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PubMed2004

Public health sector unions and deregulation in Europe.

Deregulation and liberalization of health services take several forms in Europe: public-private partnerships; contracting out of services; and corporatization of health care institutions. The impact on health workers includes changes in terms and conditions of employment, breakup of collective bargaining agreements, and often more stressful working conditions. The author examines four types of trade union responses to deregulation. National health trade union action has used campaigning, awareness raising, and judicial review. Health workers' unions in alliance with other trade unions have taken part in wider campaigns against privatization and in promoting public services. Health workers' unions joining with social movements have become involved in wider alliances that link with broader public policy issues such as poverty reduction and urban/regional regeneration. European-wide action, seen through the work of the European Federation of Public Service Unions, has concentrated on the development of an alternative health policy, and the promotion of social dialogue at a European level. Trade unions must adopt a range of approaches to challenge the effects of deregulation. Increasingly, trade union members need to be aware of how to take action at both the national and European levels.

Collective Bargaining↗
PubMed1980

Workers' participation and control in Italy: the case of occupational medicine.

This article sets forth a historical and current analysis of (a) the occupational health services in Italy; and (b) the political, economic, and social forces that determined them. Special focus is placed on the analysis of the events leading to the establishment in 1969 of forms of direct democracy at the workplace, i.e. workers' committees, and their consequences for the occupational health services. Also described and analyzed are the responsibilities and modus operandi of these committees in the creation and reproduction of scientific knowledge at the point of production. The relationship between the workers' committees, the "experts," and the institutions of medicine, as well as that between the workers' committees, political parties, and the trade unions, is also discussed. An update on the impact that recent political developments have had on these workers' committees concludes the article.

Community Participation↗
PubMed2000

Organized doctors. Unionization of physicians a small but significant force as relationships with hospitals change.

The number of unionized physicians is still small, but those doctors are becoming a force to be reckoned with as organizing continues to grow and the fledgling union formed by the American Medical Association becomes more established. "The state of the unions in healthcare is excellent," says Barry Liebowitz, M.D., (left) president of the Doctors Council, which represents 16,000 physicians nationally.

American Medical Association↗
PubMed1984

Drugs in the workplace.

Many corporations are making concerted efforts to reduce the growing costs of on-the-job intoxication by the use of preemployment urine screening and breath alcohol testing, in addition to the more traditional histories and physical examinations. The worker who is accident prone, frequently ill, demonstrates poor work performance, or who seems to be under the influence of a mind-altering drug is examined for possible drug toxicity. Disciplinary action must be equitable and with the concurrence of the union. The advantages and problems associated with the chemical testing procedure and the safeguards to the individual and the corporation are discussed.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Questions & answers in industrial relations.

Can being at work make you sick? With ever-increasing workloads and constant pressure for change, midwives will understand all too clearly what Trades Union Congress General Secretary John Monks recently called "a pressure cooker work environment". Recent surveys by the TUC and a number of other trade unions show that employers are failing to take the matter of workplace stress seriously-notwithstanding the devastating effects it can have on the lives of their staff.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role and power of safety representatives and committees.

Case Scenario: Doreen, who had been a union member for many years and more recently had become a union officer in her local branch, was asked by the union if she would like to take on the role of being a health and safety representative. She was hesitant to accept as she was not sure what would be involved.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Economic inequality, working-class power, social capital, and cause-specific mortality in wealthy countries.

This study tests two propositions from Navarro's critique of the social capital literature: that social capital's importance has been exaggerated and that class-related political factors, absent from social epidemiology and public health, might be key determinants of population health. The authors estimate cross-sectional associations between economic inequality, working-class power, and social capital and life expectancy, self-rated health, low birth weight, and age- and cause-specific mortality in 16 wealthy countries. Of all the health outcomes, the five variables related to birth and infant survival and nonintentional injuries had the most consistent association with economic inequality and working-class power (in particular with strength of the welfare state) and, less so, with social capital indicators. Rates of low birth weight and infant deaths from all causes were lower in countries with more "left" (e.g., socialist, social democratic, labor) votes, more left members of parliament, more years of social democratic government, more women in government, and various indicators of strength of the welfare state, as well as low economic inequality, as measured in a variety of ways. Similar associations were observed for injury mortality, underscoring the crucial role of unions and labor parties in promoting workplace safety. Overall, social capital shows weaker associations with population health indicators than do economic inequality and working-class power. The popularity of social capital and exclusion of class-related political and welfare state indicators does not seem to be justified on empirical grounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The impact of the 1975 New York City financial crisis on public sector unionism.

Using New York City's 1975 financial crisis as an example, this article argues that the classic inelastic theory of wage demand for public sector employment (higher wages do not lead to reductions in employment) has been supplanted in the mid-1970s by a kinked demand relationship (the idea that higher wages can and do lead to reductions in employment), wherein unions can improve wages for their respective memberships only by implementing strategies that lend themselves to facilitating an increase in overall demand for government services.

Collective Bargaining↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes toward alternative models of unions and professional associations.

Within the occupation of nursing a synthesis of union and profession has been occurring so that "new" images of the profession and of unions are not as divergent as they traditionally were. To investigate whether nurses and nursing students are responding in terms of the traditional or the newer images of unions and professions, the relationship between motivations for entering nursing and attitudes toward unions and the profession were examined among 75 nurses and nursing students. Some support was given to the idea that nurses still respond to unions and the profession in terms of the traditional images although there was some suggestion, when comparing nursing students with nurses, that response patterns may be changing.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

Union organizing will be divisive and costly.

It is time for hospital executives to face up to the practical implications of increased union organizing, says attorney K. Bruce Stickler. Get ready for special-interest negotiations, increased job protection demands, escalating wage and benefits costs, and more.

Collective Bargaining↗
PubMed1997

Self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between perceived union barriers and women's participation in union activities.

This study investigated the influence of union self-efficacy (expectations of success in pursuit of union activities) as a mediator of the relationship between perceptions of barriers to union participation and women's participation in union activities (N = 89). Perceived barriers were defined in 4 domains (community, family, union, work), and self-efficacy was operationalized based on C. Lee and P. Bobko's (1994) analysis of self-efficacy measures (self-efficacy magnitude, self-efficacy strength). Union self-efficacy was found to mediate the relationship between the magnitude of perceived union barriers and the magnitude of union participation, although mediation was limited to women with weak union self-efficacy. Implications for designing training and intervention programs to enhance women's participation in the face of perceived barriers are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Stern measures.

Andy Stern, new head of the Service Employees International Union, has set his sights on the nation's health care industry, linking workers' rights with consumer protection. The union's strategy is on display in California, where managed care has made dramatic inroads and financially pinched hospitals are shedding workers.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1979

Sensitized supervisors--a key to preserving nonunion status.

Properly selected, trained, sensitive supervisory personnel are the private, nonprofit hospital's first line of defense against attempts by unions to organize employees. Successful front line supervisors administer rules fairly, transmit information accurately, and strive for good human relations.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Work-to-family spillover and fruit and vegetable consumption among construction laborers.

PURPOSE: Spillover is the effect of one role on another as working adults attempt to integrate demands from work and family. We conducted a survey to understand how worker, job, and family characteristics were related to negative work-to-family spillover and how spillover was related to fruit and vegetable consumption to inform intervention design. DESIGN: A combined mail and telephone survey. SETTING: A national random sample in the United States. SUBJECTS: 1108 (44% response) unionized construction laborers. MEASURES: Personal characteristics, job factors, family factors, work-to-family spillover, and fruit and vegetable consumption. ANALYSIS: Multivariable logistic and least-squares regression. RESULTS: A range of 20% to 50% of respondents reported negative work-to-family spillover, agreeing that work demands, time, fatigue, and stress interfered with family meals or food choices. Higher spillover was associated with job factors, being of white race/ethnicity, and having children at home. Lower fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with higher work-to-family spillover (p = .002), being of white race or ethnicity (p < .0001), and working the graveyard or day shift (p = .02). CONCLUSION: Negative experience of work-to-family spillover may link employment to fruit and vegetable consumption and thus to worker health. Understanding the contribution of spillover to fruit and vegetable consumption aids understanding of how work experience affects health.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The closed shop and the National Health Service: a case study in public sector labour relations.

During the second half of the 1970s, the practice of the closed shop became widespread in some parts of the British public sector, but was resisted in others. This paper examines the issue in relation to the National Health Service, where trade unionists made frequent demands for the closed shop and where many managers were apparently not unwilling to concede it. Yet very few closed shops actually resulted. The paper examines the origin and patterns of these demands, health authority policies towards them, and their outcomes in terms both of the operation of the closed shops which were agreed, and the reasons for failure to agree. The conclusion is that although NHS industrial relations had apparently matured very rapidly between 1973 and 1977, the trade unions were neither strong enough nor united enough to enforce the closed shop; nor were industrial relations so far developed as to make the practice a natural next step.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1998

Physician's unions: handle with care.

In an attempt to battle the growing number and expanding power of MCOs, physicians are attempting to form or become a part of unions. By banding together, doctors believe that they can fight the MCO's ever-tightening grip on their practices and gain bargaining power that has been lost.

Antitrust Laws↗
PubMed1992

Sex roles in management: the impact of varying power of speech style on union members' perception of satisfaction and effectiveness.

Effective management has traditionally been associated with men and masculine characteristics. In this study, I focused on manager communication, specifically the perceived effects of stereotypical gender/power speech styles. Union members viewed and rated a male and a female manager on videotape using three gender/power speech styles: stereotypical masculine (powerful), stereotypical feminine (powerless), and mixed gender/power. Union respondents judged both the male and female manager using the mixed gender/power speech style as most effective and as being associated with the most satisfied employees.

Adult↗