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At least 1,495 records · Page 83Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Organization of projections to the lateral amygdala from auditory and visual areas of the thalamus in the rat.

Projections to the amygdala from the auditory thalamus have been implicated in the associative conditioning of fear responses to acoustic stimuli. Thalamo-amygdala auditory projections enter the amygdala via the lateral nucleus (LA). It is well documented that these projections originate in the medial division (MGm) of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), the posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIN), and the suprageniculate nucleus (Sg). It is not known, however, whether these thalamic projections terminate in a topographic fashion within the LA. We therefore used several retrograde tract tracing techniques to determine whether the terminations of thalamo-amygdala fibers have a topographic organization within the LA. These tracers were injected into various locations within the LA, and the distribution of the retrogradely labeled cells throughout the thalamus was analyzed. In general, rostral to caudal distinctions in the thalamus are maintained in the LA, such that projections from throughout the MGN terminate in the anterior part of the LA, whereas the caudal part of the MGN projects to the caudal part of the LA. Furthermore, the density of cells that give rise to thalamo-amygdala projections varies within each thalamic nucleus along the rostro-caudal axis. The patterns of thalamo-amygdala connectivity observed support previous parcellation schemes that segregate the LA into dorsal, medial, and lateral areas, and suggest that the LA should be further divided into anterior and posterior parts. In addition to the well-known projections to the LA originating from PIN, MGN, and Sg, we also found substantial projections from the dorsal portion of the MGN (MGd) and the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus (LP). These findings suggest that some of the functional segregation in the thalamus may be preserved in the LA, and that the role of the MGd and LP in thalamo-amygdala transmission should be reconsidered.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2004

Testing the ISO nursing reference terminology model for mapping.

PURPOSE: The ISO IS 18104 is intended for helping the nursing profession to integrate their terminologies into computer systems and into larger health care reference terminologies. One purpose of the standard is to map between different terminologies. METHOD: This mapping was tested, using three terminologies that are relevant for nursing in the Netherlands. Concepts and terms where selected, and their equivalence was determined by experts, and next these were dissected. RESULTS: The dissection revealed that several concepts can easily be interchanged among the three example terminologies, while others cannot, or only for specific purposes. CONCLUSIONS: The ISO IS 18104 fulfills this purpose very well and can be considered the gold standard for mapping of nursing terminologies.

Netherlands↗
PubMed1975

[A case of X/X translocation: t(X;X) (q26;p11)].

An eight-year old girl showing a X/X-translocation (45,X/46,Xt(X;X)(q26;p11)) is presented. Besides short stature and congenital heart-anomaly no other phenotypical abnormalities were present. In all cells containing the abnormal X-chromosome, the latter was late labeling as shown by autoradiography and BrdU-labeling.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Risk of hepatitis virus B and C transmission during medically assisted reproduction].

The transmissibility of viral hepatitis by medical technics is a topical question in public health care. So, it becomes important to assess transmission risk in medically assisted procreation (MAP), to define the management of couples according to their viral status. Mainly, B and C virus are concerned by transmission risk, because of their epidemiology. In that work, B and C virus epidemiology and transmissibility will be rapported, with the recent notions about detection and knowledge of C virus. According to that transmission risk a logical attitude in MAP will be defined.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1996

[Polymorphism of biochemical markers in European bison (bison bonasus)].

The data on 16 polymorphic systems (22 loci) of blood biochemical markers were studied in different breeding lines of European bison: Lowland, Lowland-Caucasian, and Mountain lines. Polymorphism was revealed in three loci: Pgm, Idh, and Tf. The average heterozygosity was 3.95%. Statistically significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium towards an excess of heterozygotes was revealed in the Pgm-2 locus. This suggests certain processes that prevent the decrease of population genetical diversity. The estimations obtained of the genetic distances between European bison lines demonstrated the close relationship among them.

Alleles↗
PubMed1990

High-performance tryptic mapping of recombinant bovine somatotropin.

Experiments are described that have lead to the development of a highly reproducible tryptic map of recombinant DNA derived bovine somatotropin (rbSt). Tryptic digestion of rbSt at 37 degrees C results in the formation of a precipitate. Preliminary characterization of the precipitate suggests that its formation is due to the association of intermediate tryptic fragments. An examination of the temperature dependence of the digestion has revealed that precipitate formation is inhibited when digestion is performed at 10 degrees C or less. The combination of a 5-mg sample, the use of highly purified trypsin, and digestion at 5 degrees C generate a tryptic map that exhibits an average 1.3% RSD (0.5-3.6%) for all anticipated fragments. Validation studies demonstrate that while the peak response precision is rugged to daily variation of operators or chromatographic systems, the fragment retention is not. This dictates that peaks be assigned by qualitative pattern recognition. Assay ruggedness in the peak response domain allows for the implementation of quantitative methods for the comparison of rbSt reference standard and sample tryptic maps. The assay is linear for all anticipated fragments within 50-150% of the operating range. Specificity is established by assay of pituitary somatotropins from other species and rbSt analogs produced by site-specific mutagenesis. The data demonstrate that all single amino acid substitutions examined are identified by using the technique. Assay sensitivity is validated for selected tryptic fragments through analysis of reference standard digests spiked with known amounts of rbSt analog digests. The data indicate that potential impurities of 3.2, 2.0, and 4.5% can be quantitated with statistical confidence in the tryptic fragments T1, T10, and T23 + 25, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of mass spectrometric techniques for characterization of engineered proteins.

Mass spectrometric characterization of engineered proteins has been examined using bovine recombinant Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein (rACBP), [15N]-labeled rACBP, and a number of sequence variants of ACBP produced by site-directed mutagenesis. The mass spectrometric techniques include ESIMS and MALDIMS for analysis of the intact protein. Peptide maps have been obtained either by direct analysis of enzymatically derived mixtures by PDMS, ESIMS, and MALDIMS or by off- and on-line HPLC-mass spectrometry. ESIMS was found to be most accurate for analysis of intact proteins. The best sequence coverage in mapping was obtained by LC-ESIMS and by direct mixture analysis by MALDIMS. The latter technique was favorable in terms of sensitivity and speed. A general strategy for mass spectrometric characterization of engineered proteins is suggested.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

The major conformational IgE-binding epitopes of hevein (Hev b6.02) are identified by a novel chimera-based allergen epitope mapping strategy.

A novel approach to localize and reconstruct conformational IgE-binding epitope regions of hevein (Hev b6.02), a major natural rubber latex allergen, is described. An antimicrobial protein (AMP) from the amaranth Amaranthus caudatus was used as an immunologically non-IgE-binding adaptor molecule to which terminal or central parts of hevein were fused. Hevein and AMP share a structurally identical core region but have different N-terminal and C-terminal regions. Only 1 of 16 hevein-allergic patients showed weak IgE binding to purified native or recombinant AMP. Chimeric AMP with the hevein N terminus was recognized by IgE from 14 (88%) patients, and chimeric AMP with the hevein C terminus was recognized by IgE from 6 (38%) patients. In contrast, chimeric AMP containing the hevein core region was recognized by IgE from only two patients. When both the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of hevein were fused with the AMP core, IgE from all 16 patients bound to the chimera. This chimera was also able to significantly inhibit (>70%) IgE binding to the native hevein. On the contrary, linear synthetic peptides corresponding to hevein regions in the AMP chimeras showed no significant IgE binding capacity in either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results suggest that the IgE binding ability of hevein is essentially determined by its N-terminal and C-terminal regions and that major IgE-binding epitopes of hevein are conformational. The chimera-based epitope mapping strategy described here provides a valuable tool for defining structural epitopes and creating specific reagents for allergen immunotherapy.

Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed2001

Evolutionary dynamics of the human immunoglobulin kappa locus and the germline repertoire of the Vkappa genes.

We have determined the entire nucleotide sequence of the human immunoglobulin kappa locus, comprising a total of 1,010,706 nucleotides. The 76 Vkappa genes found by a hybridization-based approach and their classification in 7 families were confirmed. A Vkappa orphon located near the locus was also sequenced. In addition, we identified 55 novel Vkappa relics and truncated pseudogenes, which establish 5 new families. Among these 132 Vkappa genes, 46 have open reading frames. According to the databases and the literature, 32 unique Vkappa genes and 5 identical gene pairs form VJ-joints, 27 unique genes and 4 gene pairs are transcribed, and 25 unique genes and 4 gene pairs produce functional proteins. The Vkappa gene locus contains a 360-kb inverted duplication, which harbors 118 Vkappa genes. A comparison of the duplicated Vkappa genes suggests positive selection on the complementarity-determining regions of the duplicated genes by point mutations. The entire duplication unit was divided into 13 blocks, each of which has its distinct nucleotide sequence identity to its duplication counterpart (98.1 - 99.9 %). An inversion-mediated mechanism is suggested to generate the high-homology blocks. Based on the homology blocks and the mutation rates, the inverted duplication is assumed to have taken place approximately 5 million years ago. An orphon Vkappa gene near the kappa locus and a cluster of five Vkappa orphons on chromosome 22 have no counterparts within the kappa locus. This suggests possible mechanisms of the transposition of orphon Vkappa genes.

Base Composition↗
PubMed2000

Learning together in medical and nursing training: aspirations and activity.

CONTEXT: Policy documents about service innovation, education priorities and professional development exhort professions to learn together and work collaboratively. However, the literature suggests that the existence of shared learning in medical and nursing pre-qualifying education is patchy. AIM: This paper does not claim to be research. It sets out to reflect on the trends and tensions in key policy directions, relating these to aspirations and a mapping of current intiatives in the sphere of medical and nursing pre-qualifying education. APPROACH: A limited national information gathering exercise was conducted during the planning phase of seminars hosted by the Centre for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education (CAIPE) in 1996 and 1997. This involved directly contacting all medical schools and departments of nursing and midwifery in geographical proximity, or with an institutional relationship. Information was sought on current or planned activity in shared learning, defined as medical and nursing students and/or working together. EMERGING THEMES: There were a few examples of shared learning identified by the mapping exercise. The paper discusses these and draws on the consensus that emerged from the seminars on objectives and topics for shared learning. It concludes with a discussion of what makes for success or failure in such ventures with suggestions for future educational policy development.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1994

Application of cantharidin or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on mouse epidermis induces a cell population shift that causes altered keratin distribution.

The tumour promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) causes changes in epidermal protein expression, especially in the major differentiation products keratins K1 and K10. These keratins and filaggrin were studied in a pulse-labelled cell cohort in hairless mouse epidermis stimulated to proliferate by TPA or the hyperplasiogen cantharidin. Cells in DNA synthesis were pulse-labelled by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 16 h after topical application of cantharidin or TPA. The BrdU-labelled cell cohort, the two keratins, and filaggrin were spatially mapped by paired immunofluorescence staining. Both cantharidin- and TPA-treated epidermis displayed altered distributions of K1 and K10 with expression only in the outermost cell layers, but the start of their postreplicative expression paralleled that in normal epidermis (18 h for K1 and 24 h for K10 after the last round of DNA synthesis). Cantharidin- and TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia showed increased basal cell proliferation, accelerated suprabasal migration, and shortened transit time. Thus, the newly formed hyperplastic epidermis was composed of keratinocytes with a lower mean cellular age than that seen in unperturbed epidermis, which caused altered distribution of K1 and K10. Both hyperplastic and normal epidermis showed filaggrin expression in stratum granulosum; this started earlier in treated (30-36 h) than in untreated (96 h) skin. We concluded that the postmitotic onset of K1 and K10 expression was unaltered in regenerative epidermis, whereas filaggrin expression was considerably accelerated and thus influenced by the cell kinetic changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Multiprobe fluorescence imaging and microspectrofluorimetry of cell transformation and differentiation: implications in terms of applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

The dichotomy of cellular transformation versus differentiation does not preclude the hypothesis of a unified underlying mechanism that can switch either way as a result of growth factors, cell-membrane receptors, secondary messengers, integrating switch kinases and/or nuclear receptors. Its study for biopharmaceutical and biotechnological applications requires a methodology capable of dealing with such pleiotropy. In the multiprobe-multiparameter approach, one must remain wary of cumulative toxic effects and misinterpretations. 'Smart' instrumentation does not mean 'smart' probes. It turns out that the cell's own endogenous probes, the fluorescent coenzymes, may be akin to 'smart' probes, open to study in situ of many-fold interrelated pathways in cell energetics and dynamics. Resolution at the micro- and even nano-compartment levels is not altogether impossible. Thus an innovative search in terms of what may be called 'intracellular reconnaissance with fluorescent probes and biopharmaceuticals' necessitates recourse to multiple tentative probings along the pleiotropic mechanisms as far in resolution as one can go. Among the characteristic findings using this approach are: (i) morphometric alterations in the mitochondria and melanosomes of melanoma cells treated with azelaic acid; (ii) deregulation of mitochondrial control and extramitochondrial metabolism in similarly treated cells; (iii) considerable acceleration of NAD(P) transient kinetics in atractylate-treated L sarcoma cells; (iv) alterations of mitochondria and Golgi in fusion-deficient myoblasts; (v) tentative recognition of beta-glucosidase deficiency in Gaucher disease cells by the use of fluorescent and fluorogenic lysosomal probes; and (vi) UVA-induced accumulation of Schiff bases (a kind of accelerated photo-aging) in yeast and kidney epithelial cells. Because these studies utilize probing at whatever points along the concerned pathways become accessible, at first glance they may look disconnected. What and where is the connecting thread, for instance, between studying melanoma metabolism, melanosome morphometry, hepatocyte organelle morphogenesis and transformation, myotube organelle morphogenesis and fusion-non-fusion, and lysosomal activity in gene-deficient cells? In the mapping of the regulatory and deregulatory mechanisms involved in the switching of differentiation or transformation, each of the above topics carries an information content towards resolution of the pleiotropic puzzle. The integration of such information with increasing resolution and access to intracellular microdomains may ultimately allow focus on the precise target, the switch from differentiation to transformation or vice versa.

Animals↗