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The venous network of the pars plana was studied by means of arterial and venous injections of India ink and neoprene latex. The vascular lumens were measured under the microscope. The analysis of samples spread on slides allowed us to discover the existence of a venous anastomotic arch in the ora serrata region.
The anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and its branches were examined in 22 human brains after injecting Indian ink or methylmethacrylate. The ACoA branches were divided into the small and the large. Small branches were from 1 to 5 in number (mean 2), and from 70 to 270 microns in diameter (mean 151 microns). Seventy-six percent of the branches originated directly from the ACoA. They tended to arise closer to the left than to the right anterior cerebral artery. Fourteen percent of them arose from the junctional site of the ACoA with the anterior cerebral arteries, and 10% from the site of origin of the subcallosal artery. Large branches were identified as the median artery of the corpus callosum, and the subcallosal artery, respectively. The former vessel was present in 9% of the patients, and the latter in 91%. The subcallosal artery was from 320 to 640 microns in size (mean 486 microns). It tended to arise from the middle of the ACoA. In spite of the very frequent anastomoses involving the ACoA branches, care must be taken to avoid injury to these important vessels during operations of the ACoA aneurysms.
Six patients in whom errors of diagnosis and therapy occurred because of reliance on colonoscopic tumor localization are presented. Three of the patients required a second laparotomy for surgical resection of a tumor that was missed at the first exploration. While endoscopy is regarded as the diagnostic gold standard, there are problems in its use for colonoscopic localization. Reliance on distance measurements may be misleading. Anatomical variants can be confusing. For this reason, a preoperative barium enema for precise delineation and localization of tumors is recommended. When a barium enema is not feasible, such as when a malignant polyp has been removed endoscopically, preoperative endoscopic localization with injection of India ink or intraoperative colonoscopy must be performed.
We have studied the antiangiogenetic effects of hydrocortisone and protamine given intra-arterially. The cornea of male, Sprague-Dawley rats were cauterized with silver nitrate. The following treatments were given: 30 micrograms hydrocortisone topical (t.p.), b.i.d., 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intra-arterially (i.a.), 10 mg/kg/day protamine i.p. or i.a. Saline was administered to the control groups. In separate experiments we also evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of hydrocortisone, i.p., on the cauterized corneas. Five days after cauterization, the animals were killed, exsanguinated and India ink was injected to show the network of neovessels. The percentage area of the cornea covered by neovessels was measured morphometrically and evaluated statistically. Hydrocortisone t.p. (-84%), i.a. (-60%) and protamine i.a. (-44%) significantly inhibited angiogenesis in the cauterized cornea. Either drugs, i.p., had any antiangiogenetic effects, but hydrocortisone significantly reduced cell infiltration of the corneas. The results suggest that locoregional administration of antiangiogenetic drugs might be clinically useful.
Studies were made of the presence of capsules in 294 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group of bacteria isolated from clinical infections and in 30 strains from the fecal flora using the Indian ink and ruthenium red staining methods. A total of 77% of the B. fragilis strains were encapsulated; higher figures were observed in isolates from blood and wound infections. Of the B. ovatus, B. distasonis, B. vulgatus, B. uniformis, and B. thetaiotaomicron isolates from clinical infections, 17% were encapsulated. The percentage of encapsulated Bacteroides strains isolated from feces was approximately the same as in the strains isolated from clinical infections.
Mice immunized by primary infection with an avirulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii were protected against challenge infection with a highly virulent strain, even though macrophages were eliminated either by dextran sulfate or by carbon ink. This findings differs strikingly from previous results obtained in similar experiments with other intracellular pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium. It is therefore concluded that the macrophage population, which plays an essential role in the cell-mediated immunity to reinfection with L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium, is not of primary importance in cell-mediated immunity to reinfection with T. gondii.
In the rat, continuous exposure to so-called "cold light" of 800 lux leads to a nearly complete loss of retinal photoreceptors, which occurs within 4 weeks. This process is followed by vascularization of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The origin, extent, and expansion of such proliferations within 6 months after the onset of irradiation were evaluated by means of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, corrosion cast preparation, india ink injection, and trypsin digest preparation. The vessels within the RPE were found to be fenestrated and to form a network with the vessels of the neurosensory retina. Invasion of Bruch's membrane and formation of chorioretinal anastomoses were not observed. The occurrence of vessels within the RPE coincided with a massive regression of capillaries in the neurosensory retina.
This study employed the Stroop paradigm to examine comprehension of single words in autistic children. The words of interest varied along a concrete-abstract dimension. In the Stroop paradigm, subjects are asked to name the color of ink in which color words are printed. Comprehension is indexed by the degree to which the automatic processing of words interferes with the color-naming task. For both concrete and abstract words, autistic children showed the same degree of interference as reading-matched controls. The findings corroborate and extend previous work suggesting that autistic children understand, and by implication, can mentally represent, at least some word meanings.
Examined thought disorder in a sample (n = 11) of high-functioning autistic young adults and older adolescents (mean IQ = 83) utilizing objective ratings from the Thought, Language and Communication Disorder Scale (TLC Scale) and projective data from the Rorschach ink blots. Results from the TLC Scale pointed to negative features of thought disorder in this sample (e.g., Poverty of Speech). Rorschach protocols revealed poor reality testing and perceptual distortions in every autistic subject, and also identified several areas of cognitive slippage (e.g., Incongruous Combinations, Fabulized Combinations, Deviant Responses, Inappropriate Logic). Comparing TLC Scale and Rorschach results to schizophrenic reference groups, autistic subjects demonstrated significantly more Poverty of Speech and less Illogically on the TLC Scale, and on the Rorschach they evidenced features of thought disorder that are encountered also in schizophrenia. Results are discussed in relation to the measures employed, and to areas of similarity and difference between autism and schizophrenia.
Many machine-readable identification systems (MRIS) that can automatically identify patients and their laboratory specimens are described in this paper. It is recommended that greater use be made of bar-code, optical character, or magnetic ink label printers and readers, to permit MRIS of X-ray films, EKGs, EEGs, and other tracings, drugs, and blood-products, as well as for requisitions, forms, charges, reports, and medical records. This technology will contribute greatly to eliminate a major source of error in health care, as well as accelerate the performance of many procedures, control cost by reducing personnel levels, and improve medical care substantially.
In laparoscopic colectomy the identification of the site of a tumor is often difficult. The topical injection of india ink or blue dye by preoperative colonoscopy is the most prevalent method to mark the tumor site; however, such a procedure also includes the intrinsic danger of possibly injecting dye into the peritoneal cavity. In addition, the injected marker may also spread so widely that the intended site may become obscure. A marking clip detector system was used to detect metallic marking clips in the luminal side that had been applied to the mucosa adjacent to the lesion during the course of preoperative colonoscopy. This method was able to identify the marked site in 40 percent of cases in which only one clip was applied to the mucosa. However, when the lesion sites were marked with two or three clips, then the detection rate increased to 100 percent. Based on our findings, this procedure was found to be a safe and reliable method for identifying lesions during laparoscopic-assisted colectomy.
Adult, male smokers were randomly assigned to be nicotine abstinent for 12 h (n = 10) or to smoke normally for the same period of time (n = 10). Performance on a modified version of the Stroop (1935) color-naming task, where subjects named the color of ink in which each of a series of words was written, showed that abstinent smokers took significantly longer to color-name words related to cigarette smoking (e.g., Lighter) than to color-name neutral control words (e.g., Pennant). Non-abstinent smokers showed a significant difference in the opposite direction. These results suggest that nicotine abstinence decreases the ability to ignore the meaning of smoking-related information. This finding supports the hypothesis that abstinence produces a content-specific shift in attentional focus. The present pattern of results cannot be explained by a general decrease in cognitive function due to nicotine abstinence.
Knowledge of the optical properties of tissues can be applied in numerous medical and scientific fields, including cancer diagnostics and therapy. There are many different ways of determining the optical properties of turbid media. The paper describes measurements of the optical properties of porcine brain tissue using novel instrumentation for simultaneous absorption and scattering characterisation of small turbid samples. Integrating sphere measurements are widely used as a reference method for determination of the optical properties of relatively thin turbid samples. However, this technique is associated with bulky equipment, complicated measuring techniques, interference compensation techniques and inconvenient sample handling. It is believed that the sphere for some applications can be replaced by a new, compact device, called the combined angular and spatially resolved head sensor, to measure the optical properties of thin turbid samples. The results compare very well with data obtained with an integrating sphere for well-defined samples. The instrument was shown to be accurate to within 12% for microa and 1% for micro's in measurements of intralipid-ink samples. The corresponding variations of data were 17% and 2%, respectively. The reduced scattering coefficient for porcine white matter was measured to be 100 cm(-1) at 633 nm, and the value for coagulated brain tissue was 65 cm(-1). The corresponding absorption coefficients were 2 and 3 cm(-1), respectively.
Albino rats were maintained in 60% atmospheric oxygen from birth through 14 days of age. Age-matched controls were simultaneously raised in room air. Some rats were perfused with India ink before sacrifice and retinal dissection in order to study the effect of oxygen-rearing on the retinal vasculature. By this method it was found that oxygen-reared animals sustained a 36% loss of retinal blood vessels. Other animals' retinas were removed immediately after sacrifice and examined for evidence of lipid peroxidation by one of three means: 1) a determination of the presence of products of lipid peroxidation, 2) a measure of the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 3) a determination of retinal vitamin E level. Each of these determinations indicated that peroxidation reactions had occurred in the retinas of oxygen-reared rats. Retinal vitamin E was supplemented in the young rats through the diet of the mothers. This treatment resulted in a two-fold increase of retinal vitamin E over levels in pups of mothers fed rat chow. Oxygen-reared vitamin E-supplemented rats sustained significantly less obliteration of blood vessels than non-supplemented oxygen-reared animals.
Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from various clinical materials in 14 cases, was identified by (1) cultivation on Sabouraud glucose agar and CHROMagar Candida, (2) microscopic examination of Indian-ink-stained preparations and (3) determination of biochemical properties (assimilation and fermentation of saccharides, assimilation of KNO3, production of urease and phenol monooxygenase). C. neoformans was determined in five specimens from paediatric patients in the intensive care unit and in nine specimens from adult patients, most frequently from liquor at meningitis (n = 3).
Studies of the dynamic characteristics of cochlear blood flow (CBF) utilizing laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in laboratory animals have provided a new approach to the understanding of control mechanisms of CBF and the role of the CBF in cochlear disorders. However, few studies exist indicating that LDF of human CBF may be possible. Since bone thickness, density, structure characteristics, and blood flow all greatly affect LDF recording, we examined the anatomy of the human promontory for inter-individual variations in thickness, quality and vascularity of the bone and mucosa and recorded middle ear topographic relationships to the underlying cochlear lateral wall vasculature. Temporal bones from 21 cadavers without known premortem histories of ear disease were obtained. India ink was infused selectively via the vertebral or carotid system to study the origin of bone/ mucosa circulation to the otic capsule. Light microscopy revealed that the human promontory was characterized as cortical bone having few blood vessels. The thickness of the bone measured at four horizontal levels and mucosa at the top of promontory and anteriorly around the tympanic plexus varied from 1.67 +/- 0.64 to 1.13 +/- 0.26 mm for bone and 0.06-0.13 mm for mucosa. The thinnest bone was found around the tympanic plexus, where the bone thickness varied from 0.6 to 1.2 mm. Previous data indicate that current LDF instruments can provide a linear measure of blood flow through bone thicknesses of 1-3 mm or more (depending on the type of bone). Data from the current study indicate that direct valid dynamic measures of CBF are possible in humans. Since the optimal area available is small, the topography of the middle ear should be well known and the recording site well defined to obtain valid results.
Azo compounds are extensively used for colouring food, drink, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles and printing inks. Publications in the literature have shown that azo dyes can pose threats to public health by metabolic and chemical oxidation and reduction reactions. In the present study, the in vivo and in vitro biotransformation of ethyl 4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)azo]benzoate, an azo compound which is structurally similar to 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol was studied to investigate its in vivo and in vitro metabolic products. For the in vitro biotransformation study, rat liver microsomal preparations fortified with NADPH as a co-factor were used. Three unidentified metabolic products were observed. For the in vivo biotransformation study, a concentrated solution of this substrate was given orally to female rats. After the administration of substrate, blood samples of rats are taken at certain intervals. The blood plasma were obtained by centrifuging blood samples. The cold acetonitrile was added to plasma to precipitate plasma proteins and plasma was centrifuged. The supernatant was evaporated at room temperature. The residue was reconstituted with acetonitrile and examined by the HPLC. The unchanged substrate together with the corresponding reduction and acetylation products were detected in plasma. However, no initial hydrolysis occurred in the ester moiety.
A creativity test was administered to a selected sample of 52 subjects all 70 years old and repeated in the same group 13 years later. The stimuli used were diffuse ink-blots coded for three components of creativity: fluency, flexibility and originality. The three components were also summed to form a composite creativity score. Repeated analyses showed no age-related changes in the creativity scores obtained at the two testing times. Furthermore, no gender differences nor age and gender inter-actions were found. The results of this longitudinal study indicate that, contrary to earlier findings from cross-sectional studies, creativity does not seem to decline significantly in old age.