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PubMed2003

HIV prevalence and sexual behaviour of male clients of brothels' prostitutes in Dakar, Senegal.

This study reports the results of research designed to determine the prevalence of HIV infection in a group of male clients of brothel prostitutes, and to describe characteristics associated with HIV infection in Dakar, Senegal. Clients come from the lower portion of the social scale rather than from the middle class or from the wealthier groups of the population. A significant number of these men did not use condoms with their regular partners, and another group reported sexual contact with occasional partners with whom condom use was not usual. Additionally, for a fraction, condoms were not systematically used either with prostitutes or with partners. HIV prevalence in clients appeared to be much higher than the prevalence in the general population and HIV-infected clients were older than HIV-negative clients. The significant association between HIV infection and age can be explained by the fact that older clients probably have been exposed to prostitution longer. HIV-positive clients had more contact with prostitutes during the previous seven days, and in addition they also had more occasional sexual encounters than did the HIV-negative clients. This demonstrates that a multiplicity of sexual partners increases the risk of HIV infection beyond the contact with prostitutes for this group of men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

How condom use, number of receptive anal intercourse partners and history of external genital warts predict risk for external anal warts.

Few analytic opportunities have allowed us to evaluate the role that specific sexual acts and male latex condoms play in the acquisition of external anal warts (EAW) using longitudinal data. The acquisition of EAWs occurs from epithelial contact with other HPV-infected surfaces, and hence is dependent upon sexual behaviour. Our objectives were to classify the relative importance of condom use, receptive anal intercourse (RAI) and prior history of EGWs on acquisition of EAWs. The observational Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study followed 2925 men over nine semiannual study visits for behavioural and physical examinations with laboratory testing. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of examiner-diagnosed EAWs in a homosexual population. EAWs were diagnosed among 10% of men studied across 22,157 visits reviewed for this study. Men with history of EGWs were more likely than those previously unaffected to have developed EAWs (cOR = 2.4 (2.0, 2.9)), as were men who reported multiple anoreceptive intercourse partners (e.g., compared with men who reported no RAI partners, men with 1, 2-5, > or = 6 RAI partners had crude risk ratios 1.0 (0.8, 1.3), 1.6 (1.2, 2.1), 3.9 (2.7, 5.8), respectively). These relations persisted after other demographic and sexual risk factors were controlled for in the analyses. Consistent condom usage showed no protective effect for EAWs in our crude or adjusted analyses. Patient education messages should be tailored to reflect our uncertainty about the protective nature of condoms for the development of anal warts, but to continue to assert the protective effects of a limited lifetime number of sexual partners and the heightened risk for wart recurrence once infected.

Anus Diseases↗
PubMed1989

High prevalence rate of human papillomavirus infection and association with abnormal papanicolaou smears in sexually active adolescents.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with neoplastic and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. Cervical neoplasia is associated with onset of sexual activity at an early age. Therefore, this study sought to define the prevalence rates of HPV infection and cytologic abnormalities in adolescents. Sexually active females 13 to 21 years of age undergoing routine cervical cytologic screening were evaluated in the adolescent clinic of an urban hospital. Cells collected by cervicovaginal lavage from 249 subjects were analyzed for HPV DNA by Southern blot hybridization with probes for HPV types 6/11, 16, and 18. The HPV DNA was detected in 95 (38.2%) of 249 patients. Teenagers between the ages of 13 and 18 years with multiple lifetime sexual partners were at higher risk for HPV infection (38/71 [54%]) compared with patients of the same age who had only a single partner (25/74 or [34%]). Twenty (8.3%) of 241 patients had abnormal Papanicolaou smears with atypia, koilocytosis, or low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cytologic abnormalities were detected in 16 (17%) of 94 adolescents with HPV present, but in only 4 (2.7%) of 147 of the uninfected patients. Thus, HPV emerged as a common pathogen in female adolescents, and infected patients are at increased risk for cervical epithelial abnormalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The Internet as a newly emerging risk environment for sexually transmitted diseases.

CONTEXT: Transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with unprotected sex among multiple anonymous sex partners. The role of the Internet in risk of STDs is not known. OBJECTIVE: To compare risk of STD transmission for persons who seek sex partners on the Internet with risk for persons not seeking sex partners on the Internet. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey conducted September 1999 through April 2000. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 856 clients of the Denver Public Health HIV Counseling and Testing Site in Colorado. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-report of logging on to the Internet with the intention of finding sex partners; having sex with partners who were originally contacted via the Internet; number of such partners and use of condoms with them; and time since last sexual contact with Internet partners, linked to HIV risk assessment and test records. RESULTS: Of the 856 clients, most were white (77. 8%), men (69.2%), heterosexual (65.3%), and aged 20 to 50 years (84. 1%). Of those, 135 (15.8%) had sought sex partners on the Internet, and 88 (65.2%) of these reported having sex with a partner initially met via the Internet. Of those with Internet partners, 34 (38.7%) had 4 or more such partners, with 62 (71.2%) of contacts occurring within 6 months prior to the client's HIV test. Internet sex seekers were more likely to be men (P<.001) and homosexual (P<.001) than those not seeking sex via the Internet. Internet sex seekers reported more previous STDs (P =.02); more partners (P<.001); more anal sex (P<.001); and more sexual exposure to men (P<.001), men who have sex with men (P<.001), and partners known to be HIV positive (P<.001) than those not seeking sex via the Internet. CONCLUSIONS: Seeking sex partners via the Internet was a relatively common practice in this sample of persons seeking HIV testing and counseling (representative of neither Denver nor the overall US population). Clients who seek sex using the Internet appear to be at greater risk for STDs than clients who do not seek sex on the Internet. JAMA. 2000;284:443-446

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Teen pregnancy, motherhood, and unprotected sexual activity.

The sexual behaviors and attitudes toward condom use of adolescent mothers (N = 572) from ethnic minority groups were examined. Constructs from social cognitive theory (SCT), the theory of reasoned action (TRA), and the theory of planned behavior (TPB; e.g., intentions to use condoms, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies) were measured with questionnaires. Measures of AIDS and condom-use knowledge and selected psychosocial, behavioral, and demographic variables were included. Many adolescents reported early onset of sexual activity, multiple lifetime sexual partners, substance use, and childhood sexual or physical abuse. Only 18% stated a condom was used at last intercourse. Using hierarchical regression analysis, 13% of the variance for factors associated with unprotected sex was accounted for by TRA constructs. Other variables contributed an additional 17% of the variance. Unprotected sex was associated with behavioral intentions to use condoms, pregnancy, having a steady partner, more frequent church service attendance, and ever having anal sex. Findings support the urgent need for broad-based HIV prevention efforts for adolescent mothers that build on theoretical concepts and address the realities of their lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The Tat and C2-V3 envelope genes in the molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-1.

In this study HIV-1 proviral DNA sequences derived from 201 clones of the C2-V3 env region and the first exon of tat were obtained from six HIV-1-infected heterosexual couples. These molecular data were used to confirm the epidemiological relationships. The ability of the molecular data to draw such conclusions was also tested. A bootstrap parsimony analysis of the C2-V3 sequences showed one couple failed to cluster and only two couples clustered in more than 70% of the replicates. The rapid diversification of the C2-V3 region and the length of time that elapsed since the infection event may have limited the certainty of the conclusions that can be reached to infer epidemiological relatedness from this region. Using data from the tat region, all couples clustered, four of them in more than 80% of bootstrap replicates. A single clone from the tat region did not cluster with others from that patient or with those from that patient's partner, indicating that multiple clones are necessary to firmly establish phylogenetic linkage. Nevertheless, the tat region was much more useful in establishing epidemiological relationships among this group than the commonly used C2-V3.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Perceptions of cervical cancer and Pap smear screening behavior by women's sexual orientation.

This study examined 330 adult females' perceptions and practices regarding cervical cancer by sexual orientation. Ninety-four percent of respondents were unable to correctly identify all 5 risk factors associated with increased risk for cervical cancer (smoking, sexual intercourse with men, multiple male sexual partners, sexual intercourse before age 16, and having genital warts) regardless of sexual orientation. Furthermore, 20% were not able to identify any of the 5 risk factors for cervical cancer. Lesbians perceived themselves to be less susceptible to cervical cancer than heterosexuals or bisexuals even though 79% of lesbians had sexual intercourse with a male. Eight percent of the respondents believed that most women who develop cervical cancer die from the disease. The main barriers identified by non-regular Pap screeners (N = 127) were: no health insurance (33%), forgetting to get a pap test (32%), and not liking to get a Pap test (31%). Three-fourths (75%) have had a Pap test within the last 2 years and planned to continue having them on a regular basis. The results of this survey indicate that there is considerable room for improvement in knowledge, perceptions, and practices of all women, regardless of sexual orientation, regarding cervical cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in human papillomavirus (HPV) positive women with normal and abnormal cytology.

Insofar as infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) are associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), the aim of this study was to assess the correlation of HPV and CT infection in patients with normal or abnormal cytology. Endocervical samples from patients (n=121; mean age 33.7+7.0) were assessed for HPV and CT DNA by PCR. While there was no statistically significant difference between HPV-positive (n=44) and HPV-negative (n=77) patients to age pregnancies, higher proportion of smokers, patients with multiple male sex partners, or with abnormal cytology was seen in HPV-positive vs. HPV-negative women, respectively. An infection rate of CT of 21/44 was seen in HPV-positive as compared to 11/77 in HPV-negative patients. Within HPV-positive patients, there was no significant difference between CT-positive and CT-negative patients with regards to the risk factors studied. Collectively, this suggests that a causal relationship between HPV and CT infection in the development of CIN disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social factors related to risk for violence and sexually transmitted infections/HIV among Asian massage parlor workers in San Francisco.

Asian women who work at massage parlors in San Francisco have high levels of risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, and being victims of violence, which jeopardizes their health and wellbeing. On the basis of mapping, the targeted districts in San Francisco where massage parlors were located, 23 massage parlors were identified where commercial sex activity took place. Using snowball-sampling methods, 43 Asian female massage parlor workers were recruited for focus groups; 21 participants were Vietnamese and 22 were Thai. Qualitative analyses revealed frequent exposure to violence including verbal or physical abuse from customers and gang members, as well as persistent HIV risk behaviors associated with multiple daily sex partners, inconsistent condom use with customers, and forced sex. Social factors related to gender, immigration status, and socioeconomic status appeared to be closely tied to the health and wellbeing of Asian masseuses. Study findings suggest that individualized as well as community-level interventions are necessary to improve these women's health and decrease their prolonged exposure to risks for STIs and violence.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Alcohol consumption, ART usage and high-risk sex among women infected with HIV.

We examine the role of alcohol consumption on sexual risk behavior among a cohort of 187 sexually active HIV-infected women (aged 18-61) in care at an urban ambulatory clinic in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. Sexual risk behavior among women on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the relationship between alcohol use, ART, and behavior was also explored. One-fourth of respondents were classified as binge drinkers and the average number of drinking occasions per week ranged from none to 10-12. Approximately 60% were prescribed ART and self-reported adherence was 90%. One-third of the women reported no condom use at last vaginal sex, 62% reported inconsistent condom use for vaginal sex, and 7% had multiple male sex partners in the last month. Binge alcohol users and women on ART were significantly more likely to participate in each sexual risk outcome examined. Partner refusal of condom use was also significantly associated with binge drinking patterns. Results lend strength to the equivocal literature on the relationship between both alcohol and prescription of ART and sexual behavior. Enhanced detection of alcohol abuse, coupled with risk reduction counseling especially among women prescribed ART are important clinical practices in treating women with HIV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A new non-random chromosomal translocation t(3;6)(q27;p21.3) associated with BCL6 rearrangement in two patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

We describe two cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with t(3;6)(q27;p21.3) and BCL6 rearrangement. The first case was in a 78-year old woman, whose performance status (PS) was 1, the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was elevated, and the Ann Arbor stage was IIIA with no extra nodal lymphomatous site. The pathological diagnosis from a biopsy of the inguinal lymph node was 'malignant lymphoma (ML), follicular, small cleaved' according to the Working Formulation. Complete remission was achieved. Although she had relapse in 1992, remission was obtained again. The second case was in a 62-year old man, whose PS was 1, the serum LDH was normal, and Ann Arbor stage was IVA with the involvement of the small intestine. Histological diagnosis of the cervical lymph node was 'ML, diffuse, large cell'. Complete remission was obtained without relapse. The 3q27 translocations, found in 20-30% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, are unique in having multiple chromosomal translocation partners. Chromosome band 6p21.3 is one of these partner sites that may be the site of a novel gene. The two cases presented here show that this translocation is a non-random chromosomal change involving 3q27 and BCL6. Since t(3;6) was the sole karyotypic abnormality in one case, this translocation may play a role in lymphomagenesis.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Receptor aggregation by intermembrane interactions: a Monte Carlo study.

The lateral organization of receptors on cell surfaces is critically important to their function; many receptors transmit transmembrane signals when redistributed into clusters, while the response of others is potentiated by their aggregation. Cell-cell contact can play a crucial role in receptor aggregation, even when the bonds between receptors on one cell and ligands on the other are monovalent. Monte Carlo simulations on a two-membrane model were carried out to determine whether weak enthalpic interactions among receptors in one membrane, and among ligands in another, can work synergistically to give large-scale clustering when the two membranes are brought into contact. The simulations give support to such a clustering mechanism. In addition, because clustering is a cooperative process akin to a phase separation, individual receptors and ligands may undergo repeated binding and unbinding while in a clustered "phase," and a single ligand could interact with multiple different receptor partners. The results suggest a resolution of the dichotomy between serial triggering and aggregation models of T cell activation.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed2006

Negative regulation of hormone signaling by RIP140.

Receptor interacting protein (RIP) 140 is a negative transcriptional regulator of nuclear hormone receptors which is required for the maintenance of energy homeostasis and ovulation. Despite its recruitment by agonist-liganded receptors, this protein exhibits a strong repressive activity which was initially attributed to competition with coactivator binding on nuclear receptors. However, RIP140 also exerts active repression implicating the Carboxyl-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). We recently demonstrated that the Carboxyl-terminal region of the molecule contains two additional silencing domains which require post-translational modifications to be fully active. In human breast cancer cells, RIP140 expression is up-regulated at the transcriptional level by various ligands of nuclear receptors. We have recently cloned the human RIP140 gene and defined the mechanism of its regulation by estrogens. In order to better characterize the role of RIP140 in hormone signaling, we have studied its interaction with the androgen receptor and demonstrated its ability to repress transcriptional regulation by androgens. RIP140 also inhibits transactivation by estrogen receptor-related receptors (ERRalpha, beta and gamma) on natural or artificial reporter genes containing different types of response elements. Surprisingly, RIP140 positively regulates ERR transactivation when the receptors are recruited to target promoters through interaction with the Sp1 transcription factor and this effect could involve titration of histone deacetylases. Altogether, these results underline that transcriptional regulation of hormone signaling by the cofactor RIP140 involves complex mechanisms relying on multiple domains and partners.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1998

Human sperm head morphometric distribution and its influence on human fertility.

OBJECTIVE: To study the distribution of live sperm head size in semen and sperm preparations as a predictor of fertility. DESIGN: Prospective blind clinical trial. SETTING: Academic tertiary referral center. PATIENT(S): One hundred fifty-five patients undergoing IVF treatment. Females with conditions negatively influencing fertilization were excluded. INTERVENTION(S): Morphometric analysis (head area, major axis, minor axis, and elongation ratio) of video images of sperm in semen and swim-up preparations used for IVF treatment was performed with a Hamilton-Thorne analyzer V 8.1 (Hamilton-Thorn Research, Beverly, MA). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Oocyte fertilization. RESULT(S): Seventy-four percent of patients achieved fertilization. Fertilizers and nonfertilizers had different sperm head area distribution. The fertilizers had a significantly smaller interquartile range of sperm head area and of major axis in both semen and sperm preparation compared with the nonfertilizers. A subgroup of men who had fathered a child naturally had a more uniform sperm head area in semen with a significantly smaller median compared with those who failed to father a child naturally with their healthy female partner. We used multiple logistic regression applying forward stepwise selection of variables in building three predictive models of probability of fertilization. CONCLUSION(S): Successful IVF or history of fathering a child was associated with a more uniform sperm head area in semen and sperm preparation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cervicovaginal coinfections with human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) are the two most common sexually transmitted pathogens, and infection with either reportedly was associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women. In view of their similar mode of transmission, CT infection was examined as a possible HPV cofactor in the etiology of CIN disease. In total, 129 women were included in the study, of whom 80 were negative (mean age 34.17 +/- 6.9) and 49 were positive (mean age 33.16 +/- 6.8) for HPV DNA (assessed by PCR). CT DNA was determined in endocervical and first-catch urine specimens by PCR. Whereas HPV-positive and HPV-negative women were similar with respect to age (p = 0.419) and pregnancy outcomes (p = 0.628), the number of smokers (p = 0.001), women with multiple male sex partners (p = 0.002) or with abnormal cytology (p < 0.001) was higher in the HPV-positive group. There was an increase in CT infection rate in HPV-positive (29/49) as compared to HPV-negative (10/80) women (p < 0.01). Within HPV-positive patients, there was no significant difference between CT-positive and CT-negative patients with regards to the risk factors studied. Collectively, this suggests that CT infection is a cofactor of HPV in CIN disease development, possibly by modulating the host's immunity and/or precipitation of chronic inflammation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sexual behaviors and risks among bisexually- and gay-identified young Latino men.

This research compares patterns of sexual behavior and sexual risk of bisexually- and gay-identified Latino young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Four hundred forty-one Latino YMSM were surveyed at community venues in New York City. Twenty-two percent of the sample identified as bisexual, and 78% identified as gay. Bisexually-identified men were more likely to report having had multiple male sex partners in the last 3 months and less likely to report being exclusively involved with a main male partner. They were also approximately 3 1/2 times more likely to report unprotected insertive anal intercourse at last sexual contact with a nonmain male partner and more likely to report being high at last contact with both main and nonmain male partners. Findings suggest that prevention programs need to address the particular sexual risk patterns of bisexually-identified Latino YMSM that place them at risk of both HIV infection and transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

UVDDB p127-binding modulates activities and intracellular distribution of hepatitis B virus X protein.

Mammalian hepatitis B viruses encode a unique regulatory protein termed X, which is essential for infection and likely plays a role in the carcinogenic process associated with hepadnaviral infection. Among the numerous properties ascribed to X protein, two have been widely documented: promiscuous transcriptional transactivation and proapoptosis. However, full understanding of the mechanisms underlying these activities requires the identification of the genuine X partners among the multiple X-binding host proteins. Here we show that (i) mutations in X protein, which markedly alter affinity for the host protein UVDDBp127, inactivate both transactivation and proapoptosis; (ii) ectopic fusion of a functional UVDDB-binding domain to a deficient binding X mutant restored its activity; (iii) in contrast to the loss-of-binding mutants, a mutant with a strong gain-of-binding exerted trans-dominant negative effects on wt X activity and localized in the nucleus and (iv) increase in intracellular UVDDB concentration enhanced both wt X-mediated transactivation and apoptosis. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence for a common upstream step in X mode of action, consisting of its productive interaction with UVDDB, via a structurally and functionally autonomous module. In addition, they underscore a nuclear location step of the viral protein that depends on its ability to bind UVDDB.

Apoptosis↗