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At least 1,495 records · Page 83Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The oxygen stress index and levels of circulating interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 in patients with chronic heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to study circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines together with the oxygen stress index in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). BACKGROUND: Patients with CHF exhibit elevated levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines but the relative level of these cytokines with the oxygen stress index have not been reported. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with CHF and 10 control subjects were studied. Plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were determined and the oxygen stress index was evaluated by urine 8-iso-PGF2alpha estimations. RESULTS: Plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in CHF patients were significantly higher than those observed in the control subjects. Patients with more advanced disease (higher NYHA class) showed higher concentrations of IL-10 and IL-6 than those with less serious disease. 8-iso-PGF2alpha urine concentration (and therefore the oxygen stress index) was significantly higher in patients with CHF in comparison with control subjects. IL-6 plasma levels, but not IL-10 concentrations, correlated significantly with 8-iso-PGF2alpha levels in urine. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, as well as the oxidative stress index, are increased in patients with chronic heart failure. Inflammatory cytokine IL-6, but not anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10, levels correlated significantly with the oxygen stress index.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Differences of cortical 5-HT2A receptor binding index with SPECT in subtypes of anorexia nervosa: relationship with personality traits?

OBJECTIVE: Using single photon emission computed tomography and the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, 123I-5-I-R91150, we explored differences in 5-HT2A binding index in anorexia nervosa patients with and without bulimic features. We also searched for associations between temperament dimensions and cortical 5-HT2) binding. METHOD: About 9 restrictive and 7 bulimic anorexia nervosa patients were examined and cortical 123I-5-I-R91150 binding index values were compared between the two subgroups. Open explorative correlation analysis was used to examine any relationships between binding index values and temperament scores, as assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory. RESULTS: 5-HT2A binding index was significantly reduced in the parietal cortex in bulimic anorexia nervosa patients in comparison with restrictive anorectics. Further, a positive correlation was documented between reward dependence and parietal 5-HT2A binding index across patients in the two subgroups. DISCUSSION: Restrictive anorexia nervosa patients differ from binging/purging anorexia nervosa patients on the basis of a reduced parietal 5-HT2A binding index in the latter. We speculate that the finding of a positive correlation between parietal 5-HT2A binding and reward dependence might reflect an association between these two variables, at least in anorexia nervosa patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Computational determination of refractive index distribution in the crystalline cones of the compound eye of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba).

In order to understand how a compound eye channels light to the retina and forms an image, one needs to know the refractive index distribution in the crystalline cones. Direct measurements of the refractive indices require sections of fresh, unfixed tissue and the use of an interference microscope, but frequently neither is available. Using the eye of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba (the main food of baleen whales) we developed a computational method to predict a likely refractive index distribution non-invasively from sections of fixed material without the need of an interference microscope. We used a computer model of the eye and calculated the most realistic spatial distribution of the refractive index gradient in the crystalline cone that would enable the eye to produce a sharp image on the retina. The animals are known to see well and on the basis of our computations we predict that for the eyes of the adult a maximum refractive index of 1.45-1.50 in the centre of the cone yields a better angular sensitivity and light absorption in a target receptor of the retina than if N(max) were 1.55. In juveniles with a narrower spatial separation between dioptric structures and retina, however, an N(max) of 1.50-1.55 gives a superior result. Our method to determine the most likely refractive index distribution in the cone without the need of fresh material and an interference microscope could be useful in the study of other invertebrate eyes that are known to possess good resolving power, but for a variety of reasons are not suitable for or will not permit direct refractive index measurements of their dioptric tissues to be taken.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The use of bispectral index to monitor unconscious children.

The use of the Glasgow Coma Scale may be limited by the experience of physicians, errors resulting from subjectivity, the inability of patients to respond, and discontinuity. This study demonstrates that the Bispectral Index scores correlate well with scores from the Glasgow Coma Scale and that Bispectral Index scores can provide real-time, objective, and continuous monitoring of the consciousness level of critically ill children. Sixteen patients with consciousness disturbance, who were admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary university-affiliated children's hospital, were enrolled in this study. The patients received 34 Glasgow Coma Scale assessments and Bispectral Index scores. The age of patients ranged from 10 to 192 months (mean +/- S.E. = 68.4 +/- 12.3 months). Glasgow Coma Scale ranged from 3 to 11 (mean +/- S.E. = 6.3 +/- 0.4), and Bispectral Index score ranged from 0 to 100 (mean +/- S.E. = 55.4 +/- 5.6). A positive correlation was found to exist between Glasgow Coma Scale and Bispectral Index score (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the Bispectral Index score correlates well with the Glasgow Coma Scale in critically ill children who score between 3 and 11 on the Glasgow Coma Scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Relation between platelet microaggregates and ankle brachial index in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral arterial disease is one of the systemic atherosclerotic diseases, and patients with the disorder are classified in the high risk group of coronary artery disease. A lower ankle brachial index is a frequent finding in peripheral arterial disease. While platelet microaggregates are a significant predictor of adverse clinical outcome in coronary artery disease, the significance of platelet aggregability in peripheral arterial disease has not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Small platelet aggregates measured using laser-light scattering and ankle brachial index were determined in 42 patients with both coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease (peripheral group), 56 patients with only coronary artery disease (coronary group) and 32 patients without both (control group). RESULTS: The level of small platelet aggregates was increased significantly in the peripheral group (4.3 x 10(4) [range 2.2 x 10(4) to 7.4 x 10(4)]) compared with both the coronary (1.1 x 10(4) [range 0.3 x 10(4) to 5.0 x 10(4)]) and control groups (0.5 x 10(4) [range 0.1 x 10(4) to 0.9 x 10(4)]). There was a significant inverse correlation between log small platelet aggregates and ankle brachial index (n=130, r=-0.422, p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a lower ankle brachial index (<0.90) was an independent determinant of increased levels of small platelet aggregates. CONCLUSIONS: Platelet aggregability was increased in patients with peripheral arterial disease with the degree of platelet aggregation being closely associated with ankle brachial index. It is possible that this change in platelet activity may be one mechanism to explain why a lower ankle brachial index is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

An efficient method for producing an indexed, insertional-mutant library in rice.

Generation of an indexed, saturated, insertional-mutant library is an aid to understanding the functions of genes in an organism. However, 10 years of work by many investigators have not yet yielded such a library in rice. The major reason is that determining the chromosomal locations of a very large number of random insertion mutants by flanking sequence analysis is highly labor intensive, and therefore, libraries that do exist have not been indexed. We report here an efficient procedure to construct an indexed, region-specific, insertional-mutant library of rice. The procedure makes use of efficient long-PCR-based high-throughput indexing, coupled with a random but anchored population of Ds transposants. Long-PCR indexing allows rapid and simultaneous determination of the chromosomal locations of a large number of mutants that surround a particular anchor line, thus converting a random library into an indexed one. Such a library can be used directly, without the need to screen a large random library for a desired mutant plant.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2004

The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?

BACKGROUND: Low intakes or blood levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA + DHA) are independently associated with increased risk of death from coronary heart disease (CHD). In randomized secondary prevention trials, fish or fish oil have been demonstrated to reduce total and CHD mortality at intakes of about 1 g/day. Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) composition reflects long-term intake of EPA + DHA. We propose that the RBC EPA + DHA (hereafter called the Omega-3 Index) be considered a new risk factor for death from CHD. METHODS: We conducted clinical and laboratory experiments to generate data necessary for the validation of the Omega-3 Index as a CHD risk predictor. The relationship between this putative marker and risk for CHD death, especially sudden cardiac death (SCD), was then evaluated in several published primary and secondary prevention studies. RESULTS: The Omega-3 Index was inversely associated with risk for CHD mortality. An Omega-3 Index of > or = 8% was associated with the greatest cardioprotection, whereas an index of < or = 4% was associated with the least. CONCLUSION: The Omega-3 Index may represent a novel, physiologically relevant, easily modified, independent, and graded risk factor for death from CHD that could have significant clinical utility.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1992

Do semiquantitative amniotic fluid indexes reflect actual volume?

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine how well semiquantitative ultrasonographic measures of amniotic fluid, i.e., maximal amniotic fluid vertical pocket and amniotic fluid index, reflect actual amniotic fluid volumes in 50 near-term patients whose amniotic fluid volume estimates were normal by visual inspection. STUDY DESIGN: Before amniocentesis for fetal lung maturity, each patient had visual amniotic fluid volume estimates, maximal amniotic fluid vertical pocket, and amniotic fluid index performed by the same examiner, and then each received intraamniotic injection of a 10% paraaminohippurate solution. Amniotic fluid volume was quantitated by spectrophotometric assay of paraaminohippurate concentration. Oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios were defined as < 300 and > 2000 ml, respectively. RESULTS: Quantitative amniotic fluid volume was positively related to both amniotic fluid index and maximal amniotic fluid vertical pocket (r = 0.75 and 0.60, respectively). True-positive rates for oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid index < 5 cm or maximal amniotic fluid vertical pocket < 2 cm) were 100% and 0%, respectively; false-positive rates with either method were 0%. True-positive rates for polyhydramnios (amniotic fluid index > 20 cm and maximal amniotic fluid vertical pocket > 8 cm) were 0%; false-positive rates were 16% and 24%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Amniotic fluid index appears to be slightly better than maximal amniotic fluid vertical pocket for reflecting actual amniotic fluid volume. Both indirect methods tend to overestimate actual amniotic fluid volume at the upper end of its extremes.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1993

Effect of fetal movement on the amniotic fluid index.

OBJECTIVES: Fetal movement has been shown to change the size and location of amniotic fluid pockets during measurement of the amniotic fluid index. The effect of redistributing the fixed intrauterine fluid volume on the amniotic fluid index is unknown. Therefore we tested the hypothesis that the amniotic fluid index was unaffected by fetal movement. STUDY DESIGN: A single examiner prospectively determined the amniotic fluid index before and after three discrete episodes of fetal movement during 96 biophysical profiles. A reliable blinded examiner provided a second postmovement measurement as a control. Data were analyzed by the paired t test. RESULTS: The mean change in the amniotic fluid index after fetal movement was 1.5 +/- 0.1 cm and 2.5 +/- 0.2 cm for postmovement determinations by the same examiner and blinded observer, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Interobserver and intraobserver variation can account for the change in the amniotic fluid index after fetal movement.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1989

Doppler assessment of the pulsatility index in the cerebral circulation of the human fetus.

To determine whether the pulsatility index was similar in all cerebral vessels, 30 fetuses at 23 to 37 weeks' gestation were studied. There were 12 normal fetuses, 14 growth-retarded fetuses, and 4 fetuses that were transfused in utero because of Rh isoimmunization. The middle cerebral artery and the internal carotid artery were studied in all fetuses. The proximal anterior cerebral artery was also studied in addition to the other two vessels in 12 fetuses from the three groups. The pulsatility index was significantly higher in the middle cerebral artery than in the internal carotid artery in all three groups. The pulsatility index of the proximal anterior cerebral artery was between the values shown for the middle cerebral artery and the internal carotid artery. The pulsatility index of the proximal anterior cerebral artery was significantly different from the index for the middle cerebral artery and not significantly different from the index for the internal carotid artery. These data indicate the importance of knowing exactly which cerebral vessel is being insonated, so that the Doppler waveform can be interpreted correctly.

Carotid Artery, Internal↗
PubMed1999

Does an amniotic fluid index of </=5 cm necessitate delivery in high-risk pregnancies? A case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine whether women with high-risk pregnancies and an amniotic fluid index of </=5 cm require labor induction to prevent adverse perinatal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: All women at high risk at >/=34 weeks' gestation with an amniotic fluid index of </=5 cm were admitted to the hospital for labor induction. Each woman was compared with the next patient at high risk seen with an amniotic fluid index of >5 cm and the same pregnancy complication. Case patients were also matched with control subjects for maternal race, age, parity, and gestational age. RESULTS: Prospectively, 79 women at high risk with an amniotic fluid index of </=5 cm were compared with 79 control subjects. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in the risks of thick meconium (P =.29), variable decelerations (moderate P =.27, severe P =.37), amnioinfusion (P =.37), cesarean delivery for fetal distress (P =.4), and umbilical artery pH <7.10 (P =.29). CONCLUSION: High-risk pregnancies with an amniotic fluid index of </=5 cm appear to carry intrapartum complication rates similar to those of similar high-risk pregnancies with an amniotic fluid index of >5.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The ureteric jet index: a novel measure of divided renal function.

The aim of this study was to evaluate an index of divided renal function based on the quantification of the ureteric jets seen on colour Doppler ultrasound of the bladder. Thirty-one patients attending for scintigraphic renography underwent colour Doppler ultrasound with video recording for 5 min. Divided renal function was calculated as the proportion of jets from the right-sided orifice ('jet index'). This was compared with the corresponding 'scintigraphic index' found using Patlak-Rutland graphical analysis. Absolute discrepancies were calculated. Twenty-eight of thirty-one (90%) of studies were diagnostic for the calculation of jet indices. The mean jet index was 52% (n=28, SEM=5.8%) compared to a mean scintigraphic index of 54% (n = 28, SEM = 4.0%). The two scores were correlated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.72 and the median absolute difference between the two scores was 7.7%. Forty-three per cent (12/28) of subjects had discrepancies in the two scores of 5% or less. The score differences, however, showed a highly skewed distribution with 32% (9/28) subjects showing discrepancies over 20%. This discordant group (> 20% difference) included three patients with functional pelviureteric obstruction, one with a pelvic mass and one with an underfilled bladder. Two patients with very poor quality jets had impaired renal function. In one case, the index improved after angioplasty for renal artery stenosis. This simple test is a useful adjunct to urinary tract ultrasound but should be interpreted alongside evidence of renal obstruction, and complements rather than replaces existing tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A therapeutic index that predicts the individual effects of prednisone in patients with cirrhosis.

Our aim was to construct an index that accurately predicts the degree of benefit or harm that prednisone therapy holds for patients with liver cirrhosis. The admission and survival data of 488 patients with cirrhosis who participated in a controlled clinical trial of prednisone in a dosage of 10-15 mg daily (251 patients) versus placebo (237 patients) and who were observed for up to 12 yr were analyzed using Cox's multiple regression model. Four variables each provided significant therapeutic information: antinuclear factor (p = 0.02) and large piecemeal necroses (p = 0.02) were associated with a beneficial effect, whereas ascites (p = 0.0004) and large regenerative nodules (p = 0.0007) were associated with a harmful effect of prednisone. From these four variables a therapeutic index was constructed. For a given patient the therapeutic index is a measure of how big the effect will be if prednisone is given. The gain in survival time obtained by administering prednisone according to the therapeutic index was estimated to be 349 yr, mainly confined to 217 patients with a significant positive (121) or negative (96) therapeutic index. The therapeutic index may prove useful for the optimal administration of prednisone treatment in new patients with cirrhosis.

Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
PubMed1992

Effect of precision of ST-segment measurement on identification and quantification of coronary artery disease by the ST/HR index.

To assess the effect of varying precision of ST-segment depression measurement on test performance of the ST-segment/heart rate (ST/HR) index for the identification and quantification of coronary artery disease, the exercise electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 100 clinically normal subjects and 154 patients with angiographically proved coronary disease were reviewed. The ST/HR index was calculated by dividing the maximal additional ST-segment depression at end exercise by the exercise-induced change in heart rate. ST-segment depression was measured to the nearest 10 microV (ST10) at a point 60 ms after the J point on a computerized exercise ECG system, and was subsequently rounded down to the nearest 50 microV (ST50) and the nearest 100 microV (ST100) to simulate measurements to these precisions. An ST10/HR index partition of 1.60 microV/bpm with a specificity of 95% (95/100) in normal subjects identified the presence of coronary disease with a sensitivity of 94% (144/154). Precision of ST-segment measurement significantly affected sensitivity for coronary disease. At matched specificity of 95%, an ST50/HR index partition of 1.55 microV/bpm had a sensitivity of 88% (135/154, p less than 0.01) and an ST100/HR index partition of 1.22 microV/bpm had a sensitivity of 84% (130/154, p less than 0.001) for the detection of coronary obstructions. Comparison of receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC) confirmed the superior overall performance of the ST/HR index using ST10 measurements for the identification of coronary disease. By contrast, test performance for the identification of three-vessel coronary disease was not affected by the precision of ST-segment measurement with no significant difference in test sensitivity or areas under respective ROCs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardiac Catheterization↗
PubMed2000

The role of bcl-2, p53, and ki-67 index in predicting tumor recurrence for low grade superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma.

PURPOSE: We assess the prognostic significance of bcl-2 expression, p53 mutation and ki-67 index for low grade, superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 93 cases of primary, low grade (24 G1, 69 G2), superficial (70 pTa, 23 pT1) transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were reviewed. Association of bcl-2, p53 and ki-67 index immunoreactivity with tumor grade and stage was examined. Prognostic significance of tumor grade, pathological stage, bcl-2 expression, p53 mutation and ki-67 index in predicting tumor recurrence was assessed. RESULTS: Of the tumors 60 (70%) had p53 mutation and 9 (10.5%) expressed bcl-2. These 2 markers did not relate to tumor grade or pathological stage. Median ki-67 index was 10.9% and positively correlated with tumor grade. Recurrence was noted in 34.9% of patients with a median followup of 26 months (range 1 to 84). The ki-67 index was the only significant prognostic indicator in univariate and multivariate analyses. This marker can further distinguish grade 2 tumors with a favorable prognosis from those with an unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The ki-67 labeling index is an independent predictor of tumor recurrence for patients with primary superficial, low grade bladder cancers.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed2000

No evidence of linkage between the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor gene and fasting serum insulin or homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study.

A major gene effect on the fasting insulin level and insulin resistance has been suggested in previous studies. Several candidate genes for insulin resistance in rare syndromes have been proposed. However, there has been limited success in finding genes for common forms of insulin resistance. There is accumulating evidence of a relationship between insulin resistance and a disturbance of free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. The very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor, which is associated with FFA metabolism, could serve as a possible candidate gene for insulin resistance. We performed linkage analyses between the VLDL receptor gene and fasting insulin and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance index (fasting insulin x fasting glucose/22.5) in 1,050 sibpairs participating in the phase II physical examination of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study (FHS). Data analyses were completed using the SIBPAL component of the SAGE software package (SAGE, Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology, Version 3.1; Computer program package available from the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 1997). We did not find evidence for linkage of the fasting insulin or the HOMA insulin resistance index with a polymorphic marker at the VLDL locus (P = .316 and .402, respectively). Adjustment of fasting insulin and the HOMA insulin resistance index for the body mass index (BMI) did not change the results (P = .319 and .472, respectively). In conclusion, no evidence was found for a linkage between a locus controlling the fasting insulin level or HOMA insulin resistance index and a VLDL polymorphism in the present study. Additional adjustment of fasting insulin or the HOMA insulin resistance index for the BMI did not change the linkage results significantly.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1999

Glycaemic index as a determinant of serum HDL-cholesterol concentration.

BACKGROUND: Diet influences the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD). Insulin sensitivity and concentrations of HDL cholesterol, two metabolic predictors of CHD, are also influenced by diet. Dietary carbohydrates with a high glycaemic index cause a high postprandial glucose and insulin response, and are associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and an increased risk of CHD. This study examined whether the glycaemic index of dietary carbohydrates is a determinant of serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations. METHOD: Dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical data from the 1986-87 Survey of British Adults (n=2200) were reanalysed by a multiple regression model, which examined the relation between serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and calculated LDL-cholesterol concentrations and various dietary characteristics, including the type of carbohydrate, the glycaemic index, and fat intake. FINDINGS: Among the 1420 participants with complete data, there was a significant negative relation between serum HDL-cholesterol concentration and the glycaemic index of the diet for both men (regression coefficient -0.00724 [95% CI -0.0101 to -0.00434], p=0.02) and women (-0.01326 [-0.0162 to -0.0102], p<0.0001). No other significant relation was found with total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentration or with any other dietary carbohydrate or fat constituent. INTERPRETATION: In a cross-sectional study of middle-aged adults, the glycaemic index of the diet was the only dietary variable significantly related to serum HDL-cholesterol concentration. Thus, the glycaemic index of the diet is a stronger predictor than dietary fat intake of serum HDL-cholesterol concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hepatic arterial pulsatility index in cirrhosis: correlation with portal pressure.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Determination of the pulsatility index by means of duplex sonography provides the opportunity to evaluate the vascular resistance of the hepatic artery noninvasively. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the hepatic arterial pulsatility index and the hepatic venous pressure gradient in cirrhosis. METHODS: In 50 patients with cirrhosis, hepatic venous pressure gradient was determined in the fasting state. Immediately thereafter, hepatic arterial pulsatility index and portal blood flow velocity were measured by duplex sonography with no knowledge of hepatic venous pressure values. In addition, the duplex parameters were determined in 20 controls. RESULTS: Hepatic arterial pulsatility index was significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis than in controls (0.92+/-0.1 vs. 1.14+/-0.18; p<0.001) and directly correlated with the hepatic venous pressure gradient (r = 0.7; p<0.001). Furthermore, weak correlations were found between hepatic arterial pulsatility index and Child-Pugh score (r = 0.49; p<0.01) and between portal blood flow velocity and hepatic venous pressure gradient (r = -0.48; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: In cirrhosis the hepatic arterial vascular resistance seems to increase parallel to the rise of the portal pressure. Therefore, duplex sonographic determination of the hepatic arterial pulsatility index may contribute to the noninvasive evaluation of portal hypertension.

Diastole↗