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PubMed1989

[A case of Kennedy-Alter-Sung syndrome associated with external ophthalmoplegia--therapeutic efficacy of fluoxymesterone].

We reported a case with Kennedy-Alter-Sung syndrome (KAS) associated with bilateral external ophthalmoplegia. The patient had movement disturbance of bilateral infra-oblique muscles. The doll's eye phenomenon was not noted. It was suggested that the external ophthalmoplegia was due to the involvement of the oculomotor nucleus that innervated infra-oblique muscle. The serum levels of testosterone and gonadotropin were high, suggesting that the feminization of KAS patients was caused by androgen insensitivity. The feminization of KAS patients is similar to the incomplete form of testicular feminization syndrome except that they do not have feminization of genitals. Therefore, we proposed that abnormalities of androgen receptors might play a role in the pathogenesis of KAS. Fluoxymesterone therapy significantly improved the muscle weakness of the extremities of the patient, even though the therapeutic efficacy was shown temporarily. The therapeutic efficacy of fluoxymesterone for muscle weakness supports our hypothesis.

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Management of phenotypic female patients with an XY karyotype.

Nine phenotypic female patients with XY karyotype were evaluated through a clinical, cytogenetic, hormonal, endoscopic and histologic diagnostic protocol. Seven patients complained of primary amenorrhea and two patients of abnormal puberal development. The final diagnosis was XY gonadal dysgenesis (n = 5) and testicular feminization syndrome (n = 4). Two patients were less than 155 cm tall, and the remainder were over 155. Minor somatic anomalies were found in two patients with XY gonadal dysgenesis. Patient with testicular feminization syndrome had FSH and LH within the normal range, and patients with XY gonadal dysgenesis had elevated FSH and LH levels. Gonadoblastomas were found in two patients with XY gonadal dysgenesis (one patient with XO/XX/XY mosaicism). Laparoscopy and gonadal biopsy might be useful in some patients to avoid confusion between XY gonadal dysgenesis and testicular feminization syndrome. Early diagnosis of XY gonadal dysgenesis is always desirable, and bilateral gonadectomy is indicated as soon as the diagnosis is made in patients with a Y chromosome and elevated FSH levels. Surgical removal of the gonads from patients with testicular feminization should be delayed until the completion of puberty because of the low risk of malignancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Feminist attitudes and mother-daughter relationships in adolescence.

In spite of the growing amount of research on women's issues, there are few empirical studies of mother-daughter relationships, and almost none on the effects of the major women's movement of our times on relationships between mothers and daughters. In this study of late adolescent daughters' perceptions of their relationships with their mothers, two alternative hypotheses are examined: (1) feminism, with its emphasis on bonding among women, strengthens relations between adolescent daughters and their mothers, or (2) feminism as a force of social change, both attitudinal and behavioral, weakens the adolescent daughter-mother relationship. Based on 102 questionnaires completed by university-age women in the winter of 1983, it was found that the majority of daughters who have a good relationship with their mothers see both themselves and their mothers as feminist. However, these daughters do not attribute their positive mother-daughter relationship explicitly to feminism. For the minority of daughters who claim to have a poor relationship with their mothers, they attribute the problems to feminism.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Evidence for receptor-dependent response to dihydrotestosterone in cultured human fibroblasts.

The effect of dihydrotestosterone on the production of proteins and collagen and the synthesis of DNA was studied in cultured fibroblasts obtained from a normal woman and from a patient with complete testicular feminization. The concentration of dihydrotestosterone binding sites in fibroblasts from vulvar skin of a normal woman and from perineal skin of a patient with complete testicular feminization was 35.9 +/- 1.7 fmoles/mg protein and 4.61 +/- 0.37 fmoles/mg protein, respectively. The apparent dissociation constant was 0.24 +/- 0.015 nM for fibroblasts from a normal woman and 0.21 +/- 0.031 nM for fibroblasts from a patient with complete testicular feminization. Fibroblasts grown to confluence were exposed to DHT in the concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 ng/ml of the culture medium and cultures were maintained for up to six days thereafter. These hormone treatments brought about a significant elevation in the production of proteins and collagen by fibroblasts from a normal woman but failed to produce any perceivable changes in fibroblasts from a patient with complete testicular feminization. The synthesis of DNA in fibroblasts from either subject was unaffected by hormone treatment. These results suggest that augmented production of proteins and collagen in cultured human fibroblasts which follows stimulation by dihydrotestosterone occurs via a receptor system.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Population dynamics under parasitic sex ratio distortion.

We analyse the population dynamic effects of sex ratio distortion by vertically transmitted, feminizing parasites. We show that, for diploid hosts, sex ratio distortion may lead to extinction as males become too rare to maintain the host population through reproduction. Feminizers can magnify Allee effects, broadening the range of conditions leading to extinction of small populations. Depending on male mating constraints and strength of density dependence, feminizers may either increase or decrease the equilibrium host density. Under conditions leading to deterministic host extinction, stochastic elimination of the parasite may allow the host population to recover. Hence, infection by parasitic sex ratio distorters may be transient in finite populations. We consider the implications of this process for parasite prevalence, host population regulation, and sex ratio evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Plasma estrone, prolactin, neurophysin, and sex steroid-binding globulin in chronic alcoholic men.

The feminization frequently observed in men with alcoholic liver disease has not been satisfactorily explained by existing reports. We have measured plasma estrone, prolactin, estrogen-stimulated neuorphysin, and sex steroid-binding globulin concentrations in 50 men with chronic alcoholism and varying degrees of alcoholic liver disease in an effort to further elucidate possible hormonal mechanisms responsible for the observed feminization. Plasma concentrations of each of these parameters were at least two-fold elevated (p smaller than or equal to 0.01) when compared to values obtained for the same steroid or protein in plasma obtained from normal men. The plasma concentrations of estrone and prolactin in men studied with synecomastia were significantly greater (p smaller than or equal to 0.01 and p smaller than or equal to 0.05, respectively) than were the concentrations of these two hormones in those without this physical sign. Similarly, those men with spider angiomata had significantly greater (p smaller than or equal to 0.01) plasma estrone levels than did the men without this cutaneous vascular abnormality. These significant hormone elevations may contribute to the pathogenesis of feminization so frequently observed in chronic alcoholic men.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Interstitial cell tumor. Profile of hormone-producing tumor.

Interstitial cell tumor of the testis in an adult male can present with feminization and psychologic changes. The feminization and psychologic changes most likely reflect production of estrogen by the interstitial cell tumor. Removal of the tumor causes rapid return of the pituitary-testicular axis to normal, loss of feminization, and development of male psychosocial characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Estrogen inhibition of Mullerian inhibiting substance in the chick embryo.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) feminizes the embryonic chick testes and causes retention of the Mullerian duct, an observation made by Etienne Wolff in 1939. The present study was designed to determine if the feminized testis could produce Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS). DES in various doses was injected into the air sac or yolk of 5-day chick embryos, with removal of the gonads at 13-16 days of incubation. That the DES-treated testis was feminized was documented by the development of a left "ovarian" cortex, yet this gonad continued to produce MIS as estimated by a graded organ-culture assay. The male chick Mullerian ducts, exposed to both endogenous MIS and exogenous estrogen (DES), however, were preserved, indicating that the Mullerian duct retention seen in DES-treated embryos was not caused by suppression of MIS secretion. These data support the hypothesis that MIS and estrogens interact at the target-organ (i.e., Mullerian duct), resulting in Mullerian duct retention. The implications of this hypothesis for mammalian sexual development especially in regard to the effect of DES-treatment on male fetuses, and the possible role of MIS and estrogens in testicular descent are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Horizontal transfer of parasitic sex ratio distorters between crustacean hosts.

Parasitic sex distorters were artificially transferred within and between crustacean host species in order to study the effects of parasitism on host fitness and sex determination and to investigate parasite host specificity. Implantation of Nosema sp. to uninfected strains of its Gammarus duebeni host resulted in an active parasite infection in the gonad of recipient females and subsequent transovarial parasite transmission. The young of artificially infected females were feminized by the parasite, demonstrating that Nosema sp. is a cause of a sex ratio distortion in its host. In contrast, we were unable to cross-infect Armadillidium vulgare with the feminizing microsporidian from G. duebeni or to cross-infect G. duebeni with the feminizing bacterium Wolbachia sp. from A. vulgare.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing and the "F" word.

This article uses a set of strategies designed by Abigail Stewart to guide the generation of knowledge about women and gender to revisit the relationship between nursing and feminism. It is important that nurses be aware of the valuable feminist contributions made by their predecessors in order to uncover the hidden links that exist between nursing and feminism. As long as the relationship between nursing and feminism remains invisible, the gender, problems in nursing that are systemic to a woman's occupation in a male-dominated society will continue.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of atrazine-induced gonadal malformations in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) and comparisons with effects of an androgen antagonist (cyproterone acetate) and exogenous estrogen (17beta-estradiol): Support for the demasculinization/feminization hypothesis.

Atrazine is a potent endocrine disruptor that both chemically castrates and feminizes male amphibians. It depletes androgens in adult frogs and reduces androgen-dependent growth of the larynx in developing male larvae. It also disrupts normal gonadal development and feminizes the gonads of developing males. Gonadal malformations induced by atrazine include hermaphrodites and males with multiple testes [single sex polygonadism (SSP)], and effects occur at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppb (microg/L). Here, we describe the frequencies at which these malformations occur and compare them with morphologies induced by the estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2) , and the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate, as a first step in testing the hypothesis that the effects of atrazine are a combination of demasculinization and feminization. The various forms of hermaphroditism did not occur in controls. Nonpigmented ovaries, which occurred at relatively high frequencies in atrazine-treated larvae, were found in four individuals out of more than 400 controls examined (1%). Further, we show that several types of gonadal malformations (SSP and three forms of hermaphroditism) are produced by E2 exposure during gonadal differentiation, whereas a final morphology (nonpigmented ovaries) appears to be the result of chemical castration (disruption of androgen synthesis and/or activity) by atrazine. These experimental findings suggest that atrazine-induced gonadal malformations result from the depletion of androgens and production of estrogens, perhaps subsequent to the induction of aromatase by atrazine, a mechanism established in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals (rodents and humans).

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed2003

Health care utilization in a sample of Canadian lesbian women: predictors of risk and resilience.

This study was designed to test an exploratory path model predicting health care utilization by lesbian women. Using structural equation modeling we examined the joint influence of internalized homophobia, feminism, comfort with health care providers (HCPs), education, and disclosure of sexual identity both in one's life and to one's HCP on health care utilization. Surveys were completed by 254 Canadian lesbian women (54% participation rate) recruited through snowball sampling and specialized media. The majority (95%) of women were White, 3% (n = 7) were women of colour, and the remaining six women did not indicate ethnicity. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 67 with a mean age of 38.85 years (SD = 9.12). In the final path model, higher education predicted greater feminism, more disclosure to HCPs, and better utilization of health services. Feminism predicted both decreased levels of internalized homophobia and increased disclosure across relationships. Being more open about one's sexual identity was related to increased disclosure to HCPs, which in turn, led to better health care utilization. Finally, the more comfortable women were with their HCP the more likely they were to seek preventive care. All paths were significant at p < .01. The path model offers insight into potential target areas for intervention with the goal of improving health care utilization in lesbian women.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Gynecomasty as a first sign of adrenal carcinoma--case report].

We present a case of 50 year-old man with feminizing adrenal carcinoma. He was admitted to the hospital because of weakness and one year history of gynecomastia and high blood pressure. Examinations revealed a large left adrenal mass and increased levels of estradiol. Patient underwent adrenalectomy and followed by mitotan therapy as the result of histopathological examination was adrenocortical carcinoma. One year after operation patient stays free from the recurrence of the disease and his estradiol, androstendion and DHEA levels are below the detection limits. We report this case because feminizing adrenal carcinoma is a very rare but serious disease and gynecomastia that could be its manifestation is quite frequent symptom in men's population and thus it could easily be missed. In every case of gynecomastia related to estradiol excess feminizing tumors of testis and adrenal gland should be ruled out.

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

Androgen-oestrogen imbalance in men with chronic alcoholism and fatty liver.

The plasma concentrations of oestrone (E1), oestradiol (E2), oestrone sulphate (E1S), testosterone (T), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and apparent free testosterone (AFTC) were measured in 20 normal-weight men with chronic alcoholism and fatty liver. Twenty normal-weight male blood donors matched for age acted as controls. In the alcoholic subjects (patients) the plasma levels of E1, E2 and SHBG were significantly elevated, whereas the concentrations of E1S and AFTC were significantly decreased. No difference in plasma T was seen between the two groups. Both patients and controls showed a significant correlation between SHBG and E2, whereas a significant correlation between SHBG and T, and between E2 and T, was only found in the controls. Eight of the patients showed signs and/or symptoms of hypogonadism or feminization. Only patients with hypogonadism and/or feminization showed significantly higher plasma levels for E2 and decreased T/E2 ratio than matched controls. The ratio E1S/E1 was in every case lower than in the control and tended to be even lower in the patients with hypogonadism and/or feminization.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Genetic and hormonal control of male sexual differentiation.

Phenotypic sexual differentiation during embryogenesis is a complex process involving the action of at least 18 genes. These genes regulate gonadal differentiation, gonadal hormone formation, and in the male the cellular action of three necessary hormones, namely mullerian regression factor, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone. Analysis of two of the mutations affecting sexual development is consistent with the thesis that the two androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone have separate and specific roles in virilization of the male urogenital tract, testosterone stimulating wolffian duct development and dihydrotestosterone mediating development of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia. In the disorder familial incomplete male pseudohermphroditism, type 2, deficient dihydrotestosterone formation is associated with a selective failure of virilization of the urogenital sinus and external genitalia, whereas the wolffian duct derivatives develop normally. On the other hand, in the testicular feminization syndrome there is a complete failure in the development of the male phenotype, indicating that the primary defect involves an abnormality in some biochemical step that is common to the action of both androgens. Evidence from studies in the submandibular gland of the mouse with testicular feminization suggest that the fundamental defect lies in the translocation and/or nuclear binding of the cytoplasmic androgen receptor. It remains to be proven whether these events in the postnatal, sexually dimorphic submandibular gland of the testicular feminization mouse reflect prenatal events occurring in the urogenital tissues during embryogenesis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Reproductive toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in male rats: different effects of in utero versus lactational exposure.

The male rat reproductive system is highly sensitive to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) when exposure occurs during fetal and neonatal development. Our objective was to determine the relative contributions of in utero versus lactational TCDD exposure to effects on male reproductive function. Pregnant Holtzman rats were treated on Day 15 of gestation with TCDD (1.0 micrograms/kg) or vehicle (control). At birth litters were standardized to five males and five females and fostered to dams of the same treatment or cross-fostered to dams of the opposite treatment. Four treatment groups were assessed: male offspring not exposed to TCDD by either route (control) and male offspring exposed to TCDD in utero (IU), via lactation (L), or in utero and via lactation (IUL). During early postnatal development, two androgen sensitive end points, relative anogenital distance and time to testis descent, were not affected by TCDD. However, end points evaluated later during development were altered. Time to separation of the prepuce from the glans penis (an index of pubertal development) was delayed, plasma testosterone concentrations and accessory sex organ weights were reduced, daily sperm production and epididymal sperm reserves were decreased, and sexual behavior was feminized. Certain responses were only produced by IU exposure whereas other responses only occurred following L exposure. Only IU TCDD exposure delayed pubertal development and decreased daily sperm production, while only L TCDD exposure feminized the sexual behavior of male offspring. For most male reproductive end points both IU and L TCDD exposure produced the same responses. Decreases in plasma testosterone concentrations, reductions in weights, protein, and DNA contents of ventral prostate and seminal vesicles, and decreases in epididymal sperm reserves were caused in young adult rats by either IU or L exposure to TCDD. We conclude that the route and timing of TCDD exposure during fetal and neonatal development of the rat determine the profile of male reproductive effects observed and that all effects in the present study, with the notable exception of feminized sexual behavior, can be caused by low level exposure to TCDD via the IU route alone.

Androgens↗
PubMed1978

Male pseudohermaphroditism: genetics and clinical delineation.

The genetics and clinical delineation of male pseudohermaphroditism are reviewed. These disorders are categorized initially by their genetic etiology--cytogenetic, Mendelian, or teratogenic. It is especially important to distinguish cytogenetic forms, usually associated with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, from Mendelian (genetic) forms because in the former the prevalence of gonadoblastomas or dysgerminomas is about 15--20%. Genetic forms include (1) those associated with a multiple malformation pattern, (2) those due to an error in adrenal or testicular hormonal biosynthesis, (3) complete testicular feminization, (4) incomplete testicular feminization, (5) Reifenstein syndrome, (6) pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias, and (7) agondia, and possibly other conditions. Incomplete testicular feminization and the Reifenstein syndrome may or may not represent varied expressivity of the same trait. The designation pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias is appropriate only if constellations of clinical features are present and if no metabolic abnormalities are demonstrable. Etiology and available genetic data are reviewed for each of these disorders.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1988

Intersex mice composed of androgen insensitive Tfm and wild-type cells analysed by 3H dihydrotestosterone autoradiography.

The X-linked testicular feminization mutation (Tfm) in the mouse is characterized by an androgen receptor defect. Due to random X-chromosome inactivation, XTfm/X+ heterozygotes are mosaics with respect to Tfm. They are composed of androgen receptor deficient XTfm cells and normal X+ wild-type cells. If Tfm heterozygotes are converted to XX males by the sex reversal factor (Sxr) the mosaicism is expressed. Therefore in sex reversed Tfm heterozygotes (XTfm/X+-Sxr) intersexual sex organs develop. In five intersexes with small male accessory glands and hypospadia and one heavily feminized intersex with vagina and caudally dislocated deferent ducts the mosaic is visualized by 3H-DHT-autoradiography. In the epididymis differentiated wild-type cells show nuclear labeling, whereas undifferentiated Tfm cells are unlabeled. Unlabeled Tfm cells are also encountered in the vesicular glands of the heavily feminized animal, demonstrating that Tfm cells can participate in the formation of male sex glands. The urethral glands of the mosaic animals are composed of unlabeled Tfm lobules exhibiting the female phenotype of the glands, and of labeled wild-type lobules exhibiting the male phenotype. Formation of a vagina and deviation of the deferent ducts is correlated with lack of androgen binding sites in the connective tissue.

Androgens↗