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PubMed1986

[The aging of the Austrian population: a graphic analysis].

"This paper applies two kinds of graphs illustrating three-dimensional relationships of the development of Austrian age structure 1869-2025 and of the history of age-specific fertility and mortality rates since 1951. Perspective pictures (3-D mountains) present the evolution of male and female age structures and of age-specific sex-ratios." The author discusses the baby boom generation and the impact of the population aging process on social and economic aspects of life in Austria (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Low temperature conversion of sludge and shavings from leather industry.

Abstract Brazil has one of the largest herds of cattle in the world, with more than 170 million heads. Over 400 farms have exported more than 2,875 ton (in 1997) of leather to Europe. The wet blue tanning process uses chemicals such as chromium compounds and produces liquid wastes that must be treated by physicochemical and biological systems. About 15,000 ton per month of dewatering sludge with 24% solids content is disposed of into landfills. During the process, pre-tanned skins (wet blue leather) are shaved to the desired thickness and the shavings, like sludge, are among the wastes that must have special attention. The organic content and chromium concentration are high. About 12% of the leather production from cattle hides are shavings, and its chromium concentration ranges from 3.5 to 5.5% of dry matter. The Environmentally friendly leather project, a co-operation between Brazilian and German tanneries, universities and technical schools, is looking for process optimisation, waste minimisation and adequate treatment for solid and liquid wastes from the leather industry. This work presents results of Low Temperature Conversion of chrome-containing sludge and shavings in a laboratory batch reactor, offering a solution for these hazardous wastes, recovering the energy content and transforming metals in insoluble sulphides.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The actual problems of organization of medical care for rural population].

Population health status and medical care in rural areas is discussed. Trends in dynamics of such health indicators as mortality, morbidity and prevalence of socially perilous diseases are worse among rural population as compared with urban population. Economical, environmental, industrial and other factors impacting on health of rural population are revealed. Sociological research data demonstrating attitude of rural population to health and to medical care are quoted. Problems of financing, manpower strength and material and technical equipping in rural health institutions are discussed. Importance of priority national project "Health" for enhancement of rural medical care is shown including necessary measures for its realization.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2006

Qualitative analysis of end user computing strategy and experiences in promoting nursing informatics in Taiwan.

The purpose of this study was to analyse end user computing strategy and experiences in promoting nursing informatics in Taiwan. In February 2004, an 8-day NI technology training campaign was held in Taipei for 60 clinical nurses. Excel VBA was used as the tool to teach the clinical nurses, who had never written any programs, but were very interested in informatics. Three projects were determined after detailed discussion and evaluation of clinical needs and technical feasibility between the nurses and the technical support team, which was composed of one experienced informatics professor and one clinical NI assistant. A qualitative analysis was used to interview the three pairs of programming clinical nurses and their direct supervisors with a structured but open questionnaire. Representative concepts were categorized from the data until all were categorized. The concepts were organized under three categories: the purposes, the benefits and the challenges of system development. According to this study, end user computing strategy with Excel VBA was successful so far.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

From radio-astronomy to medical imaging.

A common thread in much of the medical imaging that has developed over the past 20 years has been the Fourier transform. It was Richard Bates' interest in radio-interferometry, as well as his fascination with problems of medical imaging that prompted an initial interest in applying Fourier techniques to medical imaging in general and to Computed Tomography in particular. This resulted 20 years ago in one of the earliest technical papers advocating Fourier techniques for reconstructing cross-sections from radiographic projections (Bates and Peters, NZ J Science 14:883-896, 1971). Since those early days, medical imaging has explored into a multi-billion dollar industry. The CT scanner has become the workhorse imaging modality in the radiology department, while its more recent relative, the MR scanner, is rapidly gaining ground as a technique of even greater importance. Richard Bates, with his team of "Medical Imagers" was a very significant force in the development of the field of Medical Imaging as we know it today. This paper attempts to chronicle the genesis of this process from the personal perspective of the author.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1986

Clinical evaluation of free T4 techniques.

This paper describes the specificity and sensitivity performances of the new FT4 immunoextraction methods as compared to FT4I and sensitive TSH measurement. Only the Sclavo Lisophase, Clinical Assays 2 step, Spiria FT4, Mallinckrodt Spac ET and Abbott TDX methods offered improved diagnostic accuracy as compared to FT4I. The use of the albumin dependent analogue FT4 methods decreased test specificity and significantly increased laboratory costs relative to FT4I. Preliminary data is presented concerning the performance of a sensitive TSH assay in the clinical conditions where the diagnostic accuracy of FT4I is compromised. Diagnostic sensitivity for detection of "true" hypo and hyperthyroidism appears excellent as does test specificity when an appropriate reference range is selected. As the different tests had equivalent sensitivity for detection of "true" thyroid disease, a model was developed for the calculation of the relative laboratory cost effectiveness of using each test as a first line test of thyroid function. The model was constructed on the basis of reagent and technical costs, the prevalence of the clinical states, test specificity and the projected clinical and laboratory response to an abnormal result. The model suggested that the use of the albumin-dependent analogue methods would increase costs 3 fold compared to FT4I, whereas the use of the specific FT4 methods (Clinical Assays 2 step, Spiria FT4, Mallinckrodt Spac ET and Abbott TDX) would decrease costs 2 fold compared to FT4I. Sensitive TSH methods were projected to have equivalent or lower costs compared to the specific FT4 methods, depending on whether FT4I or specific FT4 was used as the confirmatory test. It thus appeared that sensitive TSH measurement may become the most cost effective first line test of thyroid function.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Moving to computerized scheduling--a smooth transition.

A clear, streamlined decision-making structure smooths the transition from a manual to a computerized scheduling system. Technical advisers, nurse managers and staff nurses worked together to guarantee the project's successful outcomes. A realistic target date was set and everyone was expected to meet the deadline.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

The skills of public health and their development in the UK.

In order to ensure that public health interests are at the forefront of the health agenda, practitioners will need to be able to operate within the political agenda and develop skills in influencing networking and communication, as well as keeping their essential technical and professional competencies. As part of the Chief Medical Officer's project, a health leadership programme is being developed.

Health Policy↗
PubMed1996

Quality assurance for abdominal CT: a rapid, computer-assisted technique.

OBJECTIVE: Maintaining high standards in a large CT imaging department with multiple scanners, a large technical and clerical staff, and a rotating staff of radiologists is an ongoing challenge. We undertook a project to design and implement a simple, rapidly performed computer-assisted system of quality assurance (QA) for use in abdominal CT. In our project, we also analyzed the results of that QA system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We graded 1810 abdominal CT studies done in a 50-week period, using a three-point scale to indicate the quality of the following five parameters of technical quality: IV contrast enhancement, oral contrast opacification, window settings and artifacts, conformity to radiologists' protocol, and completeness and accuracy of header and scout data. In addition, a parameter reflecting performance of the film library and clerical staff was similarly graded. To provide a measure of peer review for radiologists, any disagreements with prior CT study reports were recorded when comparison studies were reviewed in the process of CT interpretation. A commercially available spreadsheet and database software program was tailored to allow rapid, easily performed data entry and analysis. Tables and graphs showing performance of technologists and film library and clerical staff were generated. This customized program was made available on the radiology department computer network. Results generated by the program were further analyzed with linear regression models. RESULTS: Our QA system was successfully integrated into the routine operation of the abdominal CT division. During the first 11.5 months of operation, the system reflected improvement in each of the technical parameters with a statistically significant improvement in the combined average technical score (from 1.15 to 1.68 on a scale of 0-2; p < .0001). The "Throughout Speed/Old Exams" parameter for performance of the film library and clerical staff, which was analyzed separately from the technical parameters, also improved significantly (from 1.3 to 1.8; p < .02). Improvements were statistically significant, even when we controlled for potential variations in quality among different CT scanners and variations among the radiologists who rated the quality of the examination. Thirty-eight disagreements with previous scan interpretations (5% of all scan comparisons) were recorded for evaluation at peer review conferences. CONCLUSION: The ability to monitor performance continuously using a rapid, computer-assisted system has effected measurable improvement in our CT service. Technologist and film library and clerical staff performance improved for all parameters studied. Deficiencies were revealed and trends demonstrated. The QA system allowed us to identify disagreements in interpretation of CT examinations for subsequent peer review by radiologists. Our QA software program has been made available on the Internet as freeware to licensed Excel users via anonymous file transfer protocol at Internet Protocol 134.192.6.110.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Models of birth trajectories with certain patterns of variations in vital rates.

This article records experiments with a modified version of Lotka's stable population model. The traditional assumption of a set of unchanging net maternity rates as one of the preconditions has been replaced by allowing the rates to vary in certain ways while approaching or varying around a set of underlying constant rates. The integral equation assumes a different form but can be simplified and solved in the same old way. As a result, the birth trajectory does not necessarily attain a stable state. For certain patterns of mathematical functions the trajectory eventually becomes stable while for certain others it shows cyclical fluctuations. The variations in net maternity rates can also be postulated to follow the patterns of some measurable empirical functions which, like the mathematical functions, should be amenable to projections in the future. This information is needed for deriving the long-term solutions in additions to the information about the intrinsic rate of growth which is obtained from the traditional integral equation.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2006

PACS development in Austria: a discussion of success criteria and success factors.

OBJECTIVES: The paper uses the example of PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) in Austria (where some of the earliest large PACS projects were realised and led to a high penetration with state-wide networked PACS installations) to discuss success criteria and success factors of medical information systems. METHODS: The paper describes the development of digital imaging in medicine and classifies the impact of systems according to their first or second order effects on patient care. The historic goals of PACS and the technical infrastructure in the eighties are shortly described. The paper then outlines the early PACS projects in Austria and their different approaches as well as the present state of PACS in Austria. RESULTS: After giving a definition of success, success criteria (which allow to decide whether a system is in fact a success or not) are discussed in general--the final criterion being routine use--and in detail and it is concluded that PACS in Austria was and is indeed successful. CONCLUSION: The analysis of success factors shows a multitude of influences but the most decisive ones are the practical ability of the system to deliver a real service to health care and the ability to support the (key) users in their work and goals.

Austria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computerizing records for continuing education.

The system was devised as a joint project by members of the Nursing Education Department, secretarial staff, and Information Services. The nursing education department members identified needed outcomes. The secretaries described what was necessary to simplify data entry. The information services personnel had the technical expertise to interpret the input from the others and put the system together. All members of this project were essential to its development. The reports provide information about classes, attendees, and educational budgets. The reports also meet requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and state continuing education regulations.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗