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PubMed1989

AIDS and hemophilia: implications for interventions with families.

Informational needs of hemophiliacs must first be assessed to develop effective educational and prevention programs. A survey of 132 hemophilia patients and family members was conducted to determine the information needs, the preferred source of information and the patients' knowledge of AIDS. Results indicated that the major source of information for the patients was the media; the preferred source was the hemophilia treatment center. Most patients wanted more information about the treatment of AIDS and how to cope with the stresses of AIDS. Although patients indicated that they had received sufficient information about the sexual transmission of AIDS, answers to knowledge questions indicated important misconceptions. Results are discussed with respect to the development of educational and prevention programs for hemophiliacs and their families.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intervening with alopecia: exploring an entrepreneurial role for oncology nurses.

This article discusses the development of an innovative role for oncology nurses in assisting patients with their personal information and image needs that arise from alopecia secondary to the treatment of cancer. An independent oncology nursing consultative service was initiated after a survey of patients was conducted (N = 40) to assess alopecia knowledge, needs, and referral source. Nurses (N = 16) attending a local Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) chapter meeting were surveyed to assess their intervention patterns and knowledge of hair and scalp care during hair loss. To respond to needs identified through the surveys, the consultative service developed a patient education program and booklet, as well as professional education sessions. Management and evaluation of this practice continues to provide a learning experience.

Alopecia↗

PubMed2006

Progress in understanding the sources, deposition and above-ground fate of trichloroacetic acid.

AIM AND SCOPE: This paper is a companion to the recent review paper by Laturnus et al. (2005) on TCA in soils, presenting a complementary review of knowledge gaps in the sources and fate of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in plants. MAIN FEATURES: The review considers the various sources of TCA precursors, including the question of how much atmospheric TCA comes from naturally-produced precursors, and addresses the implications of climate change on atmospheric TCA formation. Models of the conversion of precursors to TCA in the atmosphere are critically compared with field measurements of concentrations, deposition and budgets; data on the quantitative relationships between gas-phase TCA, particulate TCA, and TCA dissolved in rain and clouds are reviewed. Methods for quantifying TCA are summarised, along with a description of what the different techniques measure, and how results can be compared. A distinction is made between 'extractable' TCA and 'total' TCA in vegetation. Evidence for the various pathways by which TCA enters plants is given, including the in situ production of TCA in leaves. This leads to a better understanding of how plant tissue concentrations depend on uptake, production and removal rates. Finally, knowledge of the toxic effects of TCA on plants and TCA metabolism in plant tissues is summarised. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The discussion highlights knowledge gaps, and is intended to aid the reader in interpreting previously published results through identifying where different ways of expressing data have been used, and the consequent conclusions that can be drawn. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER RESEARCH DIRECTIONS: Recommendations are given for future research directions--in identifying precursor sources, quantifying heterogeneous atmospheric processes, recognising and quantifying uptake pathways, and elucidating the biochemical mechanisms involved in sequestering and degrading TCA inside leaves.

Acid Rain↗

PubMed2001

The promotion of condom use in non-regular sexual partnerships in urban Mozambique.

This study uses data from a representative sample of sexually active adults in urban Mozambique to examine the effectiveness of the JeitO condom social marketing (CSM) project in increasing condom use among men and women at risk of contracting HIV. More specifically, this study tests the hypothesis that exposure to programme interventions (communications and access) increases condom use with non-regular partners. Exposure to the CSM programme is high, and multivariate analyses show that exposure to CSM advertising and communications and knowledge of a condom source are associated with higher reports of condom use with non-regular partners. Analyses of regional differences in condom use show that knowledge and use of condoms with non-regular partners are higher than the national average in all four provinces where the CSM project has been operating for longer (18 months vs. 6 months). Multivariate analyses show that the above-average level of condom use in the capital, Maputo, can be attributed to the higher socioeconomic status of this population, but the above-average level of condom use among men and women in Sofala and Manica provinces is due, in part, to their high level of exposure to the CSM programme. These findings indicate that the JeitO CSM project's behaviour-change communications and condom distribution are effective in encouraging safer sex practices among persons engaged in sex with non-regular partners.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

The relationship between AIDS-related information sources and homophobic attitudes: a comparison of two models.

Using a sample of 914 college students from the Midwest and West Coast, this research compared two possible relationships between information sources about AIDS and homophobic attitudes. The first model examined the effects of various information sources on students' accuracy of knowledge regarding AIDS transmission, subsequent beliefs that homosexuals are responsible for AIDS, and overall homophobia. The second model tested the alternative hypothesis that pre-existing homophobic attitudes affected the selection of information sources. This assortive process, in turn, was hypothesized to affect accuracy of knowledge about AIDS and beliefs that homosexuals are responsible for AIDS. The findings indicated the models had similar explanatory power, suggesting that information sources have diverse impacts on students' knowledge about AIDS and that homophobic attitudes affect selection of information sources. The authors conclude that while certain information sources about AIDS tend to increase homophobic attitudes, homophobic individuals are also more likely to select these information sources.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1993

[Oral contraceptives: knowledge and compliance].

One hundred and twenty (120) women, taking contraceptive pills, underwent a structured interview with a view elucidating their knowledge of the physiology of menstruation, the action and side effects of contraceptive pills and their compliance in the taking of contraceptive pills. The most important sources of information were the medical letters in magazines and the women's own doctors, while the teaching in the Folkeskole (primary and lower secondary school) had not had any major influence on the level of information. Well over one third of the interviewed women knew the most important action mechanism of the contraceptive pill, and half of the women could give a satisfactory explanation of the physiology of menstruation. Twenty-four percent (24%) thought that pregnancy could not occur until 1-2 months after the woman had ceased taking the pill. There was high compliance among the women i.e. that their behavior was correct when they had forgotten to take one or two contraceptive pills, when bleeding was irregular, and when beginning on a new package of pills. Eighty-three percent (83%) had experienced side effects that could be related to contraceptive pills. The investigation shows that there is a need for more efficient information about the effects of the Pill and about the physiology of menstruation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Investigations on landmine detection by neutron-based techniques.

Principles and techniques of some neutron-based methods used to identify the antipersonnel landmines (APMs) are discussed. New results have been achieved in the field of neutron reflection, transmission, scattering and reaction techniques. Some conclusions are as follows: The neutron hand-held detector is suitable for the observation of anomaly caused by a DLM2-like sample in different soils with a scanning speed of 1m(2)/1.5 min; the reflection cross section of thermal neutrons rendered the determination of equivalent thickness of different soil components possible; a simple method was developed for the determination of the thermal neutron flux perturbation factor needed for multi-elemental analysis of bulky samples; unfolded spectra of elastically backscattered neutrons using broad-spectrum sources render the identification of APMs possible; the knowledge of leakage spectra of different source neutrons is indispensable for the determination of the differential and integrated reaction rates and through it the dimension of the interrogated volume; the precise determination of the C/O atom fraction requires the investigations on the angular distribution of the 6.13MeV gamma-ray emitted in the (16)O(n,n'gamma) reaction. These results, in addition to the identification of landmines, render the improvement of the non-intrusive neutron methods possible.

Blast Injuries↗

PubMed1999

A randomized community intervention trial to increase awareness and knowledge of the role of periconceptional folate in women of child-bearing age.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of a consumer-directed information campaign to increase knowledge of folate for the prevention of neural tube defects among women of child-bearing age, and to measure women's recall of sources of information and knowledge about folate. DESIGN: A community randomized trial. SETTING: Three matched pairs of geographically distinct Local Government Areas in the state of Victoria, Australia. INTERVENTION: Printed information recommending folate intake to decrease the risk of neural tube defects was disseminated to women of child-bearing age in three of the Local Government Areas selected randomly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The proportion of women aware of the association between folate and spina bifida. RESULTS: Of 1197 women interviewed prior to the intervention, 12.4% (adjusted for the cluster and population sampling unit) were aware of folate and neural tube defects. After the intervention, there was not only a significant background increase of 3.4% (P=0.02) in folate awareness since the pre-intervention survey (n=603), but also a significant additional increase of 4.0% (P=0.04) owing to the intervention itself (n=603). Only 70% of women who were aware of folate knew the correct timing. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of printed educational material can increase folate awareness among women of child-bearing age. A comprehensive, long-term and ongoing health promotion campaign including such material, together with initiatives by relevant health service providers and the food industry, could best address the current low levels of folate awareness among women of child-bearing age.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

A GIS-based protocol for the collection and use of local knowledge in fisheries management planning.

Despite a heavy reliance on scientific knowledge as the primary source of information in resource management, many resources are in decline, particularly in fisheries. To try and combat this trend, researchers have drawn upon the knowledge of local resource users as an important supplement to scientific knowledge in designing and implementing management strategies. The integration of local knowledge with scientific knowledge for marine species management, however, is problematic stemming primarily from conflicting data types. This paper considers the use of spatial information technology as a medium to integrate and visualise spatial distributions of both quantitative scientific data and qualitative local knowledge for the purposes of producing valid and locally relevant fisheries management plans. In this context, the paper presents a detailed protocol for the collection and subsequent use of local knowledge in fisheries management planning using geographic information systems (GIS). Particular attention is paid to the use of local knowledge in resource management, accuracy issues associated with the incorporation of qualitative data into a quantitative environment, base map selection and construction, and map bias or errors associated with the accuracy of recording harvest locations on paper map sheets, given the complications of map scale.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Routine calibration of brachytherapy sources with a well-type dose calibrator using standard calibrated sources.

Brachytherapy, which refers to short-distance treatment via implanted sources, requires an accurate knowledge of the dose distribution in the implant volume. A critical step in the determination of the dose distribution involves an accurate calibration of brachytherapy source strength. Following the guidelines recommended by AAPM Task Group No. 22, a routine calibration procedure for brachytherapy sources 137-Cs, 192-Ir, and 125-I has been developed. The calibration of sources is performed with a well-type dose calibrator using standard calibrated sources obtained from the American, British, and French national laboratories. Selected characteristics of the dose calibrator are reported, and some of the problems associated with the dose calibrator are discussed. The results of a comparison of the calibrated sources from the three national laboratories are presented.

Brachytherapy↗

PubMed1999

Uncertain knowledge: a national survey of high school students' knowledge and beliefs about hepatitis C.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C (HCV) has recently emerged as an important public health issue. This study documents young people's hepatitis C (HCV) knowledge, risk perceptions and sources of information. METHOD: Australia, 1997; nationally representative survey; sample of students in Years 10 and 12 in government secondary schools (n = 3,550). RESULTS: Students' knowledge about HCV was found to be extremely poor. Of the seven questions on hepatitis, only one was answered correctly by more than half the students. Few could differentiate between hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Only a small number (12%) perceived themselves to be at risk of hepatitis and fewer than half (41%) had sought advice about hepatitis. CONCLUSION: There is a need for more HCV education and health promotion for secondary school students. IMPLICATIONS: Some lessons from HIV education can be readily transferred to this new epidemic but others cannot. There is a danger that HIV and HCV will be conflated in education programs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Menopause and the transmission of women's knowledge: African American and white women's perspectives.

Recent menopause literature does not sufficiently explore women's attitudes on the transmission of knowledge about menopause from sources other than biomedical providers. Analysis of 70 interviews with African American and Euro-American women shows that their perceptions of the intergenerational transfer of knowledge about menopause from their mothers shaped their attitudes toward menopause and the health-care technologies surrounding it. African American women who grew up in the segregated South frequently expressed that their mothers provided them with the knowledge and power to negotiate difficulties during the menopausal process, while many middle-class Euro-American women expressed that their mothers did not. Drawing on literature that examines the effects of race, class, and kinship on mother/daughter relationships, this article explores the reasons for this divergence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Measurement of ultrafine particle size distributions from coal-, oil-, and gas-fired stationary combustion sources.

Currently, we have limited knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of emitted primary combustion aerosols and the changes in those properties caused by nucleation, condensation growth of volatile species, and particle coagulations under dilution and cooling in the ambient air. A dilution chamber was deployed to sample exhaust from a pilot-scale furnace burning various fuels at a nominal heat input rate of 160 kW/h(-1) and 3% excess oxygen. The formation mechanisms of particles smaller than 420 nm in electrical mobility diameter were experimentally investigated by measurement with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) as a function of aging times, dilution air ratios, combustion exhaust temperatures, and fuel types. Particle formation in the dilution process is a complex mixture of nucleation, coagulation, and condensational growth, depending on the concentrations of available condensable species and solid or liquid particles (such as soot, ash) in combustion exhausts. The measured particle size distributions in number concentrations measured show peaks of particle number concentrations for medium sulfur bituminous coal, No. 6 fuel oil, and natural gas at 40-50 nm, 70-100 nm, and 15-25 nm, respectively. For No. 6 fuel oil and coal, the particle number concentration is constant in the range of a dilution air ratio of 50, but the number decreases as the dilution air ratio decreases to 10. However, for natural gas, the particle number concentration is higher at a dilution air ratio of 10 and decreases at dilution air ratios of 20-50. At a dilution air ratio of 10, severe particle coagulation occurs in a relatively short time. Samples taken at different combustion exhaust temperatures for these fuel types show higher particle number concentrations at 645 K than at 450 K. As the aging time of particles increases, the particles increase in size and the number concentrations decrease. The largest gradient of particle number distribution occurs within the first 10 sec after dilution but shows only minor differences between 10 and 80 sec. The lifetimes of the ultrafine particles are relatively short, with a scale on the order of a few seconds. Results from this study suggest that an aging time of 10 sec and a dilution air ratio of 20 are sufficient to obtain representative primary particle emission samples from stationary combustion sources.

Aerosols↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Factors affecting access to menopause information.

OBJECTIVE: As female life expectancy increases, women spend a greater proportion of their life in menopause. Menopausal women may benefit from preventive treatments, such as hormone replacement therapy, and are more likely to use medical treatments if they have access to information about menopause. The purpose of this study was to identify women's needs with respect to learning about menopause. DESIGN: A 20-question survey was administered anonymously to 116 women during outreach programs. Data were separated and evaluated by race and level of education. RESULTS: A significant association was found between access to information about menopause and both race and education level. Being African American or having less than a college education was associated with a twofold risk (p < 0.01) for not having a source of menopause information. A significant relationship was found between a woman's rating of her current knowledge of menopause and access to source of information (p = 0.03); women who did not have an information source felt the least knowledgeable about the subject. Women varied in the ways in which they are comfortable with learning about menopause. Different groups of women seemed to prefer different methods of learning about menopause. CONCLUSIONS: Both level of education and race are associated with a woman's ability to obtain information about menopause. To enhance women's understanding of health during menopause, information must be readily available. This information should be presented to women through educational programs that are designed to meet the needs of varied groups of adult women.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Factors associated with safe preparation and home use of sugar-salt solution.

The use of oral rehydration salts is frustratingly low, mostly because one must visit a health care provider to procure the packets. Mothers are advised to use sugar-salt solution (SSS) and other home-based fluids as first fluid replacement during diarrhoea. However, the use rate of SSS is also not encouraging and few mothers can prepare it correctly. We conducted an observation study on mothers who reported to the diarrhoea treatment centre of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh during September 1990 through to December 1992. At quarterly intervals, 240 mothers were recruited randomly to elicit their knowledge and ability to prepare SSS. Most (94.6%) of the mothers knew about the solution, but only 62% of them used the solution at home. The use rate was higher when mothers came to know about the solution through interpersonal communication (e.g. community health workers, doctors, friends, neighbours and relatives) and from multiple sources (72%) than when they learned about it from the media or from a single source (54%). As many as 85.4% of the mothers could prepare the solution within the safe limits of sodium concentrations (30 to 100 mmol/l). The figure rose to 95.8% after practical instruction as to how to prepare the solution. This improvement was dependent neither on the literacy level of mothers nor on their knowledge and use of the solution earlier. To increase interpersonal communication and to improve mothers' behaviour in using and correctly preparing SSS, every contact with health care providers should be utilised for organising sessions on the use and preparation of the solution.

Bangladesh↗

PubMed2005

Determination of mustard and lewisite related compounds in abandoned chemical weapons (Yellow shells) from sources in China and Japan.

Knowledge of the states of the contents in chemical munitions that Japanese Imperial Forces abandoned at the end of World War II in Japan and China is gravely lacking. To unearth and recover these chemical weapons and detoxify the contents safely, it is essential to establish analytical procedures to definitely determine the CWA contents. We established such a procedure and applied it to the analysis of chemicals in the abandoned shells. Yellow shells are known to contain sulfur mustard, lewisite, or a mixture of both. Lewisite was analyzed without thiol derivatization, because it and its decomposition products yield the same substances in the derivatization. Analysis using our new procedure showed that both mustard and lewisite remained as the major components after the long abandonment of nearly 60 years. The content of mustard was 43% and that of lewisite 55%. The viscous material found was suggested to be mostly oligomers of mustard. Comparison of the components in the Yellow agents with mustard recovered in both Japan and China showed a difference in the impurities between the CWAs produced by the former Imperial navy and those by the former Imperial army.

Arsenicals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fears and coping strategies associated with pregnancy and childbirth in Finland.

The purpose of this study was to describe the causes of fear associated with pregnancy and childbirth and to describe coping strategies of pregnant women who have fears. Data were collected by using semistructured interviews on the maternity units of two university hospitals in Finland. A convenience sample of 20 women served as participants, and data were analyzed by using content analysis techniques. In most cases, the source of fear was either previous experience and knowledge or uncertainty. In some cases, the source of fear was beliefs about childbirth with no clear origin of the belief. Knowledge was described as a means of dealing with fear, as were talking, writing, and reasoning. When seeking help, many participants relied on their social network and on health care professionals, but some sought information independently from books, magazines, etc. Methods for dispelling or alleviating fear included talking about feelings, increasing knowledge, accessing health care services, referring to positive experiences, receiving reassurance from medical screening, and/or feeling the baby move. Knowledge can be a cause of fear, but its ability to decrease fear is of greater consequence. What seemed to matter most was the way in which information is given.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation: sources, effects and regulatory aspects.

Knowledge and awareness of physicians and the general public concerning the risks of prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation are important when developing a correct attitude to ionizing radiation. This is particularly important in the justification of medical diagnostic exposure of pregnant women and in case of possible accidents. The present paper reviews the most recent data on the effects of prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation reported in the scientific literature and in documents of international organizations dealing with this subject. Potentially significant exposure for women of childbearing age in medical diagnostics, working conditions and environmental contamination following the Chernobyl accident are reported. Some examples of doses associated with medical exposure in the course of diagnostic examinations with X-rays and radiopharmaceuticals, and occupational exposure in workplaces are given. Lastly, the regulatory aspects of the European Union directives and the Italian legislation on medical and occupational exposure of women during pregnancy or in reproductive age are reviewed.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗