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PubMed2000

A novel high-temperature (360 degrees C)/high-pressure (30 MPa) flow system for online sample digestion applied to ICP spectrometry.

A flow injection sample digestion system has been developed comprising an indirectly electrically heated Pt/Ir capillary. Such a capillary allows reaction temperatures of up to 360 degrees C and pressures of up to 30 MPa (300 bar) and withstands concentrated acids. This temperature is 130 degrees C to 160 degrees C higher compared to the operating temperatures of microwave heated flow systems. A combination of an ultrasonic nebulizer and membrane desolvator serves as an interface between the flow digestion system and an ICP/AES spectrometer. The membrane desolvator removes interfering gaseous digestion products so effectively before the sample stream enters the plasma that the measured residual carbon concentration falls in the region of the detection limit of ICP/OES measurements. Sewage sludge samples were digested using nitric acid and the elemental traces online determined. The detection limits related to the original dry substances amount to the lower microg/g range.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics and dynamics of morbidity among the population of down-town Kiev caused by the enhancement of anthropogenic chemical factors].

An analysis of state of health among people living in Kiev over 1985-2000 was carried out. It is determined that birth rate decreases and mortality increases constantly. Life expectancy decreased too. Substantial and steady tendency of rising most of diseases is observed in the city. Diseases of cardiovascular system, thyroid gland, digestive system, urogenital system and different neoplasm are diagnosed nowadays more frequently than earlier. Children population presents with more increasing respiratory diseases, illnesses of organs of sense, nervous system, digestive system and blood as well as social diseases. Atmosphere is polluted with aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons, carbon oxide, nitric oxide, 3-4-benzpyrene, sulphurous anhydrides. The article presents data concerning negative tendency in demographic situation and the population's state of health in Kiev and air pollution. All above mentioned necessitate to develop well-founded adequate prophylactic measures to improve the situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Development of an in vitro system simulating bucco-gastric digestion to assess the physical and chemical changes of food.

The release of nutrients from solid food depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of substrates, and on dynamic physiological events including pH, gastric emptying and enzymatic secretion. Our laboratory has developed an in vitro digestive system mimicking mouth and stomach processes to determine physical and chemical changes of bread during digestion. To simulate oral-phase digestion, bread was minced and subjected to in vitro amylase digestion, releasing 219 +/- 11 g oligosaccharides/kg total carbohydrate. During the gastric phase, bread proteins, which are converted into insoluble aggregated proteins during breadmaking, were emptied in various states of peptic digestion: undigested aggregated proteins and degraded proteins of intermediate and low molecular weight. The mean particle size of ground bread decreased progressively to the end of the gastric digestion (from 292 to 109 microm). The in vitro digestive system proved to be a useful tool for understanding the dynamic digestion of various food components held within the structure of a food matrix.

Bread↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of quality of care in postpartum wards of Shaheed Beheshti Medical Science University hospitals, 2004.

PURPOSE: Despite 77 per cent antenatal care coverage and 90 per cent skilled attendant at delivery, adjusted maternal mortality in Iran is 76 per 100,000 births. Low quality of maternal health services is one cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. However, few and limited studies have been devoted to the quality of postpartum care in Iran. This study aims to assess quality of care in postpartum wards of Shaheed Beheshti Medical Science University hospitals to show weakness and gaps areas in the care procedure for future improvement intervention programs. It is a descriptive study to assess quality of care in postpartum wards of Shaheed Beheshti Medical Science University hospitals, in 2003. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Using quota sampling, 60 healthy women were recruited for the study. Data were collected using three forms including a questionnaire with demographic and obstetrics questions, a check-list for the postpartum care and education quality assessment. Control of vital signs, uterus assessment, perineum assessment, leaving bed, urinary system assessment, digestive system assessment, breast examination, extremities assessment, psychological assessment, as well as education about perineum self-care, breast-feeding, infant care, education before discharge and educational method. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire and checklist were assessed prior to use. Data were analyzed using SPSS. FINDINGS: Results showed compatibility of provided postpartum care with the standards as follows: method of patient's education (52.68 per cent); control of vital signs (43.21 per cent); education about breast-feeding (26.06 per cent); care in getting out of bed (25.83 per cent); psychological care (19.36 per cent); urinary system assessment (16.66 per cent); education about perineum care (13.12 per cent); uterus assessment (10.6 per cent); digestive system assessment (9.69 per cent); patient's education before discharge (7.99 per cent); education about infant's care (7.81 per cent); perineum assessment (6.72 per cent); breast examination (1.11 per cent); and assessment of extremities (0.81 per cent). The study demonstrated that weak postpartum care was provided in 82 per cent of cases but also that mothers were satisfied with provided care in all domains of care. Mothers were very satisfied with facilities and less satisfied with personnel interaction with their visitors in hospital. There was no significant correlation between quality of services and clients' satisfaction (Spearman test, p < 0.05). ORIGINALITY/VALUE: For the first time in Iran, this study has evaluated quality of care in postpartum wards of hospitals based on the defined standards. The study provided a defined standard for postpartum care, which is necessary for regular monitoring and evaluation and so evidence-based intervention programs to improve the system of care. It was also postulated that mothers' satisfaction with care is not always a good indicator of services quality.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Issues and challenges in developing ruminal drug delivery systems.

Ruminants have a specialised digestive system that contains anaerobic bacteria and protozoa capable of digesting the cellulosic materials that are so common in plant materials. In addition, their distinct digestive system can change the metabolism and mode of action of some nutrients, medicines or other bioactive materials when delivered orally or may provide opportunities for alternative oral dosing strategies. In particular, there is interest in administering a relatively large depot of some drugs into the rumen, which then provides for a prolonged and sustained release of small quantities of these drugs over time. Any strategy to develop a new ruminal drug delivery system must take into account the characteristics of the digestive system of ruminants and its specific bioactive application. For example, in the case of products to control parasitic infections, the development of the host's immunity against the nematodes, which can be acquired during the pasture season, must be considered; likewise, where pharmacologically active materials are used to manipulate a particular metabolic or biochemical process, one must always be aware of interactions with other processes, which might eventuate. This article reviews the necessary concepts, the issues and the challenges to construct ruminal drug delivery systems.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Calcitonin gene-related peptide innervation of the rat hepatobiliary system.

The digestive system is densely innervated by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive neurons. The present study investigated a) the distribution and origin of CGRP-immunoreactive fibers in the rat hepatobiliary tract, and b) their relation with substance P/tachykinin (SP/TK) immunoreactivity using immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay techniques. CGRP-containing fibers form dense networks in the fibromuscular layer of the biliary tree and surrounding the portal vein. Thin, varicose fibers are present at the base of the mucosa of the ducts. In the liver, labeled fibers are restricted to the portal areas and the stromal compartment. Neonatal treatment with capsaicin, a neurotoxin for primary afferent neurons, or celiac/superior mesenteric ganglionectomy depletes CGRP-containing fibers in the biliary tract, and reduces those associated with the portal vein. In contrast, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy does not appreciably modify the density of these fibers. Radioimmunoassay studies show a reduction of CGRP-immunoreactive contents in the biliary tract and portal vein by 84% and 65%, respectively, following capsaicin treatment, and by 80% and 66%, respectively, following ganglionectomy. By contrast, CGRP concentrations in vagotomized animals are comparable to those of controls. Most CGRP-positive fibers appear to contain SP/TK immunoreactivity, as indicated by double-label studies. These results demonstrate that the rat hepatobiliary tract is prominently innervated by CGRP- and CGRP/SP/TK-immunoreactive fibers, which are likely to originate from spinal afferent neurons. The abundance of these fibers and their association with a variety of targets are in line with the involvement of these peptidergic visceral afferents in regulating hepatobiliary activities, including hemodynamic functions of the hepatic vasculature.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Management of low-flow vascular malformations of upper aero digestive system-role of N-butyl cyanoacrylate in peroperative devascularization.

OBJECTIVES: Low-flow vascular malformations of upper aero digestive system may cause difficulty in swallowing and/or breathing and bleeding from these lesions may even threaten the life of patient due to risk of aspiration. These lesions may require surgical resection with prior devascularization to minimize blood loss during surgery. METHODS: Peroperative devascularization of vascular malformations was carried in patients of our study group by injecting N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) into vascular malformations using direct puncture technique. This was followed by surgical resection of lesion in the same sitting. RESULTS: Successful devascularization of vascular malformations in all patients in our study group was achieved by injection of NBCA into the lesion by direct puncture technique. There was retraction of malformation due to devascularization, good plane of cleavage was found during subsequent surgical resection and blood loss was minimal. CONCLUSIONS: Low-flow vascular malformations of upper aero digestive system can be treated with surgical resection after peroperative devascularization. Direct puncture of NBCA into lesion under fluoroscopy control is an effective, safe and inexpensive method of devascularization which can be carried out by the surgeon in a single sitting.

Arteriovenous Malformations↗
PubMed1989

Influence of dietary calcium level and particle size of calcium source on in vivo calcium solubilization by commercial Leghorns.

Six experiments were conducted in which hens with oviposition times between 0730 h and 0930 h were intubated with limestone at different levels or particle sizes at time of oviposition. Feed was withdrawn from all hens approximately 15.5 to 17.5 h prior to intubation, and the same feed but without supplemental Ca was immediately returned after limestone intubation. Excrement of each hen was collected from intubation (oviposition) until the next oviposition (24 to 27 h duration) in all experiments except Experiment 4. In Experiment 4, excreta were collected for 25 h after first oviposition. Five hens prior to intubation of Ca source and all hens at termination of an experiment were killed, and the contents of the digestive system were collected. Excreta and digestive system contents were analyzed for total Ca and quantity of insolubilized limestone. Approximately 50% of the Ca found in the excreta from hens with 3.75 g Ca intake was recovered in the same form as ingested (limestone). Percentage of Ca solubilized in the digestive system decreased (P less than .05) as Ca intake increased. Although in vitro solubility of larger limestone particles (2 to 5 mm) was much less than smaller particles (.5 to .8 mm), percentage of Ca solubilized in the digestive system during the 25 h following intubation increased (P less than .05) as particle size increased, suggesting a greater retention time of the larger limestone particles in the gizzard.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Accuracy of admission and pre-autopsy clinical diagnoses in the light of autopsy findings: a study conducted in Budapest.

Pre- and post-autopsy diagnoses of underlying cause of death were compared in consecutive autopsies on persons aged 30 to 80 years; 1000 from each of two pathology departments in Budapest. Data on admission diagnoses and on contributory causes of death were also analysed. At autopsy, the percentages of deaths by underlying cause were neoplasms (any site) 34.9%, diseases of the circulatory system 40.2%, digestive system 13.8%, endocrine, nutritional, metabolic or immune systems 2.7%, and respiratory system 2.2%. For these five disease groupings, the percentages of cases diagnosed clinically as the underlying cause of death which were confirmed at autopsy were, respectively, 90.9%, 84.0%, 82.9%, 55.2% and 32.5%. Although, out of 697 cases with an autopsy diagnosis of neoplasia as the underlying cause, there were only 61 (8.8%) where neoplasms were not diagnosed clinically as the underlying cause, this conceals the fact that in 130 (18.7%) the two diagnoses differed as to the site of the primary neoplasm (ICD 3 digit code). The fact that 43% of post-mortem diagnoses (ICD major category) of underlying cause are missed on admission, and that 19% are missed clinically, indicates that improved clinical diagnostic procedures have not diminished the need for high autopsy rates. Morbid anatomy needs to be better resourced.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Causes of death in a cohort of EDF-GDF employees: comparison between occupational medicine and official statistics data].

BACKGROUND: In an epidemiological study, medical causes of death may be obtained from different sources. In a study on French gas and electricity company (EDF-GDF) workers, they were obtained from the national INSERM database. Additionally, the causes collected by the EDF-GDF occupational physicians were available for a subset of 1,330 deaths, which occurred between 1989 and 1994. The data from the two sources were compared with each other, in order to assess whether they were globally equivalent, and the potential impact of their differences on the results of epidemiological analyses. METHODS: Concordance rates between causes of death in the INSERM and EDF-GDF physicians databases were calculated according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) ninth revision codes and for various causes groups. Causes of death records were also examined in order to clarify the observed divergences. SMRs were computed in order to evaluate the consequences of using each database in epidemiological analyses. Finally, some SMRs were computed with the two sources and compared with each other. RESULTS: INSERM and EDF-GDF physicians causes belonged to the same causes group in 81% of cases, but the exact cause was different for more than half of them. The concordance rate was high for the deaths by AIDS and by cancer, and low for deaths by respiratory system and digestive system diseases. More causes of death were coded as "unknown" in EDF-GDF physicians data than in INSERM data. The SMRs varied widely depending on whether the INSERM or EDF-GDF physicians causes of death databases were used. CONCLUSIONS: Causes of death recorded in the INSERM and EDF-GDF physicians databases are very different. Therefore, using the national mortality rates computed by INSERM with the EDF-GDF physicians causes of death to calculate SMRs is not valid, and it is observed that they may be very different from those computed with INSERM data. In a general way, it should be better to use the INSERM database, which is a common source, in order to generate results comparable with other studies. However, this database has its own limitations, and it may be better, in particular situations and for internal analyses, to use another source if it seems to be a better one.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗