental office. The cause, although not definitively determined, is most likely multifactorial and includes decreased salivation, stasis and an ascending retrograde duct infection. The authors present a case report to illustrate the symptomatology of CP to facilitate its differentiation from other entities that mimic CP. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 60-year-old woman with a 30-year history of recurrent swellings of her left parotid gland was diagnosed with CP. The diagnosis was based on history, clinical examination, salivary volume and chemistry, computerized tomographic scan and sialography. Treatment was palliative in nature. CLINICAL IMPLICATION: As a member of the health care team, the dentist must be familiar with the various causes of recurrent parotid infections. Early clinical recognition of CP leads to appropriate and successful care.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2003

Sjogren's syndrome: evolving therapies.

Sjogren's syndrome (keratoconjunctivis sicca) is a relatively common disorder with incidence of approximately 0.5% of adult women. It has both local (ocular and oral) features as well as systemic manifestations. There has been recent FDA approval of agents to stimulate salivation (pilocarpine and cevimeline) and studies are in progress to determine their role in the treatment of dry eye. New therapies are in clinical trials for ocular manifestations with the most interest focused on topical cyclosporin A and purinogenic receptor agonists. In oral therapy, topical human interferon has reported encouraging results in short-term studies. However, the high placebo response (probably reflecting the beneficial response of mechanical stimulation of the buccal mucosa by the lozenge) and the response to much cheaper therapies (such as acid maltose lozenges) may offer safer and cheaper alternatives. For systemic disease, there is interest in tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. However, the cost-effectiveness and safety of biological agents needs longer term follow up, as they appear much less dramatic in their effect on systemic lupus erythematosus or Sjogren's syndrome than in rheumatoid arthritis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Drug treatment of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.

Non-motor symptoms may considerably reduce parkinsonian quality of life, particularly in advanced stages of the disease. Autonomic features, such as seborrhoea, hyperhidrosis, orthostatic hypotension, excessive salivation, bladder dysfunction and GI disturbances, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as depression, sleep disorders, psychosis and dementia, appear in the course of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacotherapy of these non-motor symptoms complicates long-term antiparkinsonian combination drug therapy due to possible drug interactions, side effects and changes in metabolism. Moreover, antiparkinsonian compounds themselves contribute to the onset of these non-motor symptoms to a considerable extent. This complicates differentiation between the disease process itself and drug-related effects, thus influencing therapeutic options, which are often limited because of comorbidity and polypharmacy. Therefore, standardised recommendations are questionable, since drug tolerability and response differ between patients. Nevertheless, this review tries to provide a survey of possible therapeutic options for the treatment of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease other the dopamine-sensitive motor features.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Behavioural and morphological effects of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol-17 beta in the prepubertally castrated boar.

Three groups of 5 prepubertally castrated boars received twice weekly subcutaneous injections from 16 to 28 weeks of age of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (1 mg/kg), oestradiol-17 beta dipropionate (0.1 mg/kg), or a combination of the two steroids. The pigs were tested each week for sexual behaviour with an oestrogen-treated ovariectomized gilt. 5 alpha-Dihydrotestosterone did not induce copulatory behaviour whereas oestradiol initiated mounting, although this behaviour was not maintained. However, the combined hormonal treatment induced the full pattern of copulation, including ejaculation, in 4/5 pigs. Oestrogen-treated animals also showed champing and salivation. None of the pigs treated with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone showed lordosis when exposed to a mature boar. Increases in the size of the penis, the ischio- and bulbocavernosus muscles, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands were produced by 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and, with the exception of the penis, this hypertrophy was further enhanced by additional treatment with oestradiol. Increases in the weight of the prostate and muscular urethra were due mainly to the effects of oestrogen; this steroid caused extensive development of fibromuscular tissue and also increased mammary teat length. In the submaxillary salivary glands, synergism between 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol resulted in hypertrophy of the serous cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[An estimation of comfortable temperature for rats using thermograph (author's transl)].

For estimating optimum environmental temperature accepted as comfortable by rats themselves, we measured tail skin temperatures by thermograph and observed behaviors in adult rats at the room temperatures of 20, 22, 24, 26 and 28 degrees C. The five rats grouped in a plastic cage were inclined to be in a tight squeeze at 20, 22 and 24 degrees C whereas they set themselves separately each other at 28 degrees C. At 26 degrees C, the behaviors of the rats were the intermediate of these two types. The tail skin temperatures of these grouped five rats were kept high and the lowest was 28.5 degrees C at the room temperature of 20 degrees C. On the contrary, the tail skin temperature of the single rat in another same type cage was much lower at the room temperatures of 24 degrees C and lower and reaches to 20 degrees C at the room temperature of 20 degrees C, although it was close to those of grouped rats at 26 degrees C and almost equal to those at 28 degrees C. The inside temperatures of the cage containing five rats were higher than the room temperature but the differences were less than 2 degrees C. At the room temperature of 28 degrees C, both of the single rat and the grouped rats smeared themselves with their saliva to increase heat dissipation. From these results, we considered the ambient temperature range in which a single rat can hold the high tail skin temperature and the salivation is not necessary as the comfortable temperature range for rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Experimental studies on the acute toxicity of tetrahydrofuran in animals].

The toxicity of tetrahydrofuran (THF), an important solvent in chemical industries, was studied by experiments on mice and rats. Acute toxicity was studied by intraperitoneally injecting 20% THF solution in various doses and by causing THF of various concentrations to be inhaled. Toxic symptoms appearing during the experimental period were observed. The results are as follows: 1. Acute toxic dose of THF. LD50 was estimated to be 2,500 mg/kg in mice with intraperitoneal administration of 20% THF-olive oil solution and 1,900 mg/kg in mice and 2,900 mg/kg in rats with intraperitoneal administration of 20% THF-0.9% NaCl solution. LC50 was estimated to be 21,000 ppm in rats when THF was inhaled for three hours. 2. Acute toxicity by inhalation of THF for three ours. Rats exposed to 100 to 200 ppm of THF showed no significant effects, except for slight local irritant symptoms such as redness of the nose and eyelids. Almost all rats exposed to over 5,000 ppm of THF displayed marked local irritant symptoms such as edema or opacity of the cornea, salivation and discharge or bleeding in nasal mucosa. A cataleptoid posture, coma and clonic muscle spasms indicating irritant symptoms of the central nervous system were also observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Intravaginal prostaglandin F2 alpha for the treatment of metritis and pyometra in the bitch.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravaginal prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) would be effective for the treatment of metritis or pyometra in the bitch. Seventeen bitches with metritis or pyometra were treated with PGF2 alpha. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (150 micrograms/kg body weight) was administered once or twice daily by infusing 0.3 ml per 10 kg body wt into the vaginal lumen. Bitches were also treated with amoxicillin (15 mg/kg body wt/48 h) and/or gentamicin (4 mg/kg body wt/day) administered as intramuscular (i.m.) injections. Fifteen bitches were treated successfully with intravaginally administered PGF2 alpha for 3 to 12 days and with intramuscularly administered antibiotics for 4 to 12 days. Success of treatment was judged by cessation of vaginal discharge, the absence of fluid in the uterus as determined by ultrasonography, and the overall health status of the animal. As two bitches with pyometra showed clinical deterioration in spite of medical treatment, ovariohysterectomy was performed after the first and the second treatment, respectively. No side effects (salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, hyperpnoea, ataxia, urination, anxiety, pupillary dilatation followed by contraction) were observed after PGF2 alpha treatment. The disease did not recur during the subsequent oestrous cycles within 12 months after the initial treatment. The results demonstrate that intravaginal administration of PGF2 alpha was effective in 13 dogs (86.6%) with metritis or pyometra, and caused no side effects. Although the study was based on a relatively small number of cases, it is concluded that prostaglandin F2 alpha can be a useful means of treating bitches with metritis or pyometra. However, in severe cases of pyometra ovariohysterectomy is needed.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed2001

Behavioral and electroencephalographic analysis of seizures induced by intrahippocampal injection of granulitoxin, a neurotoxic peptide from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera.

In this study, the behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis of seizures induced by the intrahippocampal injection in rats of granulitoxin, a neurotoxic peptide from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera, was determined. The first alterations occurred during microinjection of granulitoxin (8 microg) into the dorsal hippocampus and consisted of seizure activity that began in the hippocampus and spread rapidly to the occipital cortex. This activity lasted 20-30 s, and during this period the rats presented immobility. During the first 40-50 min after its administration, three to four other similar short EEG seizure periods occurred and the rats presented the following behavioral alterations: akinesia, facial automatisms, head tremor, salivation, rearing, jumping, barrel-rolling, wet dog shakes and forelimb clonic movements. Within 40-50 min, the status epilepticus was established and lasted 8-12 h. These results are similar to those observed in the acute phase of the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy and suggest that granulitoxin may be a useful tool not only to study the sodium channels, but also to develop a new experimental model of status epilepticus.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Pathochemical toxicity of perfluorocarbon-5070, a liquid test performance fluid previously used in dialyzer manufacturing, confirmed in animal experiment.

In the light of clustered deaths in late 2001 associated with hemodialysis (HD), this article analyzes the pathochemical toxicity of the perfluorocarbon-5070 (PF-5070), a liquid used as test performance fluid for detecting capillary leaks during dialyzer manufacturing. Residual PF-5070 in some Athane dialyzers of the involved brands was infused in the injured patients during hemodialysis. The clinical presentation was in contrast with other previously described severe reactions to HD. Foam material was discovered in the right ventricle and caval vein of the patients who underwent postmortem examination. Deaths were attributed to gas embolism without the external causes identified. To explore the pathochemical toxicity of the inert liquid PF-5070, an animal model was developed. In a rabbit model, single slug intravenous injections as bolus of increasing doses of PF-5070 were performed. In a first set of experiments, three groups of three rabbits were administered increasing doses of PF-5070 at 4, 40, or 160 microl/kg. After intravenous injection, the animals were observed for clinical signs of adverse effects and underwent autopsy after death. Doses were normalized to animal body weight to allow comparison with supposed patient exposure. Five of nine rabbits died soon after PF-5070 dosing: One rabbit died within 4 h in the 4 microl/kg group, one rabbit died within 30 min in the 40 microl/kg group, and three rabbits died within 30 min in the 160 mul/kg group. In a second set of experiments, six rabbits were injected with a lethal dose of PF-5070 to analyze clinical symptoms and pathophysiology. All rabbits died on the day of dosing and displayed neurologic disorders (paralysis, nystagmus, rigidity, convulsions), then breathing abnormalities (rapid breathing, salivation, dark mucous membrane), and fatal collapse. Autopsy of rabbits showed evidence of gas retention in the lung tissue and gas bubbles in the right cardiac cavities. Histologic findings included alveolar hemorrhage with pulmonary edema, cerebellum, and cortex patchy areas of infarction. Single-dose intravenous administration of PF-5070 reproduced in a rabbit model the pathophysiologic effects observed in the hemodialysis patients. Severity of the symptoms observed in the animals was dose-dependent. Clinical and pathologic findings can be explained by the capacity of perfluorocarbon to emulsify blood at body temperature, to increase partial pressure in the pulmonary capillary bed, and to form bubbles in the pulmonary capillary circulation, thus blocking lung and visceral perfusion. Such experimental findings indicate the toxicity of PF-5070 administered intravenously and make the pathochemical toxicity link with the hemodialysis-related deaths caused by the presence of residues of PF-5070 in the Althane dialyzers. We conclude, in light of this outbreak and the subsequent investigations, that liquid PF-5070 is a highly toxic compound when administered intravenously because of its emulsifying properties. The use of PF-5070 or any liquid fluorocarbon compounds in medical devices with blood contact and particularly in the dialyzer manufacturing should be considered with caution.

Animals↗