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PubMed1986

[Relation between sleep and processes of retention and mental activity].

The structure of nocturnal sleep was studied in two groups of subjects: the group I subjects had been given 60 unfamiliar English words to learn, whereas Group II subjects had been playing games of chess. The paradoxical sleep (PS) latency in the 1 st cycle, the type of falling into the PS, and intensity of rapid eye movements were recorded. No reliable difference was found in the sleep structure of both test groups. No correlation either was observed between the sleep characteristics and the quality of memorizing the verbal material.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Locating information-processing deficits of mildly mentally retarded young adults.

When 2 nonoperative lights were added to each of the ends of a stimulus display in a 4-choice reaction time (RT) task, the RTs of mentally retarded and nonretarded subjects were slowed to about the same extent. When 2 nonoperative keys were added to each of the ends of the response display, retarded subjects' RTs were slowed more than those of the nonretarded subjects. The combined effects of the conditions involving nonoperative lights and keys were not found to be additive for either group of subjects, suggesting that, separately, each condition resulted in an increase in stimulus-response incompatibility in addition to an increase in the difficulty of stimulus identification or response selection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A study of emotional processing in Parkinson's disease.

This study investigated three aspects of processing materials with emotional content in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD): the ability to produce affective prosody, to discriminate affectively loaded speech, and to detect the surprise element in humorous sketches. Study aims were the characterization of an emotional processing deficit, and to test whether impaired emotional processing is mental state dependent. Forty-eight nondemented PD patients were divided according to neuropsychological criteria into a sample with intact mental functions and a sample with mild to moderate cognitive deterioration, particularly memory impairment. PD patients with intact cognitive functions were solely impaired at producing affectively loaded sentences, but otherwise displayed normal emotional processing abilities as compared to a clinical control group. PD patients with mental impairment were significantly disabled on all three tasks. The observed emo tional processing deficit was not related to variables like age, disease duration, de gree of functional impairment, motor disability or depression. Active and receptive emotional prosody were significantly correlated. Further strong positive correlations were found between the ability to disclose pictorial humour and tasks of visuoconceptual knowledge, as well as between the ability to produce affectively loaded speech and years of schooling. These results were interpreted as indicating that not only the production of emotional prosody, but also its recognition and the discovery of pictorial humour are reduced in a subgroup of PD patients with mental impairment. Impaired emotional processing skills are mental state dependent findings in PD which seem to be independent from demographic or disease variables and may indicate beginning dementia.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Do care patterns change over time in a newly established mental health service? A report from the UK700 trial.

PURPOSE: Data on the process of mental health care is scant. Most studies focus on services at their inception when activity may be atypical and then usually present data only mean values for the reported variables over the whole study period. We aimed to test whether care delivery changes over time, and to describe any changes at the individual patient and team levels. METHODS: Process data on 272 patients in three new intensive case management (ICM) teams were collected over 2 years. Interventions were prospectively recorded using clinician-derived categories. Changes over time are described at both patient and team level. RESULTS: The number of contacts and the proportion of face-to-face activity were remarkably constant after the first month at the patient level. The proportion of 'psychiatric' interventions (main focus on medication or a specific 'mental health' intervention performed) increased greatly after the first 6 months. The care activity received by individual patients varied considerably. Overall, teams varied significantly in the extent to which their activity rates were sustained over time. CONCLUSIONS: New ICM teams deliver highly individualised care with more marked differences in treatment patterns between patients in the same team than mean differences between teams. The early 'engagement' period is marked by a greater focus on social care. There is evidence of differences in sustainability of the services by site.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Older adults use mental representations that reduce cognitive load: mental rotation utilizes holistic representations and processing.

Thirty-two participants (16 younger adults, mean age of 18, and 16 older adults, mean age of 70) were examined to determine whether older adults adopt mental representations and processes that are less taxing on the cognitive system. Specifically, they were asked to mentally rotate a variety of images with different levels of complexity to examine whether they mentally rotate stimuli holistically or piecemeal; that is, whether they rotate the image as a single undifferentiated unit or as a collection of segments that are connected together to form the image. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA) the authors observed that younger adults found the more complex images harder to rotate, whereas the older adults rotated the complex images with the same effort as the simple images. The data reflected that older adults used holistic representations and processing in visual mental rotation. This information-processing schema reduces the use of cognitive resources as its underpinning because it is less computationally intensive. Furthermore, such a schema is more robust because it is not dependant or affected by the complexity of the image. The younger adults used piecemeal representations and processing. In contrast to the holistic strategy, the piecemeal schema is more volatile because it entails that the demands on the cognitive system vary with different images.

Adolescent↗