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PubMed2006

Foreign-born emigration: a new approach and estimates based on matched CPS files.

The utility of postcensal population estimates depends on the adequate measurement of four major components of demographic change: fertility, mortality, immigration, and emigration. Of the four components, emigration, especially of the foreign-born, has proved the most difficult to gauge. Without "direct" methods (i.e., methods identifying who emigrates and when), demographers have relied on indirect approaches, such as residual methods. Residual estimates, however are sensitive to inaccuracies in their constituent parts and are particularly ill-suited for measuring the emigration of recent arrivals. Here we introduce a new method for estimating foreign-born emigration that takes advantage of the sample design of the Current Population Survey (CPS): repeated interviews of persons in the same housing units over a period of 16 months. Individuals appearing in a first March Supplement to the CPS but not the next include those who died in the intervening year, those who moved within the country, and those who emigrated. We use statistical methods to estimate the proportion of emigrants among those not present in the follow-up interview. Our method produces emigration estimates that are comparable to those from residual methods in the case of longer-term residents (immigrants who arrived more than 10 years ago), but yields higher--and what appear to be more accurate--estimates for recent arrivals. Although somewhat constrained by sample size, we also generate estimates by age, sex, region of birth, and duration of residence in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Ethical considerations for biomedical scientists and engineers: issues for the rank and file.

Biomedical science and engineering is inextricably linked with the fields of medicine and surgery. Yet, while physicians and surgeons, nurses, and other medical professionals receive instruction in ethics during their training and must abide by certain codes of ethics during their practice, those engaged in biomedical science and engineering typically receive no formal training in ethics. In fact, the little contact that many biomedical science and engineering professionals have with ethics occurs either when they participate in government-funded research or submit articles for publication in certain journals. Thus, there is a need for biomedical scientists and engineers as a group to become more aware of ethics. Moreover, recent advances in biomedical technology and the ever-increasing use of new devices virtually guarantee that biomedical science and engineering will become even more important in the future. Although they are rarely in direct contact with patients, biomedical scientists and engineers must become aware of ethics in order to be able to deal with the complex ethical issues that arise from our society's increasing reliance on biomedical technology. In this brief communication, the need for ethical awareness among workers in biomedical science and engineering is discussed in terms of certain conflicts that arise in the workaday world of the biomedical scientist in a complex, modern society. It is also recognized that inasmuch as workers in the many branches of bioengineering are not regulated like their counterparts in medicine and surgery, perhaps academic institutions and professional societies are best equipped to heighten ethical awareness among workers in this important field.

Authorship↗
PubMed1983

An evaluation of the Social Security Administration master beneficiary record file and the National Death Index in the ascertainment of vital status.

To evaluate the relative utility of the Social Security Administration and National Death Index as sources of mortality data, the vital status of 12,866 participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial was identified from these sources and compared to the known mortality experience. The SSA correctly identified 87.8 per cent of the 409 deaths that occurred between 1974 and 1980. Underreporting of deaths by the SSA occurred for participants with certain demographic characteristics, especially marital status. For the years 1979 and 1980, the period for which the SSA and NDI have comparable data, the SSA correctly identified 93.2 per cent and the NDI correctly identified 98.4 per cent of the 191 known deaths. The NDI matching process resulted in a large number of false positive matches.

Demography↗
PubMed1996

The expanded racial and ethnic codes in the Medicare data files: their completeness of coverage and accuracy.

OBJECTIVES: This paper evaluates the new race/ethnicity codes for Asian Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans that have recently been added to the Medicare enrollment database. METHODS: The race/ethnicity code revisions made by the Health Care Financing Administration are described and evaluated by (1) comparing the numbers of persons identified as Asian Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans with corresponding population census projections and (2) determining whether Medicare enrollees born in Asian and Hispanic countries are assigned Asian and Hispanic codes. RESULTS: Among persons 65 years of age and older, approximately 24% of Hispanics, 17% of Native Americans, and 56% of Asian Americans are identifiable by the new codes. From 18% to 29% of enrollees 65 years old or older born in Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Cuba are coded as Hispanic, and from 14% to 73% of enrollees born in nine Asian countries are classified as Asian American. Classification is not random but is related to timing of migration and to country of origin. CONCLUSIONS: Researchers should resist the temptation to base analyses on the revised Health Care Financing Administration race/ethnicity codes, since coverage is incomplete and biased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Rescuing corrupted gel files from Model 377 and 373 DNA Sequencers.

Automated DNA sequencing requires the intensive use of computers to handle the large amount of data taken. When a computer failure occurs and the data are no longer accessible, all the expense and effort that went into the sequencing experiment is lost. By using the data storage architecture of Macintosh computers to our advantage, we may prevent this loss in the case of automatic sequencers from PE Applied Biosystems. The software required to allow the experimenter to do this has been written and is available free of charge.

Automation↗