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PubMed1990

[Immunohistochemical studies on the peptidergic nerve distribution in hard palate mucosa and gingiva of the rat].

The present study demonstrates the distribution of nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the hard palate mucosa and gingiva of the rat by the use of an indirect immunofluorescence method. Nerve fibers containing CGRP, SP and NKA showed very similar distribution patterns. Numerous nerve fibers containing CGRP, SP and NKA were observed in the lamina propria of hard palate mucosa. They formed dense subepithelial plexuses in incisive papilla and transverse palatine ridges. Some of them penetrated deeply into the epithelium and terminated as free nerve endings. In gingiva, nerve fibers containing these peptides were found especially near gingival sulcus. They were abundantly distributed beneath the junctional epithelium and formed nerve plexus. In all sampling regions, these nerve fibers were seen around the large- and medium-sized blood vessels in lamina propria and submucosal layer. NPY- and VIP-containing nerve fibers were observed in close association with blood vessels of hard palate mucosa. These nerve fibers were located around the large-sized blood vessels in the submucosal layer of hard palate and a few fibers were seen running along the small blood vessels in the lamina propria of the anterior half of hard palate mucosa. Nerve fibers containing these peptides were never found in gingiva.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunohistochemical localization of TGF-B1 during morphogenetic movements of the developing mouse palate.

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B1) may play an important role in developmentally active tissues in which it is found in high concentrations. We localized TGF-B1 in the developing fetal mouse palate immunohistochemically using a polyclonal antibody. Mouse fetal palates at 12-17 days (inclusive) of gestation were examined and specific focal concentrations of TGF-B1 identified regions undergoing active morphogenesis. The association of TGF-B1 with aggregates of mesenchymal cells in the palate and chondroblasts, rhabdomyocytes, and epithelia of the craniofacial complex strongly implicates its role in proliferation and differentiation in the developing mouse palate. We believe these findings have important bearing on the normal development of the palate as well as cleft anomalies.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A technique for one stage repair of complete palatal cleft.

A technique for repairing in one stage, wide complete palatal cleft of congenital origin with obvious shortening of the soft palate, is described. Mucoperiosteal flaps were obtained from vomer bone and palate while muco-muscular flap from posterior pharyngeal wall by means of a simple technique. A layer closure was used to fill in the palatal defect. This technique was used successfully in 24 out of 25 cases, with a mean follow-up of 2 years. When fully healed, the palate attained a normal shape and function.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Human prenatal palatal closure related to skeletal maturity of the jaws.

The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the stages of skeletal maturation of the maxilla and the mandible at the time of soft tissue palatal closure. Similar studies were not found in the literature. This investigation was based on maxillae and mandibles from 19 human embryos/fetuses selected by visual inspection of palatal structures, eight fetuses "just before palatal closure," and 11 fetuses "just after palatal closure." The findings are related to formerly described skeletal developmental stages in the maxilla, to stages in the symphysis menti region, and to development in the mandibular condylar region. The present study revealed that elevation of the palatal shelves takes place at a specific stage of maxillary skeletal maturity (stage Max III), at a time of mandibular development characterized by absence of condylar cartilage and by constancy in symphysis menti maturity (stage SM I). Knowledge of the normal sequence of prenatal skeletal development is considered essential for understanding the abnormal sequence of skeletal development.

Cartilage↗
PubMed1989

Effects of cyclophosphamide on the secondary palate development in golden Syrian hamster: teratology, morphology, and morphometry.

Cyclophosphamide (CP), when injected in hamster mother between days 9 and 11 of pregnancy, was teratogenic in fetuses. On the basis of a morphological study it was deduced that CP delayed the reorientation of hamster palatal shelves by 16-20 h. In a subsequent experiment, in both control and CP-treated palatal shelves, the numbers of epithelial and mesenchymal cells were counted and cross-sectional area was measured. DNA synthesis, measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, was used as an index of growth by cell proliferation. The results showed that during the vertical development of palatal shelves, the mesenchymal cells reached their peak number during the initial 24 hours, i.e., at the end of the second peak in DNA synthesis, and remained unchanged thereafter throughout reorientation. The shelf area also showed rapid increase during the initial 24 h followed by a spurt 2 h prior to reorientation. Cyclophosphamide prolonged the acquisition of these features by affecting the mesenchymal cells and consequently delayed the reorientation of the vertical shelves until such time that the number of healthy mesenchymal cells and shelf area were restored to the control values. The data lend further support to the hypothesis that the acquisition of a specific number of cells and shelf volume, during vertical palatal development, may be essential for palatal shelf reorientation.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1989

[Epidemiology of cleft lip and cleft palate in China].

During a period of 12 months (Oct. 1986 to Sep. 1987), 1,243,284 live and still births were monitored in 945 hospitals of 29 provinces cities and autonomous regions of China. A total of 2,265 cases of cleft lip and cleft palate were recorded, of which cleft lip with cleft palate accounted for 61.3%, isolated cleft lip for 30.5% and isolated cleft palate for 8.2%. The incidence of cleft lip and cleft palate in this country varied from 13.4 to 30.7 with a mean of 18.2 per 10,000. The total incidence of cleft lip and cleft palate in the rural area is higher (20.8 per 10,000) than that in the urban area (16.9 per 10,000) (P less than 0.01). A male preponderance (19.8 per 10,000) over the female (16.3 per 10,000) (P less than 0.01) was observed.

China↗
PubMed1979

Hearing sensitivity of adults with cleft lip and/or palate.

This study is designed to investigate the hearing sensitivity of adults with repaired clefts of the lip and/or palate or congenital velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI). Hearing sensitivity was analyzed with respect to pure tone air conduction thresholds and the extent of air bone gap. In addition to age, type of cleft and type of physical management of the palate were taken into account. The results of the study indicated that the thresholds of individuals with clefts of the palate or VPI exceeded normal limits. There were no significant differences in thresholds among the four types of palatal clefts or among the types of physical management of the palates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Individuality of human palatal rugae.

Investigators have implied that palatal rugae are unique to each individual. However, these researchers have disagreed as to whether or not legal identification could be based solely on palatal rugae. Previous studies used poor duplicating materials and may not have considered the effects of growth, extractions, palatal expansion, or some combination of these. The inadvertent use of other features of the cast, such as teeth, edentulous ridge morphology, muscle attachments, vestibular depth, or some combination of these, to aid in the identification, may have influenced their results. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if palatal rugae can be relied upon for identification. Twenty-five orthodontic cases were selected with pre- and post-treatment casts; orthodontic treatment had taken eighteen to sixty months. One hundred casts were randomly selected as variables. All casts were trimmed so that all areas except for the rugae area of the hard palate were removed. The twenty-five post-orthodontic casts were dispersed within 100 randomly selected casts. Nine investigators were given the twenty-five pre-orthodontic casts and asked to compare them to the other one hundred and twenty-five casts for possible matches. Data were collected as to percentage of correct matches and time required for comparison. Each set of pre- and post-orthodontic casts was properly identified (100%) by 8 investigators, and the remaining investigator correctly matched 22 out of 25 casts (88%). These conclusions were drawn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Seasonality, incidence, and sex distribution of cleft lip and palate births in Trent Region, 1973-1982.

The birth dates of 930 children born in the Trent Region 1973-1982 with a diagnosis corresponding to cleft palate, or cleft lip with or without cleft palate, was obtained from Hospital Activity Analysis. These data were analyzed to look at the incidence of clefting, sex distribution, and seasonal variation. The results obtained show a significant peak incidence of cleft palate births in August and September, with a low incidence in March to May. Cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, shows a different seasonal trend, with peak occurrence in December and January and a low frequency in May and June. These seasonal trends may act as a pointer to the environmental factors active in the multifactorial etiology of cleft lip and cleft palate.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed1987

Nasal respiratory resistance in cleft lip and palate.

The present study aimed to determine the nasal respiratory resistance (NRR) in subjects with cleft deformity of the lip and palate. The cleft sample was subdivided into cleft lip (N = 15) (mean age 13.4 years, median age 14 years), cleft palate (N = 19) (mean age 12.7 years, median age 12 years), and unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects (N = 27) (mean age 16.4 years, median age 16 years). A control group consisted of 38 patients (mean age 14.4 years, median age 12 years) attending for orthodontic diagnosis. Respiratory resistance was determined by a Mercury rhinomanometer, which was calibrated dynamically before each session. Subjects were given 0.1% xylometazoline hydrochloride half an hour before each session. Resistance was determined unilaterally by the anterior method as well as bilaterally by the posterior method. The results showed that the bilateral nasal resistance did not differ significantly between the cleft samples and the controls. Unilateral measurements of nasal resistance showed higher values for the cleft side than for the noncleft side, both in the cleft lip (CL) and the unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) samples (p less than 0.001). In the cleft palate sample as well as in the controls, unilateral nasal resistance did not differ between the two sides.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Retinoids and epidermal growth factor alter embryonic mouse palatal epithelial and mesenchymal cell differentiation in organ culture.

The mechanism by which retinoids (RA) induce cleft palate is not known. During normal palatogenesis, the medial epithelia of opposing palatal shelves cease DNA synthesis, come into contact, adhere, and undergo programmed cell death (PCD). In organ cultures of day 12 embryonic mouse palatal shelves, epidermal growth factor (EGF) blocks PCD, and DNA synthesis continues. In the present study, the effects of trans-RA, 13-cis-RA, EGF, and combinations of EGF and RA on surface morphology, DNA synthesis, and cellular ultrastructure are determined for CD-1 embryonic mouse palatal shelves cultured on day 12 of gestation. DNA synthesis in the medial cells was sustained and PCD was blocked by EGF, trans-RA, and 13-cis-RA. Exposure to trans-RA, but not to 1-cis-RA, induced the medial epithelia to undergo hyperplasia, and addition of EGF enhanced the effect. In the presence of RA, particularly trans-RA, medial epithelial cells acquired nasal cell characteristics, and EGF enhanced this effect. Expansion of the mesenchymal extracellular spaces was blocked by trans-RA and to a lesser degree by 13-cis-RA. The RA-induced alterations in normal epithelial and mesenchymal cell differentiation may be relevant to the etiology of RA-induced cleft palate in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Cervical vertebral anomalies in cleft lip and palate.

A survey was made of the upper cervical vertebrae in children with cleft lip and palate in order to determine the prevalence of cervical vertebral anomalies. The cleft sample consisted of 105 patients attending for orthodontic treatment. It was subdivided into cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) subgroups. A control was comprised of 120 orthodontic patients. The cervical vertebral anomalies were classified into two types, posterior arch deficiency (PAD) and fusion anomalies (FUS). The results confirmed that the cervical vertebral anomalies occurred significantly more often in the cleft sample (13%) than in the controls (0.8%), p less than 0.001. The total prevalence of cervical vertebral anomalies was similar in the four cleft sub-samples, but the occurrence of each of the two types of cervical vertebral anomalies showed a more differentiated pattern. Posterior arch deficiency occurred significantly more often in cleft palate (CP), (16%) than in controls p less than 0.001, but fusions did not occur more frequently in any cleft groups than in controls.

Axis, Cervical Vertebra↗
PubMed1985

Some acoustic evidence for vocal abuse in adult speakers with repaired cleft palate.

Acoustic evidence for vocal abuse in adult speakers with cleft palate and hypernasality has not been reported. This study was undertaken to determine if there was acoustic evidence of inappropriate vocal fold adduction during stop consonant production in this population. The results indicated that spectrograms of speakers without cleft palate and severe hypernasality exhibited acoustic characteristics different from spectrograms of speakers without cleft palate and speakers with cleft palate and mild hypernasality. Specifically, voiceless stop productions of severe hypernasal speakers resembled voiced stop productions. Their vocal folds were inappropriately adducted to provide a constriction inferior to the inadequately functioning velopharyngeal port to minimize the nasal air leak. The acoustic evidence supports the hypothesis that a cause of vocal abuse in the cleft palate population is due to compensatory laryngeal valving activities secondary to severe hypernasality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Induction of cleft palate in newborn pigs by maternal ingestion of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum).

Cleft palates were induced in newborn pigs of gilts fed Conium maculatum seed or plant during gestation days 30 through 45. Twelve of 23 newborn pigs born to 3 gilts given Utah-grown C maculatum seed and 9 of 12 newborn pigs born to a single gilt given the fresh Utah spring-growth C maculatum plant had cleft palates. The cleft palates ranged from a unilateral cleft, involving only 1 side of the palate, to a full bilateral cleft. Brachygnathia was also observed in some of these newborn pigs with cleft palate. Other malformations were not observed. Chemical analysis of seed and plant samples indicated that gamma-coniceine was the responsible teratogenic alkaloid. A daily dose of plant or seed that provided greater than or equal to 1.07 mg of gamma-coniceine/kg of body weight fed to gilts during the 30th through the 45th day of pregnancy resulted in teratogenic effects.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1979

Autoradiographic study of macromolecular synthesis in the fusion epithelium of the developing rat primary palate in vitro.

The facial processes involved in primary palate formation undergo epithelial fusion in a manner morphologically analogous to that observed during secondary palate formation. We have used whole embryo culture to analyze the synthesis of macromolecules (DNA, protein glycoprotein) in the primary palate, based on the incorporation of various labeled precursors. The results of this study demonstrate that changes in the synthesis of macromolecules occur during the fusion of the facial processes, which resemble those previously reported to occur during secondary palate development. These changes include cessation of DNA synthesis in cells in a restricted zone of the epithelium, concomitant with maintenance of glycoprotein synthesis. These findings indicate that the molecular events underlying the development of the primary and secondary palate may be similar.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Submucous cleft palate.

Over 10,000 school children were screened for palatal abnormalities. Nine submucous clefts of the palate were detected, an incidence of 1 : 1,200. Speech defects, ear problems and hearing loss were found as complications in 55% of 50 submucous cleft palate patients studied in detail. Complications were less common (45%) if the palatal abnormality was an isolated defect. Proper management of submucous cleft palate depends upon knowledge of its incidence and natural history.

Cleft Palate↗
PubMed1982

The effects of chlorcyclizine-induced alterations of glycosaminoglycans on mouse palatal shelf elevation in vivo and in vitro.

To define whether glycosaminoglycans play a role in palatal shelf movement, we studied the morphology and elevation behaviour of chlorcyclizine-treated mouse palatal shelves. Chlorcyclizine treatment was used because this agent enhances degradation of the palatal glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronate and chondroitin sulphates, with little or no effect on their synthesis. Use of in vitro and in vivo experiments enabled us to control the complicating effects of other factors on elevation. Drug-administration resulted in a reduction in shelf size, as measured by cross-sectional surface area, in the posterior two thirds of the palatal shelf. In vivo shelf reorientation was also inhibited. When elevation behaviour was observed in vitro, pronounced regional variation was noted. The anterior third of the shelf was able to reorient, the posterior two-third was not. This region also showed distinct histological changes as compared to controls. Mesenchymal cells were rounded with prominent nuclei and nucleoli and were more densely packed than in controls. These results suggest that for at least the posterior two-thirds of the palatal shelf, the intrinsic reorientation ability may in large part be linked to the acquisition of a specific temporal and spatial distribution of hyaluronate and possibly other matrix components.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Comparative anatomical studies of the vomeronasal complex and the rostral palate of various mammals. I].

The anatomy of the vomeronasal complex and, in connection with this, the structures of the rostral palate were studied in different species of mammals, namely members of the order Marsupialia, Scandentia, Insectivora, Primates, Rodentia, and Lagomorpha. The following results were obtained: The organs of Jacobson of all forms studied are well-developed. The organ of Jacobson is situated at the base of the nasal septum and opens rostrally, always closely connected to the nasopalatine duct. Even in rodents, lagomorphs and Solenodon, where the openings of the organs are positioned rostral to the ductus, both systems are nevertheless connected by means of special furrows. Accordingly the organs of Jacobson are functionally much more closely related to the oral cavity than to the nasal cavity, which they actually belong to. This can be emphasized by the peculiar structures of the rostral palate inclosing the papilla palatina and with it the oral openings of the nasopalatine ducts. In all species studied, the anterior part of the upper jaw presents a very interesting situation because the median furrow of the rhinarium communicates directly or indirectly with the sulcus papillae palatinae, thus forming a very distinct system of grooves which preserves a connection between the nasopalatine ducts and the preoral surroundings. In rodents, lagomorphs, and Solenodon, we find in this part of the palate a special situation because of their unusually arranged incisors, which are not separated by a diastema. However, also in these cases, there are distinct connecting passages between the papilla palatina and the extraoral surroundings. The conditions found in Ratufa bicolor and in early stages of the rat demonstrate that the extraordinary topography of the rostral palate in rodents is a secondary formation by means of ontogeny and phylogeny. Cebus apella, a platyrrhine simian, shows already a clear reduction of palatal structures compared to those found in prosimians. In Setifer setosus and Echinops telfairi, we find the papilla palatina and with it the oral openings of the nasopalatine ducts overgrown by a bipartite caudal branch of the rhinarium. The neonate Setifer allows us to reconstruct the mechanism of this overgrowing procedure. We find a similar situation in Erinaceus, where the papilla palatina remains uncovered, however. Because of contradictory bibliographical data, some elements of the vomeronasal complex in mammals needed to be carefully analysed in regard to structure and nomenclature: in many species the paraseptal cartilage bifurcates rostrally into a dorsal and a ventral branch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aging↗