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PubMed1997

Effects of low doses of prostaglandin F2 alpha during the early luteal phase before and after implantation in beagle bitches.

Three groups of five beagle bitches were treated three times a day with natural prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) at a dosage of either 20 micrograms kg-1 bodyweight (days 5-8 of metoestrus), 50 micrograms kg-1 bodyweight (days 5-11 of metoestrus) or 20 micrograms kg-1 bodyweight after detection of pregnancy (days 20-21 after ovulation) for 7 days. A dose of 20 micrograms PGF2 alpha kg-1 bodyweight administered during the early luteal stage could not induce a reliable decrease of progesterone concentrations, while injections of 50 micrograms PGF2 alpha kg-1 bodyweight beginning before implantation resulted in arrest of luteal progesterone production and prevention of nidation in all five bitches. The application of 20 micrograms PGF2 alpha kg-1 bodyweight shortly after implantation induced functional arrest of corpora lutea and led to embryonic or fetal resorption in all cases. In general, the luteolytic effect of low PGF2 alpha doses was insufficient because of the recovery of the corpora lutea seen in nearly all bitches and the prolonged process of embryonic or fetal resorption that increase the risk of uterine disease.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1999

The role of luteinizing hormone in folliculogenesis and ovulation induction.

OBJECTIVE: To review the physiologic, pathophysiologic, and clinical roles of LH in follicle and oocyte development and maturation and to assess the effects of LH content in exogenous gonadotropin preparations used for ovulation induction. DESIGN: Critical review of the scientific literature devoted to folliculogenesis. Evaluation of comparison studies that used different gonadotropin preparations for ovulation induction. CONCLUSION(S): Folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation are complex processes that require the action of both LH and FSH. Luteinizing hormone is essential to provide the androgen substrate for estrogen synthesis, which in turn contributes to oocyte maturation and may play a relevant role in optimizing fertilization and embryo quality. Although the excessive LH secretion that is present in some disorders is detrimental to reproductive function, this is not applicable to ovulation induction with hMG because this menotropin does not increase daily plasma LH levels. The results of ovulation induction with hMG or FSH-only regimens did not differ in studies conducted in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and in most studies conducted in ovulatory women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques; conversely, hMG was clearly superior to purified FSH for the treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Miscarriage rates were not affected by the use of hMG. Thus, low but detectable LH concentrations positively influence the outcome of ovulation induction in patients with ovulatory disorders and women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques.

Estrogens↗
PubMed1989

Effect of transportation and relocation in post-weaning anoestrous primiparous sows.

The object of this investigation was to study the clinical and endocrine responses to transportation and relocation in 8 post-weaning anoestrous sows. They had been anoestrous for at least 24 days after weaning before transportation/relocation was performed. Laparoscopy, performed at the beginning of the experiment, revealed that the ovaries contained many follicles (less than or equal to 6 mm in diameter), but no corpora lutea. Blood samples, taken before and after transportation/relocation, showed that LH activity was low at the beginning of the experiment and increased after transportation/relocation in the majority of the sows. Peripheral plasma concentrations of of oestradiol-17 beta increased 1-4 days after transportation/relocation in 6 out of 8 sows which was followed by oestrus and ovulation. Progesterone concentrations were also below the practical detection limit until the end of oestrus. This study has demonstrated that a change in environment by transportation and relocation can induce oestrus by increasing the LH activity in post-weaning anoestrous sows.

Anestrus↗
PubMed1985

Endothelial mitosis during the initial stages of corpus luteum neovascularization in the cycling adult rat.

The initial stages of neovascularization of the corpus luteum were studied in cycling adult rats using light-microscopic autoradiography. The aim of this analysis was to determine whether endothelial mitosis is a factor in this vascular growth and whether there are differences in the amount of mitotic activity in various regions of the ovary. Ovaries were examined at two time intervals: 1-2 hr and 7-8 hr following ovulation. Animals received an intraperitoneal injection of tritiated-thymidine 20 min prior to perfusion fixation of the ovaries. Autoradiographic demonstration of tritiated-thymidine labeling in endothelial nuclei was considered an indication of DNA synthesis preceding mitosis. The percentage of labeled endothelial cells in the ovaries at both time intervals varied according to the region of tissue examined and the stage of differentiation of that region. Stromal vessels were less heavily labeled than thecal vessels. Thecal vessels surrounding growing follicles were more heavily labeled than those surrounding atretic follicles. The heaviest labeling was seen in the developing corpora lutea 7-8 hr following ovulation. Minimal labeling was evident in the corpora lutea which were formed in previous cycles. A regional difference was also detected in the ovarian mesothelium. The portion of the mesothelium overlying ovulated follicles and developing corpora lutea had the greatest percentage of labeled cells. The major findings of this study were: endothelial mitosis was elevated in the initial stages of luteal neovascularization; the heightened endothelial labeling was confined to specific regions of the ovary; and mesothelium in close proximity to the developing corpora lutea also displayed heightened DNA synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Ovulation timing. Concepts and controversies.

While the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge has long been accepted as the key event in the estrous cycle of the bitch, historically, there has been no practical way to identify it. In the past, the veterinary practitioner had to rely on general and/or subjective information received from vaginal cytology, physical examinations, and observations. With the recent development of in-clinic progesterone and LH assays, and the wider availability of laboratory quantitative progesterone assays, the LH surge can either be identified directly or estimated by the detection of changes in progesterone. As a result, ovulation time can now be predicted with high accuracy in a private practice setting.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Postpartum ovarian function of dairy cows in a tropical environment.

Intervals from parturition to first estrus and to the first three ovulations were studied in 25 Holstein and 31 Jamaica Hope cows in Jamaica. Casual observations for signs of estrus were supplemented by twice nightly observation periods. Samples of blood plasma were obtained twice weekly from all cows and assayed for progesterone. The progesterone profile for each cow was used to determine when ovulations occurred. Intervals and standard deviations from parturition to first, second, and third ovulations were 19.8 +/- 8.8, 39.4 +/- 9.0, and 58.6 +/- 9.2 days for Holsteins, which were shorter than the same intervals for Jamaica Hope cows (28.7 +/- 15.6, 46.9 +/- 13.6, and 66.3 +/- 12.6 days). Intervals from parturition to first detected estrus were 46.0 +/- 21.4 days for Holsteins and 45.5 +/- 18.7 days for Jamaica Hopes. There were no significant differences between seasons of calving in intervals to ovulations or in intervals to first detected estrus. Percentages of cows detected in estrus at the first, second, and third ovulations were 19, 61.9, and 57.8% for Holsteins and 43.3, 55.2, and 73.1% for Jamaica Hopes. Holstein cows kept in a tropical environment are capable of returning to a cycling, rebreedable state and of showing detectable signs of estrus as soon after calving as can be expected reasonably.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Sex steroids in plasma of lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis during spawning in Lake Erie.

Lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, were collected from the Western basin of Lake Erie during spawning. Free and conjugated (sulfated and glucuronidated) steroids including testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-kT), estradiol-17beta (E2) and 17,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20betaP) were measured in the plasma by radioimmunoassay. In males, the progression of spermiation was characterized by a significant decrease in plasma free steroids, whereas the levels of conjugated steroids remained similar and low, except for sulfated and glucuronidated testosterone. Plasma sex steroids did not correlate with the density or the motility of the spermatozoa. In females, the concentration of plasma T was significantly higher in preovulating than in ovulating females. The levels of E2 and 17,20betaP in ovulating lake whitefish exhibited large variations ranging from below detection limit to 0.9 ng ml(-1) and from 0.2 to 13 ng ml(-1), respectively. Analysis of conjugated steroids revealed high levels of glucuronidated and sulfated 17,20betaP and glucuronidated T in females ovulating in December. However, no significant differences in the proportion of the conjugated steroids were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Factors affecting fertility in the postpartum cow: role of the oocyte and follicle in conception rate.

Four experiments were designed to examine the contribution of the oocyte or the follicular, oviductal, or early uterine environments to low fertility associated with the first ovulation postpartum. At 17-25 days postpartum in experiments 1, 2, and 3, suckled beef cows were assigned at random to receive 6 mg norgestomet, via ear-implant, for 9 days (NOR) or to serve as controls (CON). Calves were weaned from all cows 7 days after assignment to treatment in order to induce estrus, an LH surge, ovulation, and subsequent formation of CL. As cows were detected to be in estrus, they were bred first by natural service and 12 h later by artificial insemination. In experiment 1, on Day 3 after estrus, the oviduct ipsilateral to the side of ovulation was removed and flushed for recovery of an embryo or oocyte. Rates of recovery (86%), fertilization (68%), and development of fertilized oocytes to the 4- to 8-cell stage (100%) did not differ between CON and NOR cows. In experiment 2, uteri were flushed nonsurgically on Day 6 after estrus. Rates of recovery of embryos from the uterus were similar between CON (86%) and NOR (71%) cows. In experiment 3, one half of the cows in each group (CON and NOR) were fed melengestrol acetate (MGA) beginning on Day 4 after estrus and continuing until Day 35. The remaining cows in each group served as controls. Treatment with NOR increased (p < 0.05) the proportion of cows that maintained pregnancy until Day 35 (9/22) as compared to controls (0/18).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of P.G. 600 on the timing of ovulation in gilts treated with altrenogest.

We previously reported that ovulation rate, but not pregnancy rate or litter size at d 30 after mating, was enhanced by treatment with P.G. 600 (400 IU of PMSG and 200 IU of hCG, Intervet America, Inc., Millsboro, DE) in gilts fed the orally active progestin, altrenogest (Matrix, Intervet America, Inc.) to synchronize estrus. We hypothesized that in addition to increasing ovulation rate, P.G. 600 may have altered the timing of ovulation. Therefore, mating gilts 12 and 24 h after first detection of estrus, as is common in the swine industry, may not have been the optimal breeding regimen, and as a consequence, pregnancy rate and litter size were not altered. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of P.G. 600 on the timing of ovulation in gilts treated with altrenogest. Randomly cycling, crossbred gilts (5.5 mo old, 117 kg BW, and 14.7 mm of backfat) were fed a diet containing altrenogest (15 mg/d) for 18 d. Twenty-four hours after altrenogest withdrawal, gilts received i.m. injections of P.G. 600 (n = 25) or saline (n = 25). Gilts were checked for estrus at 8-h intervals. After first detection of estrus, transrectal ultrasonography was performed at 8-h intervals to determine the time of ovulation. Gilts were killed 9 to 11 d after the onset of estrus to determine ovulation rate. All gilts displayed estrus by 7 d after treatment with P.G. 600 or saline. Compared with saline, P.G. 600 increased (P = 0.07) ovulation rate (14.8 vs. 17.5, respectively; SE = 1.1). The intervals from injection to estrus (110.9 vs. 98.4; SE = 2.7 h; P < 0.01) and injection to ovulation (141.9 vs. 128.6; SE = 3.2 h; P < 0.01) were greater in gilts treated with saline than in gilts treated with P.G. 600. Duration of estrus (54.4 vs. 53.7; SE = 2.5 h), the estrus-to-ovulation interval (30.2 vs. 31.7; SE = 2.2 h), and the time of ovulation as a percentage of estrus duration (55.8 vs. 57.5; SE = 3.0%) did not differ for the P.G. 600 and saline-injected gilts, respectively. In summary, P.G. 600 advanced the onset of estrus and ovulation following termination of altrenogest treatment and increased ovulation rate; however, treatment of gilts with P.G. 600 had no effect on the timing of ovulation relative to the onset of estrus.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1993

Validation of the dual analyte assay of the oestrone:pregnanediol ratio in monitoring ovarian function.

The purpose of this study was to validate the dual analyte system (Boots Celltech Ltd, Slough, UK) as a marker of ovarian function. For this purpose the urinary profile of the ratio of oestrone-3-glucuronide to pregnanediol-3-glucuronide in urine (E13G/PD3G) was compared with plasma concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone from day 8-24 of the menstrual cycle in 23 women. Daily transvaginal ultrasound was also performed from day 8 of the cycle until sonographic evidence of follicular rupture. The ratio of urinary metabolites exhibited a maximum value close to ovulation. In the majority of cases this coincided with the day of LH peak, and was followed by follicular rupture within the next 24 h in 74% of cases. The assay gives a good marker of ovulation, however, it is unlikely to help in detecting the initiation of the fertile period or the quality of the menstrual cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Intra-uterine insemination with activated sperm. Results of conception compared in the various types of infertility in spouses].

A total of 180 infertile couples were treated with intra-uterine insemination of homologous capacitated sperm. The fertility disorder was: a cervical factor in 80 couples (44.4%), a male factor in 68 others (37.8%) and unexplained infertility in 32 couples (17.8%). All the patients received ovarian stimulation with HMG, and with ultrasonographic monitoring. Insemination was performed when the diameter of the dominant follicle reached 18 mm, and HCG 5,000 UI was given on the same day; another insemination was performed 40 hours later if the dominant follicle was still present. The 0.5 ml insemination sample was prepared through a migration-capacitation procedure into Earles medium which yielded 15% of the total motile spermatozoa in the ejaculate. A total of 22 pregnancies were recorded (12% of the couples) in 659 therapeutic cycles; the results however differed according to the infertility disorder: 18.8% of pregnancies in the cervical factor group, 15.6% in the unexplained infertility group and 2.9% only in the male factor group. The lowest number of inseminated motile spermatozoa for pregnancy to occur was 0.4 million. A mild hyperstimulation syndrome was noted in 28 cycles (3.1%); no complications of infectious or immunologic origin occurred. It appears that a procedure which results in a satisfactory pregnancy rate when the sperm is normal (cervical or unexplained infertility) yields poor conceptional results when the semen is abnormal. In cases where the male factor is predominant, intra-uterine insemination should not be performed in the periovulatory period but at ovulation time, and therefore requires either an accurate detection of the LH peak or complete hormonal and sonographic assessment in a stimulated cycle.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1986

Sexual behavior of mares.

Behavior during the estrous phase of the ovulatory cycle of the mare is analogous in most ways to that of estrous females of other species. Proceptive behaviors bring the mare into the proximity of the male and attract his attention. Positioning facilitates mounting, intromission, and ejaculation. Estrous signs appear to be more intense in the few days prior to ovulation than during the transition periods that separate the recurring estrous and diestrous phases. Sexual behavior is absent during diestrus. Detection of estrus in mares is problematic in that it requires the presence (or at least facsimile acoustic or tactile stimuli) or a stallion. Unexplained conditions such as silent or subestrus make reliable determinations even more difficult. The choice of methods for distinguishing estrous from nonestrous mares depends, among other factors, upon characteristics of individual mares, as well as the number of mares to be evaluated. Detection of true estrus--that is, sexual behavior that is associated with follicular growth and ovulation--is confounded by the occurrence of estrus-like behavior independent of gonadal stimulation. Seasonally anovulatory and ovariectomized mares may regularly solicit and accept copulation despite low or even no circulating levels of ovarian steroids. Instead, endocrine support of sexual behavior in these mares appears to be provided by adrenal cortical androgens and/or estrogens. A smaller percentage of pregnant mares may also show some signs of estrus but are not likely to be receptive to mating. The ability of the mare to dissociate sexual behavior from ovulation is unique among infraprimate species studied. The display of estrous behavior and willingness to copulate, even at times when conception is impossible, may have functional significance in promoting band cohesiveness in wild and feral populations. Even without copulation, continued motivation to remain in proximity to the band stallion may contribute to the stability of the social unit outside the ovulatory season.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Undetected ovulation in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer patients.

A retrospective evaluation was done of 102 consecutive in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) treatment cycles that culminated in surgical intervention for oocyte pickup. In 35% of these patients, a disparity was noted in the number of mature follicles present on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration, compared with the day of surgery. This suggests the occurrence of undetected ovulation. An endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) surge was detected in 14 of these patients. Another cohort showed evidence of early luteinization without a detected endogenous LH surge. Finally, a group without early luteinization was defined. Possible explanations for these outcomes and the implications for success of IVF-ET are discussed.

Embryo Transfer↗
PubMed1999

The mouse cornichon gene family.

As part of a large scale mouse Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) project to identify molecules involved in the initiation of mammalian development, a homolog of the Drosophila cornichon gene was detected as a mouse maternal transcript present in the two-cell embryo. Cornichon is a multigene family in the mouse: the new gene, Cnih, maps to mouse chromosome 10, another cornichon homolog, Cnil, maps to chromosome 14 and two additional cornichon-related loci, possibly pseudogenes, localize to chromosomes 3 and 10, respectively. Cnih encodes an open reading frame (ORF) of 144 amino acids that is 93% homologous (68% identical) to the Drosophila protein, whereas the ORF of Cnil contains two extra polypeptide regions not found in these other proteins. Transcripts of Cnih are highly abundant in the full grown oocyte and the ovulated unfertilized egg, while Cnil message is only detectable after activation of the embryonic genome at the eight-cell stage. In situ hybridization shows specific localization of Cnih transcripts to ovarian oocytes. The lack of cytoplasmic polyadenylation of the maternally inherited Cnih transcript suggests that Cnih mRNA is translated in the full grown oocyte before, but not after, ovulation. In Drosophila, cornichon is involved in the establishment of both anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral polarity via the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor signaling pathway. Finding Cnih in the mammalian oocyte opens a new perspective on the investigation of EGF-signaling in the oocyte.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Studies on the morphology of the isolated perfused rabbit ovary. I. Effect of long-term perfusion.

Isolated ovaries from untreated, sexually mature rabbits were introduced into an in vitro perfusion system and perfused with a chemically defined medium containing albumin. The ovaries were perfused for up to 15 h (mean 11.5 h) and then processed for morphological investigation. Both at the light- and electron-microscopical levels, most of the ovaries exhibited a normal structure comparable with ovaries in situ. In two cases, however, marked accumulations of bacteria were found, although not inside the follicles. Since ovulation in the rabbit normally occurs between 9.5-13 h after mating or human chorionic gonadotrophin treatment, this model seems adequate for studies of ovulation in vitro. It is, however, important to study the ovaries microscopically after the perfusion to detect artifacts, e.g., bacterial infection, that may have influence on the process of ovulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

An intra-abdominal chamber for continuous long-term observation of the sheep ovary.

Rupture of the ovarian follicle (ovulation) is a clinically important event in reproduction, and its prediction or detection has been the object of many investigations. Direct observation is presently the only conclusive concurrent evidence of ovulation and is, therefore, necessary in investigations on the validity and precision of signals hypothesized to be time-related to ovulation. For this purpose, an ovary observation chamber, with a kink-resistant polyvinyl chloride viewing conduit, has been fabricated from resin-reinforced fibreglass, further coated with a silicone elastomer. The chamber is implanted surgically in ewes with the ovaries placed in the distal section of the chamber. The rigid fibreglass construction can withstand the normal physical activity of the animal, while the flexible portion of the chamber allows movement of the flank musculature with minimum impairment of blood supply at the ovary pedicle. A glass window permits continuous external observation and photography of both ovaries with their follicles. Both ovaries of each of 8 sheep were mounted in a chamber and, after an initial swelling, presented relatively normal morphology for 2-9 weeks. The tissue in contact with the chamber showed no adverse reaction. No infection was observed as long as the tissue-biomaterial interface near the abdominal skin was intact. In 6 of the 8 sheep implanted with the device, components of normal cyclic development have been identified by histological, photographic, or hormonal evidence.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Ultrastructural studies of glycan changes in the apical surface of the uterine epithelium during pre-ovulatory and and pre-implantation stages in the marmoset monkey.

It has been postulated that carbohydrates are involved in a variety of cell-cell interactions including blastocyst implantation. In primates, there are only limited investigations on the ultrastructural localisation of the cyclic changes in uterine epithelial surface carbohydrates. Our aim was to investigate such changes during the pre-ovulatory and pre-implantation stages of the reproductive cycle in the marmoset monkey. After fixation of endometrial tissues, avidin-ferritin lectin cytochemistry was employed for apical surface glycan detection at the ultrastructural level. Five lectins were used including Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA), Glycine max (SBA), Phytolacca americana (PWM) and Triticum vulgaris (WGA). Morphometry was used to quantitate changes in the intensity of lectin staining by determining the total number of ferritin particles per unit length of membrane. Surface and intra-cytoplasmic vesicles, stained by the lectins, were also examined. Quantitative ferritin assessment showed that 1 day before presumed implantation (days 11 to 12 after ovulation in the marmoset monkey) there was a significant increase in Con A, LTA and SBA staining on the apical uterine epithelial plasma membrane compared to the pre-ovulatory phase and earlier stages of pregnancy (days 4-8 after ovulation). A significant increase in PWM was also detected from early pregnancy to pre-implantation stages. All lectins except WGA produced reproducible staining within reproductive cycle groups. The greatest variation and intensity of epithelial surface staining was observed with WGA and the weakest with LTA. The patchy staining with LTA compared with thick coverage by WGA indicated the complexity of the carbohydrate arrangement in the glycocalyx of the uterine surface plasma membrane. Reduction of WGA reactivity after neuraminidase treatment suggested that the lectin binding might be related to the presence of heavily sialylated apical uterine membrane glycoconjugates. This is the first high-resolution study in primates to report quantitative cyclic changes in fucosyl, galactosyl, glucosyl, and mannosyl sugar residues of the apical uterine epithelial glycocalyx. The findings support the concept that uterine epithelial glycocalyx surface carbohydrates play a role in preparing a receptive uterine surface.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of exogenous melatonin and plane of nutrition after weaning on estrous activity, endocrine status and ovulation rate in Salz ewes lambing in the seasonal anestrus.

Forty-nine Spanish Salz ewes lambing in the second fortnight of March (20 March +/- 1.5 d) were used to determine the effects of exogenous melatonin and postweaning nutrition on endocrine status, date of first estrus and ovulation rate. Experimental design was a factorial defined by 2 postweaning planes of nutrition, 1.80 (high) and 1.35 (low) times the maintenance requirements, and treatment with a single 18-mg subcutaneous implant of melatonin (M) 32 d after lambing or no treatment control (C). Mean weaning to first estrus interval was shorter in treated than in control ewes (50.8 +/- 4.2 vs 87.6 +/- 6.3 d; P < 0.01). Considering both the treated and control animals together, the ratio between mean night and daytime plasma melatonin levels was significantly correlated with the implant insertion-first estrus interval on Day 5 (0.67; P < 0.01) and Day 35 (0.63; P < 0.05) after implantation. Melatonin implants induced a significant increase of mean LH concentrations at Days 14 and 33 after implantation (P < 0.01) without any significant influence of plane of nutrition. Ovulation rate was higher for treated than control ewes in the second estrus (P < 0.05). An interaction between plane of nutrition and exogenous melatonin on ovulation rate at the second cycle after weaning was detected (P < 0.01), being close to the significance in the first, fourth and fifth cycles (P < 0.1). These results suggest that exogenous melatonin in April may be an effective way of advancing the breeding season and enhancing ovulation rate associated with a low rather than a high plane of nutrition.

Journal Article↗