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Results for “Obsessive Behavior”

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PubMed1999

Subtyping bulimic women along dietary restraint and negative affect dimensions.

Etiologic models of bulimia center on dieting and negative affect, yet no research has subtyped bulimic individuals according to whether they fit dietary versus negative affect profiles. This study subtyped 265 bulimic women along dieting and depressive dimensions and tested whether subtypes showed differences in eating pathology, clinical correlates, and treatment response. Cluster analysis revealed a pure dietary subtype (62%) and a mixed dietary-depressive subtype (38%). Whereas dietary and dietary-depressive bulimic women showed similar levels of bulimic behaviors, the latter reported more eating and weight obsessions; social maladjustment; higher rates of mood, anxiety, eating, impulse control, and personality disorders; and poorer treatment response. Results suggest dieting is a central feature of bulimia, but depressive affect occurs in only a subset of cases. However, the combination of dieting and depressive affect seems to signal a more severe variant of bulimia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Strategic processing and episodic memory impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder.

There is evidence that nonverbal memory problems in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are mediated by impaired strategic processing. Although many studies have found verbal memory to be normal in OCD, these studies did not use tests designed to stress organizational strategies. This study examined verbal and nonverbal memory performance in 33 OCD patients and 30 normal control participants with the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the California Verbal Learning Test. OCD patients were impaired on verbal and nonverbal measures of organizational strategy and free recall. Multiple regression modeling indicated that free recall problems in OCD were mediated by impaired organizational strategies used during learning trials. Therefore, verbal and nonverbal episodic memory deficits in OCD are affected by impaired strategic processing. Results are consistent with neurobiological models proposing frontal-striatal system dysfunction in OCD.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Inflated responsibility and perseverative checking: the effect of negative mood.

This article reports the results of 2 experiments designed to test predictions from the mood-as-input hypothesis on the role of inflated responsibility in perseverative checking. Through the use of an analog checking task in both experiments, the authors showed that perseveration, as indicated by a range of measures relevant to compulsive checking, was affected by a combination of the level of inflated responsibility and the valency of mood at the outset of checking. In particular, inflated responsibility significantly facilitated checking perseveration only in the context of a negative mood and was not a sufficient condition for checking perseveration to occur. These effects of the various configurations of inflated responsibility and mood valency are predicted by the mood-as-input hypothesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Manneristic catatonia. A psychotropic drug refractory chronic progressive course].

Manneristic catatonia, one form of Leonhard's systematic schizophrenias, is illustrated in nine case notes. The essential syndrome of this rare disorder (described by Leonhard in the preneuroleptic era) consisted in mannerisms and progressive stiffness of psychomotor activity. Mannerisms often developed from obsessive and compulsive ideas; whereas distress disappeared, repetitive behavior developed into a stereotype. Complex movements (e.g. not to shake hands; mutism) became mannerisms. With disease progression stiffness of facial expression and gestures and an impairment of voluntary motor activity became increasingly prominent. There were no signs of (neuroleptic-induced) parkinsonism. Manneristic catatonia affects preponderantly men and exhibits an early age of onset (median: 23 years). In none of the cases a family history of psychiatric illness was noted. Severe obstetric and birth complications as well as the high prevalence of supratentorial and cerebellar CT/MR abnormalities in this patient group point to deviations of prenatal brain maturation. The median yearly dose of neuroleptics was 83.1 g chlorpromazin equivalents. The characteristic psychopathology was not essentially influenced by modern psychopharmacological treatment neither in the beginning nor in the long run irrespective of the time of onset of the disease. Continuous high-dose neuroleptic treatment is not efficacious in this distinct group of systematic schizophrenias. Behavioural training in a rehabilitation unit is the treatment of choice from the early beginning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Fluoxetine treatment of children and adults with autistic disorder and mental retardation.

An open trial of pharmacological treatment with fluoxetine, ranging from 20 mg every other day to 80 mg per day, led to a significant improvement in Clinical Global Impressions ratings of Clinical Severity in 15 of 23 subjects with autistic disorder and 10 of 16 subjects with mental retardation. Six of 23 patients with autistic disorder and 3 of 16 patients with mental retardation had side effects which significantly interfered with function, consisting predominantly of restlessness, hyperactivity, agitation, decreased appetite, or insomnia. Double-blind studies of the efficacy of pharmacological agents that potently inhibit 5-HT uptake in the treatment of mental retardation coexisting with Axis I psychiatric disorders (especially obsessive-compulsive disorder) and autistic disorder are warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Case study: Exposure and response prevention for an adolescent with Tourette's syndrome and OCD.

Using recently refined diagnostic criteria, the authors hypothesized that the frequent touching of others by a 16-year-old male adolescent with Tourette's syndrome was a compulsion and not a tic. Consistent with the study's hypothesis, the authors applied exposure and response prevention, a procedure empirically supported for treatment of compulsions but not for tics, to the touching. Results showed a significant decrease in touching attempts, overt anxiety, and subjective anxiety across time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Do autistic children have obsessions and compulsions?

Autistic children are frequently reported to show obsessions and compulsions. This terminology implies that such behaviours in autism are similar to those seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, these autistic behaviours fail to satisfy the definitions of either obsessions or compulsions, because essential subjective data (relating to unwantedness, distress, resistance, senselessness and egodystonia) are not available in the case of autistic children. Recent cognitive evidence suggests that this is because autistic children are unable to contemplate or talk about their own mental states. Because of this state of insufficient evidence, it is suggested that the terms obsession and compulsion should be used with considerable caution to describe autistic behaviours. In this paper, the more descriptive term 'repetitive activities' is used. To gain a better understanding of such repetitive activities in autism, functional analyses are needed. Examples of such analyses are discussed, and predictions from a social-cognitive deficit theory of repetitive activities are specifically considered. The paper aims to encourage research into this neglected area.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1993

Buspirone effect on breathlessness and exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Buspirone is an anxiolytic agent that appears to have no sedative effects. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of buspirone on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic airway obstruction. Sixteen patients, age 56.9 +/- 17.0; forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 1.15 +/- 0.42 l; FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) 50.7 +/- 15.0%; PaCO2 42.2 +/- 5.5 mm Hg; and PaO2 57.6 +/- 10 mm Hg, underwent a 6-min walking test, an incremental cycle ergometer test, an incremental treadmill walking test with self-assessment of dyspnea on Borg's scale during exercise and an assessment of respiratory drive (P 0.1), timing [inspiration time (TI)/total breathing time (Ttot)], PaO2, PaCO2, FVC, FEV1, following oral administration for 14 days of placebo or buspirone (20 mg daily) in a double-blind, cross-over randomized way. We also used the symptom check list-90-R for the assessment of subjective complaints and symptomatic behavior. A significant improvement in anxiety, depression and obsessive symptoms and complaints was noted after buspirone treatment. The P 0.1, TI/Ttot, arterial blood gases and respiratory mechanics did not change after drug treatment. There was an improvement in exercise tolerance and in the sensation of dyspnea during the buspirone period. Thus, as given in this study, oral buspirone has therapeutic potential in the treatment of dyspnea in patients with chronic lung disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Urge to splurge.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation↗
PubMed1994

[Involvement of the basal ganglia in obsessive compulsive disorder: a review].

This article reviews the main clinical indicators linking the basal nuclei to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Various pathologies associated with lesions of the basal nuclei are examined, followed by a review of neuropharmacological, brain imaging and psychosurgical studies. Once the role of the neostriatum in ritualistic behaviours has been clarified, the symptoms of OCD are interpreted based on the hypothesis of a lesion of the striato-orbito-frontal loop.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed1996

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, tattooing and bizarre sexual practices.

BACKGROUND: A case is presented describing an association between obsessive-compulsive disorder, tattooing and unusual sexual practices. METHOD: A single case report. CONCLUSIONS: Tattooing and unusual sexual practices are compulsive behaviours associated with the subject's obsessive-compulsive disorder. Such associations have not previously been described in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Bilateral contemporaneous posteroventral pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: neuropsychological and neurological side effects. Report of four cases and review of the literature.

The authors report the underestimated cognitive, mood, and behavioral complications in patients who have undergone bilateral contemporaneous pallidotomy, as seen in their early experience with functional neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease (PD) that is accompanied by severe motor fluctuations before pallidal stimulation. Four patients, not suffering from dementia, with advanced (Hoehn and Yahr Stages III-IV), medically untreatable PD featuring severe "on-off" fluctuations underwent bilateral contemporaneous posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP). All patients were evaluated according to the Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantations (CAPIT) protocol without positron emission tomography scans but with additional neuropsychological cognitive, mood, and behavior testing. For the first 3 to 6 months postoperatively, all patients showed a mean improvement of motor scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), in the best "on" (21%) and worst "off" (40%) UPDRS III motor subscale, a mean 30% improvement in the UPDRS II activities of daily living (ADL) subscore, and 60% on the UPDRS IV complications of treatment subscale. Dyskinesia disappeared almost completely, and the mean daily duration of the off time was reduced by an average of 60%. Despite these good results in the CAPIT scores, one patient experienced a partially regressive corticobulbar syndrome with dysphagia, dysarthria, and increased drooling. No emotional lability was found in this patient, but he did demonstrate severe bilateral postoperative pretarsal blepharospasm (apraxia of eyelid opening), which interfered with walking and which required treatment with high-dose subcutaneous injections of botulinum toxin. No patient showed visual field defects or hemiparesis, but postoperative depression, changes in personality, behavior, and executive functions were seen in two individuals. Postoperative abulia was reported by the family of one patient, who lost his preoperative aggressiveness and drive in terms of ADL, speech, business, family life, and hobbies, and became more sleepy and fatigued. One patient reported postoperative mental automatisms, such as compulsive mental counting, and circular thoughts and reasoning during off phases; postoperative depression was found in two patients. However, none of the patients demonstrated these symptoms during intraoperative microelectrode stimulation. These findings are compatible with previous reports on bilateral pallidal lesions. A progressive lowering of UPDRS subscores was seen after 12 months, consistent with the progression of the disease. Bilateral simultaneous pallidotomy may be followed by emotional, behavioral, and cognitive deficits such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and loss of psychic autoactivation-abulia, as well as disabling corticobulbar dysfunction and apraxia of eyelid opening, in addition to previously described motor and visual field deficits, which make this surgery undesirable even though significant improvement in motor deficits can be achieved.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

The great American turnaround through teamwork visioning.

Product and process quality are no longer sufficient to ensure operational excellence, regardless of enterprise. Quality is now a given with latent customer satisfaction the mission. Breakthrough excellence will occur only when individual attitude and behavior toward customer sensitivity and satisfaction become an obsession, a way of team life.

Commerce↗