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PubMed2000

Role of food protein intolerance in infants with persistent distress attributed to reflux esophagitis.

BACKGROUND: Distressed behavior is common in infants and is often attributed to gastroesophageal reflux (GER) or food protein intolerance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a hypoallergenic amino acid-based infant formula (AAF) on distressed behavior and GER symptoms in infants who failed to respond to extensively hydrolyzed formula and antireflux medications. STUDY DESIGN: Nineteen distressed infants (9 boys and 10 girls; median age, 5.0 months) with presumed GER underwent gastroscopy (n = 17) and esophageal 24-hour pH monitoring (n = 14). Double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) formula challenges of AAF versus previously besttolerated formula were conducted. RESULTS: Nine infants had histologic evidence of esophagitis, and 9 had inflammatory changes in the stomach and/or duodenum. Symptoms remitted in all infants within 2 weeks of the start of feeding with AAF. On DBPC challenge after a median period of 3 months of receiving AAF, 12 infants were intolerant to active formula (distress score, 287 vs 580 min/wk,P =. 01; symptom score, 23.1 vs 36.1, P =.03). Seven infants did not relapse and were considered tolerant (distress score, 470 vs 581, P =.77; symptom score, 29.5 vs 20.2; P =.89). CONCLUSION: Treatment with AAF may reduce distressed behavior and symptoms of GER in infants with food protein intolerance.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

[The effects of acute fetal distress on neonatal behavior measured by the Brazelton scale].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fetal distress associated with metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.15 and BE < -8 in blood samples from umbilical artery) in neonatal behavior. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Infants were evaluated with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) on the third day of life (60-84 hours) in the Clinic Hospital of Barcelona, Spain. Fifteen anoxic neonates (experimental group) were compared to a sample of eight-seven newborns (control group) with the same characteristics, but with normal pH and BE levels (pH > 7.25 and BE > -5). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups. The control group performed much better than the experimental group in almost all of the NBAS clusters: habituation, orientation, autonomic, regulation of states and motor functioning. There were no differences between the groups in the cluster range of states. The anoxic newborns of this study showed more irritation, stress, hypersensibility and difficulties to modulate states than the neonates without this problem. CONCLUSIONS: The NBAS is a useful evaluation technique as a complement to the physical examination because it gives a detailed description of the newborn behavior and competence. Habituation (p = 0.002), orientation (p = 0.000) and autonomic (p = 0.000) are the clusters who discriminate best between the groups.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Mothers and their infants: peptide-mediated physiological, behavioral and affective changes during suckling.

Milk delivery through suckling lowers human newborn heart and metabolic rats. In rat and human infants pain threshold is markedly elevated and crying is arrested. These changes are induced by milk flavor or sugar taste which release central endorphins. In rats the changes are naloxone reversible; human infants born to women who were maintained on methadone during pregnancy were not quieted by sweet taste. Cholecystokinin (CCK) released during milk absorption quiets infant rats as does beta-casomorphine derived from casein hydrolysis. Through opioid and CCK mediation, milk also causes affective change that facilitates infant-mother bonding.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Beyond the face: an empirical study of infant affective configurations of facial, vocal, gestural, and regulatory behaviors.

This article evaluates the extent to which infants' expressive modalities of face, gaze, voice, gesture, and posture form coherent affective configurations and whether these configurations are related to specific interactive contexts. 50 6-month-old infants and their mothers were videotaped in Tronick's Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm. The infants' gaze, voice, gestures, self-regulatory, and withdrawal behaviors were coded with the Infant Regulatory Scoring System (IRSS). The infants' facial expressions were coded with Izard's AFFEX system. Contingency analyses of IRSS behaviors and AFFEX expressions revealed 4 distinct affective configurations: Social Engagement, Object Engagement, Passive Withdrawal, and Active Protest. These affective configurations were differentially distributed among the different interactive contexts of the Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm. It is suggested that behaviors and facial expressions are fundamental expressive units flexibly organized into configurations that convey messages about the infant's internal state and intentions. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that the basic units of the infant's experience are these distinct affective configurations of emotion and behavior.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Antenatal olfactory learning influences infant feeding.

The aim is to know whether antenatal olfactory learning have a greater effect than postnatal olfactory learning on infant feeding even in the absence of triggering signals. We evaluated the sucking behavior of infants completely separated from their mothers for 10-14 days since birth. The 12 infants admitted to Chiba Children's Hospital were studied at 10-14 days of age. Oral feeding was initiated at 4-7 days of age. The sucking and expression pressures, frequency, and sucking efficiency were measured during bottle-feeding with exposure to odors of mother's milk, formula, and water. The mother's milk odor elicited more frequent sucking with higher expression pressure than did formula or water. In conclusion, the odor preferences acquired independently from postnatal experience may have a greater effect than postnatal olfactory learning on sucking activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures.

Newborn infants ranging in age from 0.7 to 71 hours old were tested for their ability to imitate 2 adult facial gestures: mouth opening and tongue protrusion. Each subject acted as his or her own control in a repeated-measures design counterbalanced for order of stimulus presentation. The subjects were tested in low illumination using infrared-sensitive video equipment. The videotaped records were scored by an observer who was uninformed about the gesture shown to the infants. Both frequency and duration of neonatal mouth openings and tongue protrusions were tallied. The results showed that newborn infants can imitate both adult displays. 3 possible mechanisms underlying this early imitative behavior are suggested: instrumental or associative learning, innate releasing mechanisms, and active intermodal matching. It is argued that the data favor the third account.

Facial Expression↗
PubMed1987

[The effects of mother-infant separation upon nursing and suckling behaviors of the rat].

The present study was intended to evaluate the hypothesis that the nursing-suckling relationship of rats proceeds from the mother-leading-type in early postpartum days to the infants-leading-type in later postpartum. Four groups were organized to make tests on the effects of different kinds of mother-infant separation (8-hr) upon nursing-suckling behaviors. Groups were Groups MIS (a separated mother and infants group), MS (mother-separated and infants-fostered group), IS (a foster-mother and separated-infants group), and C (non-separated control group). The separation of each group, lasting for 8-hr, was made at 1-2, 6-7, 11-12, 16-17, 21-22, 26-27, and 31-32 days after parturition. In Exp. I, nursing behavior of mother and suckling and/or eating behavior of infants in mother-infant interactions were observed by time-sampling method for 30 min following 8-hr of separation. In Exp. II, the suckling test of infants (half of the litter) was made on the anesthetized mother at the presence of food pellets. The results of Exp. I showed that nursing-suckling episodes were more frequent in Groups MIS, MS, and IS than in Group C (fig. 1). Further, the differences among the first three groups were not significant before 11-12 days of age. However, the infant-separated group (Group IS) showed higher level of response at 16-17, 21-22 days of age, suggesting the active role of infants in starting nursing-suckling episodes at these ages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Depressed mothers' neonates improve following the MABI and a Brazelton demonstration.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a short-term intervention for improving interaction behaviors of newborn infants with their depressed mothers. METHODS: Depressed mothers assigned to the experimental group first observed an administration of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) at delivery. Mothers then used a similar instrument, the Mother's Assessment of the Behavior of her Infant (MABI), to independently conduct NBAS-like infant assessments periodically at home. Depressed mothers in the control group were not present when the NBAS was administered at delivery, and they periodically completed written assessments at home of their parenting attitudes and infants' development. RESULTS: One-month NBAS assessments administered by an examiner revealed that experimental group infants performed more optimally than controls on Social Interaction and State Organization. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggested that an intervention consisting of mothers taking part in NBAS/MABI assessments may be a simple and cost-effective technique for benefiting infants of depressed mothers during the early postpartum period.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of kangaroo care and standard care: behavioral organization, development, and temperament in healthy, low-birth-weight infants through 1 year.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Kangaroo Care (KC) for healthy, low-birth-weight (LBW) infants can promote better behavioral and developmental outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: In this historical control study, 26 infants in the KC group (GA: 34.3+/-2.5 weeks, BW: 1833.9+/-167.6 g) and 27 infants in the comparison group who received the standard medical-nursing care (34.6+/-2.3 weeks, 1850.9+/-156.7 g) were analyzed by the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) at 40 weeks of postmenstrual age, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Carey's Infant Temperament Questionnaire (ITQ) at 6 and 12 months corrected ages. RESULTS: KC infants had significantly higher NBAS scores in Orientation, State Regulation, and Supplementary items; lower Intensity scores and higher Mood scores at 6 months on the ITQ; and higher Bayley Scales score at 12 months. CONCLUSION: KC effectively promoted neonatal behavioral organization and enhanced developmental outcome over the first year of life for LBW infants.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1989

Behavioral effects of iron supplementation in infants in Madang, Papua New Guinea.

The effect of iron supplementation on attending behavior of 96 1-y-old infants was assessed in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of iron dextran in Papua New Guinea. The treatment group received an injection of iron dextran at 2 mo; the controls received a placebo injection. Because many children had malarial parasitemia at testing, presence of malaria was used in the analysis. A significant interaction was found between iron and malaria infection on total fixation time: iron-supplemented groups and placebo-treated parasitemic children showed significantly higher total fixation scores than did placebo-treated aparasitemic children. Blood analysis of iron status showed similar results, with lowest iron status evident in the placebo-treated aparasitemic group. There was no effect of treatment on rate of habituation or dishabituation. Supplemental iron treatment has a significant effect on attention but the direction of the effect depends on the presence of malaria infection.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed1987

Maternal and nutritional contributions to infant rats' activational responses to ingestion.

Infant rats deprived of food, maternal care, and the opportunity to suckle display a dramatic behavioral activation and vigorously ingest when provided milk through oral cannulas. These experiments assessed which components of deprivation are important in producing these responses to milk. Nutritional deprivation alone, with or without the presence of an active maternal female, appears to be sufficient to produce ingestion. Behavioral activation, on the other hand, appears to require both nutritional deprivation and deprivation from a maternal female. The effect of maternal stimulation on later behavioral reactivity was not a function of the pups' opportunity to suckle. However, active maternal stimulation was more effective in preventing activation than was passive maternal stimulation (e.g., thermotactile and olfactory stimulation). Stimulation provided by an active, nonlactating mother was effective in preventing behavioral activation, but the effect was short-lived, lasting only 2 hr after the pup was removed from the mother's care. This series of studies thus reveals that identified components of maternal separation have dissociable effects on appetitively motivated behaviors in infant rats.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

Stress and pain responses in rats lacking CCK1 receptors.

UNLABELLED: CCK involvement in stress- and pain-responsiveness was examined by studying the behavior of infant (11-12-days-old) and adult OLETF rats that do not express CCK1 receptors. Infant odor- and texture-preferences were also assessed. We hypothesized that OLETF rats will show behavioral patterns similar to those previously observed after CCK1 antagonist administration. Rate of separation-induced ultrasonic vocalization was significantly greater in OLETF compared to controls, in two separate studies. Infant pups of the two strains did not differ in odor- and texture-preference tests. OLETF rats showed consistently longer hot-plate paw-lift (as infants, in two separate studies) and paw-lick (as adults) latencies. SUMMARY: OLETF pups vocalized in isolation more than controls and showed relative hypoalgesic responses, evident also in adulthood, in concordance with the pharmacological literature.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Linking employment to attachment: the mediating effects of maternal separation anxiety and interactive behavior.

This study examined the effects of maternal employment and separation anxiety on maternal interactive behavior and infant attachment. 73 mother-infant pairs participated in a laboratory free-play session when infants were 5 and 10 months of age and in the Strange Situation when the infants were 18 months of age. Maternal feelings about being separated from her infant were assessed by questionnaire at 5 months. Employed mothers returned to work before the infants' fifth month, and nonemployed mothers did not work outside the home through their infants' tenth month. Employed mothers who reported high levels of separation anxiety were more likely to exhibit intrusive behaviors at 10 months. While employment was not directly related to attachment, we found infants of high-anxiety employed mothers to develop anxious-avoidant attachments. The results suggest that maternal separation anxiety and interactive style may be important mediators between employment and later infant outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prematurity stereotyping and mothers' interactions with their premature and full-term infants during the first year.

OBJECTIVE: To longitudinally assess stability and correlates of prematurity stereotyping and perceptions of infant vulnerability in mothers of premature (N = 56) and full-term (N = 59) infants. METHOD: At 5, 9, and 12 months, mothers rated videotapes of unfamiliar infants with a full-term label (FTL) or a preterm label (PL), interacted with their own infant, and completed other questionnaires. A subgroup of infants were administered a developmental assessment at 32 months. RESULTS: Mothers rated PL infants more negatively than FTL infants at each age. Individual differences in stereotyping were not stable. Mothers who negatively rated infants labeled with the same birth status of their own infants exhibited more negative interactive behaviors with their infants. Mothers who viewed their own infant as more vulnerable and who showed more prematurity stereotyping at 5 months had infants with lower 32-month mental scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest an association between early maternal cognitions and both contemporaneous maternal behavior and later child developmental outcomes.

Female↗
PubMed1984

Influence of social variables on the biobehavioral response to separation in rhesus monkey infants.

Effects of social stimuli on behavioral and physiological responses to separation were examined in 4-month-old rhesus monkeys. Infants were removed from their social group under 3 counterbalanced conditions: (1) infant totally isolated from its familiar physical and social environment and placed alone in a cage for 4 days; (2) "mother in"--housing the infant in a single cage in front of its social group with mother remaining in the group; (3) "mother out"--similar situation, except that mother was removed from the group during separation. Infant behavior was recorded, and, at selected times during separation, a blood sample was obtained for analysis of plasma cortisol. Infants rarely vocalized when totally isolated, but showed high vocalization and movement in the presence of their social groups. Vocalization was transiently higher in mother-out condition than in mother-in condition. Infants never showed signs of depression. Plasma cortisol response did not differentiate between groups. Animals showed significantly high levels of plasma cortisol 3 hours following separation. These data indicate that the responses of the infant following separation are attempts to produce effective coping responses. The concepts of "protest" and "despair" are discussed as they relate to behavioral differences observed following different separation paradigms.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Infant abuse and neglect in monkeys--a discussion of definitions, epidemiology, etiology, and implications for child maltreatment: reply to Cicchetti (1998) and Mason (1998)

In response to D. Cicchetti's (1998) and W. A. Mason's (1998) commentaries, this article scrutinizes infant maltreatment in monkeys and its public health implications. Studies of infant abuse and neglect in monkeys have used operational definitions based on (a) adult behavior or (b) adult behavior and infant outcome (depending on data available for analysis). Direct comparisons between the incidence of maltreatment in monkey and human populations can be only tentative as a result of differences in operational definitions of maltreatment. A simplified version of the ecological-transactional model of maltreatment can be used in research with nonhuman primates, and different species can be used to model different aspects of the human phenomenon. Although abuse and neglect take different forms in animals and humans, research with animal models can make an important contribution to elucidating the adaptive function, if any, of child maltreatment and the proximate mechanisms underlying its occurrence.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Randomized clinical trial of distraction for infant immunization pain.

Distraction has been shown to be an effective technique for managing pain in children; however, few investigations have examined the utility of this technique with infants. The goal of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of movie distraction in reducing infants' immunization distress. Participants were 136 infants (range=1-21 months; M=7.6 months, SD=5.0 months) and their parents, all of whom were recruited when presenting for routine vaccinations. The parent-child dyads were randomly assigned to either a Distraction or Typical Care control condition. Infant and adult behaviors were assessed using a visual analog scale and a behavioral observation rating scale. Results indicated parents in the Distraction group engaged in higher rates of distraction than those in the Typical Care group, whereas there was no difference in the behavior of nurses in the Distraction and Typical Care groups. In addition, infants in the Distraction group displayed fewer distress behaviors than infants in the Typical Care group both prior to and during recovery from the injection. Findings suggest that a simple and practical distraction intervention can provide some distress relief to infants during routine injections.

Anxiety↗