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PubMed2001

Verifying loudness perception after hearing aid fitting.

During the verification phase of a hearing aid fitting, clinicians often want to assess the extent to which loudness perceptions for amplified sounds are similar to those typical of normal hearers. This type of verification calls for a criterion for "normal" loudness perception of sounds presented in a sound field. This research sought to answer several questions about the parameters of a valid "normal" criterion for a verification procedure using the Contour test of loudness perception. Loudness data were obtained from 30 listeners with normal hearing. Results indicated that a loudness growth function obtained with earphone listening is not an appropriate normative reference for hearing aid fitting verification. Instead, the normative data should be based on sound field listening. Results also indicated that the same normative function could be used to assess both unilateral and bilateral fittings. Further, it is likely that the same normative function can be used for most frequency responses that are likely to be used in feasible fittings. Finally, it was found that a previously published normative function obtained using an automated test procedure was not faithfully replicated using a carefully executed fully manual test procedure. We concluded that, until a replicable normative function is established, practitioners will need to generate their own local norms to perform postfitting verification of loudness normalization.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

An in vivo quantitative analysis of the fit of Nobel Biocare implant superstructures.

Loss of osseointegration of implant fixtures and mechanical failure of superstructures have been attributed to failure to achieve a passive fit between the superstructure and the transmucosal abutment (TMA). The fit of five mandibular superstructures, fabricated on Nobel Biocare implants, was investigated in vivo, using a polyvinyl siloxane impression material to record the discrepancies. Following sectioning of the impressions, the vertical and horizontal discrepancies were analysed at four locations using a travelling microscope. The discrepancies obtained were measured both when the gold cylinder screws were maximally tightened by hand and when tightened with a torque driver to the recommended value of 10 Ncm. The vertical discrepancies for the hand tightened abutments ranged from 0 micron to 63 microns with a mean of 14 microns. In the mechanically tightened group, the vertical discrepancies ranged from 0 micron to 130 microns with a mean of 21 microns. The horizontal discrepancies for the mechanically tightened abutments ranged from 0 micron to 140 microns with a mean of 31 microns, compared with a mean of 46 microns and range of 0 micron to 113 microns, for the hand-tightened abutments. A close fit was seldom achieved. It is concluded that considerable discrepancies existed around superstructures that had been judged to have a clinically acceptable fit. These were reduced in the vertical direction by hand tightening of the gold screws.

Dental Abutments↗

PubMed2003

Contact lens fitting following unsuccessful refractive surgery.

A retrospective review of case notes of consecutive patients referred to a contact lens clinic after unsuccessful refractive surgery was carried out to determine the success of contact lens fitting. The main outcome variables in determining success were visual improvement, contact lens tolerance, fitting characteristics and wearing time. Thirteen eyes were fitted with conventional rigid gas permeable (CRGP), 10 with soft and 19 with reverse geometry rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RVG). The mean spectacle visual acuity (VA) was 6/9 (20/30) [range: 6/24 (20/80) to 6/5 (20/15)] and the mean VA after contact lens fitting was 6/6 (20/20) [range: 6/18 (20/60) to 6/5 (20/15)]. Of the 42 eyes, the contact lens VA was better than spectacle acuity in 25 (59.5%) eyes, equal in 14 (33.3%) and worse in three (7.1%). A total of 33 (78.6%) eyes were still wearing their lenses at the last visit. Contact lenses can be a valuable method of managing poor VA after refractive surgery.

Contact Lenses↗

PubMed2003

Effects of arthritis exercise programs on functional fitness and perceived activities of daily living measures in older adults with arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the effectiveness of the National Arthritis Foundation (NAF) aquatic and on-land exercise programs on functional fitness and perceived ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) measures in older adults with arthritis. DESIGN: The effects of aquatic and on-land exercise intervention programs were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance by using a planned comparison approach with an independent 3 x 2 (group by test) design. omega(2) analyses were used to ascertain the relative treatment magnitude of each dependent variable. SETTING: Testing in an indoor track facility; exercise programs conducted in community settings. PARTICIPANTS: A volunteer sample of 30 men and women with arthritis (osteoarthritis, n=22; rheumatoid arthritis, n=8), randomly assigned into either an aquatic exercise (n=10), on-land exercise (n=10), or control group (n=10). INTERVENTION: Eight-week on-land and aquatic exercise program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional fitness, ADLs, and hand-held dynamometry measures assessed on a 1-day pretest and posttest session, before and after an 8-week exercise program. RESULTS: Aquatic and on-land exercise subjects showed significant improvements on 9 of 12 functional fitness, 3 of 4 ADLs, and 7 of 8 hand-held isometric strength tests after their respective exercise programs. No significant changes were found in any of these measures for the control group. CONCLUSION: Both NAF exercise programs appear to be effective in improving functional physical fitness and perceived ability to perform ADL measures in older adults with arthritis.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Non-operative treatment of chronic low back pain: specific back muscular strength training versus improvement of physical fitness].

AIM: A systematic review was performed to evaluate the clinical effects of specific back muscle and non-specific physical fitness training in chronic low back pain. METHOD: A computer-aided Medline research (19861999) of randomised clinical trials concerning both rehabilitation concepts was conducted. A rating system was used to assess the methodological score of each study. The results were analysed and a final statement for evidence according to three main parameters (back pain, physical capacity, and patients comfort) was postulated. RESULTS: Twelve randomised clinical trials were identified. Nine studies were determined as high-quality trials. For chronic low back pain specific back muscle exercises as well as non-specific fitness training were able to improve the patients' conditions sufficiently. In comparison with passive treatment or no treatment there is strong evidence for pain and physical capacity in both groups, but only a positive influence for patient' comfort in fitness groups. Nevertheless, a confrontation of both concepts in two studies did not reveal any notable differences in all three parameters. CONCLUSION: Principally, a specific strength training for back rnuscles as well as a non-specific fitness training are comparably effective to rehabilitate chronic low back pain.

Combined Modality Therapy↗

PubMed2002

Associations between physical fitness and activity patterns during adolescence and cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood: the Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project.

The aim of the present study was to examine relationships between cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor status in young adulthood (mean age = 22.5 yrs) and antecedent physical fitness and physical activity at ages 12 and 15 years. The data were obtained from the Young Hearts Project, a longitudinal observational study of CVD risk factors in a representative sample of young people from Northern Ireland. Physical fitness was measured by the 20-metre endurance shuttle run, and physical activity and sports participation by a self-report recall questionnaire. CVD risk factors examined included serum total cholesterol (TC) and HDL cholesterol concentrations, the TC:HDL ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and body fatness (sum of four skinfolds). Linear regression analyses showed modest relationships between physical fitness in adolescence and both TC:HDL ratio and body fatness in young adulthood. No such relationships were apparent for adolescent physical activity. The promotion of physical fitness during adolescence may reduce exposure to other risk factors lasting into early adulthood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Contact lens fitting as a possibility for visual rehabilitation in patients after open globe injuries].

INTRODUCTION: Visual rehabilitation after open globe injury may be a challenging process because of ametropia following aphakia, corneal scarring with high or irregular corneal astigmatism or loss of contrast sensitivity due to traumatic aniridia. We report on contact lens fitting for visual rehabilitation in patients after open globe injury. PATIENTS: From 2000 to 2003, contact lenses were fitted unilaterally for the visual rehabilitation in 13 patients after open globe injury. In three patients we found unilateral aphakia, in 8 patients a high or irregular astigmatism after penetrating or autorotation keratoplasty and in two patients a traumatic aniridia, in one case combined with aphakia. RESULTS: 11 rigid contact lenses were fitted with different designs of the front and back surface as well as two iris-print lenses. In 11 patients (86 %) a good visual rehabilitation was achieved with an increase of visual acuity up to 9 lines while obtaining a good contact lens tolerance. One patient wearing an iris-print contact lens was unable to tolerate the contact lens due to its thickness and its weight. In another patient fitting of a contact lens was not possible because of the complicated corneal condition. We did not observed severe contact lens complications at any time. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to operative procedures for visual rehabilitation after open globe injuries, the use of contact lenses is another possible procedure for refractive correction. Different problems such as ametropia following aphakia, irregular or high astigmatism or aniridia can be solved with good visual results, good tolerance and less complications.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity patterns and coronary risk factors in preadolescent boys.

The relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, daily physical activity, and selected coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors were evaluated in a sample of 91 preadolescent boys. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed (VO2max). Physical activity level was assessed using daytime heart rate telemetry. CAD risk factors included total cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and body fat content. The mean value of VO2max exhibited significant negative relationship with body fat percent (r = -0.55). Controlling the effects of age, body mass index and body fat percent resulted in a significant inverse relationship between physical activity and systolic (r = -0.29) and diastolic (r = -0.28) blood pressures. Analysis of data by quartiles revealed significant differences only in body fat percent across fitness categories, while no significant differences were detected in the other CAD risk factors. However, higher HDL-cholesterol and lower triglycerides levels were observed in those boys with higher levels of physical activity. It was concluded that except with body fatness, cardiorespiratory fitness is not strongly associated with lower CAD risk factors, while physical activity level was significantly associated with lower blood pressure level but not with the other CAD risk factors.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Physical activity and fitness in patients with headache disorders.

Recent studies indicate that aerobic activities might reduce severity and/or frequency of migraine attacks. The present study was intended to investigate whether physical activities and fitness (aerobic endurance, flexibility, and muscle strength endurance) as well as body composition are different in patients with headache disorders and healthy control subjects. The study included 56 patients (aged 17-64 years) with headache disorders (migraine, tension-type, cluster, analgetics abuse, and other types of headache) and 145 age-matched volunteers without history of recurrent or chronic headache. A standardized questionnaire revealed similar self-esteem of physical activities in both groups. Objective physical fitness testing in a representative sample of 22 patients and 36 control subjects showed significantly reduced aerobic endurance in female and male patients as well as reduced flexibility in female patients as compared to control subjects, whereas muscle strength endurance was not significantly different between both groups. Female patients presented with a significantly higher total body fat as compared to control subjects. In conclusion, headache patients turned out to be less physically fit than control subjects. There was a discrepancy between self-esteem and objective test results regarding physical activity and fitness in patients with headache disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men. The Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study.

Limited data are available on the relation between physical fitness and mortality from cardiovascular disease. We examined this question in a study of 4276 men, 30 to 69 years of age, whom we followed for an average of 8.5 years. Examinations at base line included assessment of conventional coronary risk factors and treadmill exercise testing. The heart rate during submaximal exercise (stage 2 of the exercise test) and the duration of exercise were used as measures of physical fitness. Men with incomplete data (n = 308) or who were using cardiovascular drugs (n = 213) were excluded from the analysis. Men who had clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease at base line (n = 649) were analyzed separately. Forty-five deaths from cardiovascular causes occurred among the remaining 3106 men. A lower level of physical fitness was associated with a higher risk of death from cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, after adjustment for age and cardiovascular risk factors. The relative risk of death from cardiovascular causes was 2.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 5.1; P = 0.003) for healthy men with an increment of 35 beats per minute in the heart rate during stage 2, and 3.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 5.5; P = 0.0004) for those with a decrement of 4.4 minutes in the exercise time spent on the treadmill. The corresponding values for death from coronary heart disease were 3.2 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 6.7; P = 0.003) and 2.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 6.1; P = 0.007), respectively. We conclude that a lower level of physical fitness is associated with a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease in clinically healthy men, independent of conventional coronary risk factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that higher levels of regular physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. We investigated the independent associations of physical activity during leisure time and maximal oxygen uptake (a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness) with the risk of acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: During the period 1984 to 1989, we performed base-line examinations in 1453 men 42 to 60 years old who did not report having cardiovascular disease or cancer. Physical activity was assessed quantitatively with a detailed questionnaire, and maximal oxygen uptake was measured directly by exercise testing. During an average follow-up of 4.9 years, 42 of the 1166 men with normal electrocardiograms at base line had a first acute myocardial infarction. RESULTS: After adjustment for age and the year of examination, the relative hazard (risk) of myocardial infarction in the third of subjects with the highest level of physical activity (> 2.2 hours per week) was 0.31 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.12 to 0.85; P = 0.02), as compared with the third with the lowest level (P = 0.04 for linear trend over all three groups). The relative hazard in the third with the highest maximal oxygen uptake (> 2.7 liters per minute) was 0.26 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.68; P = 0.006) (P = 0.006 for linear trend), after adjustment for age, the year and season when the examination was performed, weight, height, and the type of respiratory-gas analyzer used. After up to 17 confounding variables were controlled for, the relative hazards for the third of subjects with the highest level of physical activity (0.34; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.12 to 0.94; P = 0.04) and maximal oxygen uptake (0.35; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.13 to 0.92; P = 0.03), as compared with the values in the lowest third, were significantly (P < 0.05) less than 1.0. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of both leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness had a strong, graded, inverse association with the risk of acute myocardial infarction, supporting the idea that lower levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are independent risk factors for coronary heart disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Initial training as a stimulus for optimal physical fitness in firemen.

In this investigation the physical fitness of 34 recruits to the UK Fire Service was assessed before and after their initial training (tests 1-2) and on three occasions (tests 3-5) during the first 18 months of their service (n = 34 + 6 = 40). The initial training (test 2-test 1) resulted in an increase in maximum aerobic power (11% p < 0.05), body mass (2 kg, p < 0.001), lean body mass (2.02 kg, p < 0.001), grip and lifting strengths (p < 0.001), and in calf girth (p < 0.05). But no change in waist girth, maximum anaerobic power or measures of lung function was noted. There was evidence therefore that the men became physically fitter. In the first eighteen months of their service, subjects' maximum oxygen consumption declined to pre-training levels, while body mass continued to increase with a decrease in lean body mass (p < 0.001). Strength remained unaltered or tended to fall with a decrease in calf girth (p < 0.05). These changes reflected a return towards pre-training physical fitness levels. It is suggested that the initial training, while ill-matched to the firemen's habitual activity, produced levels of physical fitness which may approximate more closely to the infrequent peak requirements experienced by the men during actual fire fighting. Consequently it is concluded that the physical training during service was insufficiently intense and that a more effective programme could be designed to maintain an appropriate level of physical fitness.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The effects of basic training on aerobic fitness and muscular strength and endurance of British Army recruits.

Sixty-two Adult Artillery Recruits, 95 Junior Infantry Soldier Recruits and 104 Junior Infantry Leader Recruits were studied before and after 3, 5 and 11 months, respectively, of British Army basic training. Before basic training the mean maximal oxygen uptake predicted from cycle ergometry (pred VO2max) for Adult Artillery Recruits was 56.1 ml (kg min)-1. It was 58.3 ml (kg min)-1 for the Junior Infantry Soldier Recruits and 58.0 ml (kg min)-1 for the Junior Infantry Leader Recruits. For Adult Artillery Recruits, after basic training there were statistically significant increases in body weight (+2.1%) and pred VO2max (+3.6%) but mixed responses for muscular strength, endurance and fatigue. For Junior Infantry Soldier Recruits, there was no significant change in body weight but a significant reduction in pred VO2max (-2.4%) and a trend towards increased isometric muscular strength. For Junior Infantry Leader Recruits, there were significant increases in body weight (+4.9%), pred VO2max (+3.0%), and isometric muscular strength. These results suggest that the intensity and nature of 3 months of basic training for Adult Artillery Recruits was sufficient to improve their aerobic fitness but was not effective in materially improving muscular strength and endurance. The intensity and nature of basic training for Junior Infantry Soldier Recruits over 5 months was effective in increasing muscular strength but resulted in a decrease in aerobic fitness possibly on account of their high initial fitness level. Basic training over 11 months for Junior Infantry Leader recruits was effective in increasing body weight, aerobic fitness and muscular strength. This may have reflected a change in the intensity and nature of training and in lifestyle after the initial 5 months of basic training, which was undertaken in common with the Junior Infantry Soldier Recruits, or it may be related to normal ageing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Promoting physical activity in a socially and economically deprived community: a 12 month randomized control trial of fitness assessment and exercise consultation.

The main aim of this study was to assess the effects of a fitness assessment and exercise consultation on physical activity over 1 year in non-regularly active participants drawn from a socially and economically deprived community. Of 3000 people invited to volunteer for either intervention, 225 fitness assessment volunteers were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group; 145 exercise consultation volunteers were similarly assigned. Physical activity was measured at baseline, 4 weeks, 3 months (plus an intervention re-test), 6 months and 1 year. Analysis of variance and follow-up Bonferroni analysis showed that, for those not regularly active at baseline, physical activity increased significantly to 4 weeks, was maintained to 6 months but had fallen by 1 year. Only those receiving an exercise consultation significantly increased their physical activity after 1 year. Compared with fitness assessments, chi-square analysis showed that significantly more non-regularly active participants volunteered for an exercise consultation and those receiving an exercise consultation had significantly better long-term study adherence than those receiving a fitness assessment. The study also showed that, contrary to popular opinion, those in a socially and economically deprived community are not 'hard to reach' and respond well to physical activity interventions.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

A comparative study of the aerobic fitness of 421 healthy adult males in Singapore.

The maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) of 421 healthy adult males from three ethnic groups (Chinese, Malay and Indian), aged 25-54 years, was assessed from direct analyses of their expired respiratory gases during all-out runs on a treadmill as a measure of aerobic fitness. The subjects were divided into three age groups: group 1, 25-34 years; group 2, 35-44 years; group 3, 45-54 years. Each group was further subdivided into non-exercisers (NE), non-regular exercisers (NRE) and regular exercisers (RE). Consistently within each age group, regular exercisers produced significantly higher VO2 max values compared to non-regular exercisers and non-exercisers. They also met the VO2 max requirements for heavy physical work and compared favourably with the standards of the National Physical Fitness Award of Singapore and Cooper's aerobic fitness classification standards based on North American males. Non-regular exercisers and non-exercisers only met the VO2 max requirements for moderate physical work and compared poorly in both of the aerobic fitness standards.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of an aquatics programme on fitness parameters of individuals with a brain injury.

The primary objective was to determine the effect of an aquatic exercise programme on the physical fitness of people with a brain injury. A pre-test-post-test randomized-groups design was conducted. Sixteen outpatients with a brain injury were included in the study. Eight participants were assigned to an aquatic exercise group and eight to a control group. The components of physical fitness measured included cardiovascular endurance, body composition, muscular strength and endurance and flexibility. Measurements were taken pre- and post-programme. Results indicated an increase in components of physical fitness for the experimental group but not the control group. Increases in fitness were reported as having a positive impact on the functional capacity of individuals in the exercise group as well as enhancing the individual's ability to complete activities of daily living successfully. Results indicate that aquatic exercise may positively impact the primary and secondary physical injuries caused by a brain injury.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Women, disability, and sport and physical fitness activity: the intersection of gender and disability dynamics.

This study explores the often overlooked experiences of women with physical disabilities in the sport and physical fitness activity domain. Interviews with 16 women with a physical disability (age range of 19-54 years) revealed the following major themes: (a) participation in fitness-related as opposed to sport-related activities, (b) participation to maintain the functional level of the body and preserve existing capabilities, (c) intrinsic nature of gains derived from participation (perceived competence, enhanced view of body, motivational outlet, control in life), and (d) perceived differences in the sport and physical fitness activity experiences of men and women with disabilities. Findings support the notion that gender and disability interact in the sport and physical fitness context for women with physical disabilities.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The contribution of biological maturation to the strength and motor fitness of children.

The interrelationships among skeletal maturity, body size, strength and motor fitness were examined in American children 7-12 years of chronological age (CA). A total of 391 Black (184 boys, 207 girls) and 349 White (193 boys, 156 girls) children participated in the study. Biological maturity was assessed by the Tanner-Whitehouse II method, 20 bone skeletal ages (SA). Strength items included right and left grip strength, and pushing and pulling strength of the shoulders. Motor fitness items included a 35-yard dash, the standing long jump, and softball throw for distance. The standardized residuals of SA on CA (AG) were used to represent the effects of SA, independent of CA. Interaction terms were also computed by multiplying standardized values of stature (ST), body mass (MA), and AG together in all combinations. Regression analyses showed that the strongest predictor of strength was MA, while AG was the best predictor of motor performance. The interaction terms were also significant predictors of performance, explaining between 2% and 9% of the variance in 19 of the 41 significant regressions. The results highlight the complexity of the interrelationships among body size, biological maturation, strength and motor fitness. The effects of SA in children 7-12 years of age are expressed mainly through body size, but SA apparently influences motor fitness more so than muscular strength.

Body Height↗