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Some risk factors in the psychotherapy of children and families: well-established techniques that can put some clients at risk.

Based on the experience of a sample of professionals who completed a brief questionnaire, on the author's own clinical experience, and on a literature review cases are presented where selected therapeutic practices in child mental health produced negative outcomes and, therefore, place some clients at risk. These practices are: empathy, efforts to restructure the family, efforts to change disciplinary practices, and structuring for disclosure. In addition, while not a process variable, client perceptions of therapy can exacerbate problems. Clinicians can use these findings to enhance their consent to treat interactions with clients.

Adolescent↗

Does receiving genetic counseling impact genetic counselor practice?

This study was an investigation of whether genetic counselors have received genetic counseling and if so, how they believe it affects their practice. One thousand genetic counselors were mailed surveys about the nature of genetic counseling services received, impact on their clinical practice, frequency and reasons for disclosing about their receipt of counseling to their clients, and demographics. Ninety-three of the 510 respondents reported receiving genetic counseling. Of these, almost three-fourths were practicing genetic counselors while receiving services. Reasons for services include prenatal concerns, family history of cancer, and history/risk of other genetic conditions. Frequently endorsed effects on practice include increased empathy and understanding of client decisions, feeling more connected with clients, greater emphasis on psychosocial support, and sympathy. Forty-six respondents disclosed to clients about their receipt of genetic counseling. Prevalent reasons include client asked, help clients feel they are not alone, demonstrate counselor understanding, decrease client anxiety, build rapport, and normalize client feelings. Practice and research recommendations are given.

Adult↗

The art and challenges of long-term and short-term democratic therapeutic communities.

This paper, cowritten by Kingsley Norton, since 1989 Director of Henderson Hospital (a therapeutic community founded by Maxwell Jones in 1947 in the United Kingdom), and Sandra Bloom, Founder of the Sanctuary Model in the United States, compares and contrasts the practice of the democratic therapeutic community (TC) as applied to the notion of long-term care (up to twelve months), to that of the democratic therapeutic milieu (TM) as applied to short-term care (up to one month).

Countertransference↗

Sexual contact between psychologists and their former therapy patients: psychoanalytic perspectives and professional implications.

Data was analyzed from the semi-structured interviews of 6 heterosexual male psychoanalytic psychotherapists who by self-report had not engaged in a post-termination sexual involvement. The focus of each interview was to elicit the participants' views about sexual contact between psychotherapists and their former therapy patients, as well as their related attitudes towards Standard 4.07 of the APA Ethics Code (1992). The results suggested great disparity of opinion regarding what might constitute acceptable, ethical behavior in this domain. Nonetheless, all the clinicians agreed that the potential for harm resulting from post-termination sexual involvements was great, They all shared the beliefs that transference did not resolve with termination, that professional responsibilities continued after treatment ended, and that power differentials between therapist and patient lingered, perhaps in perpetuity. However, it was determined to be premature to replace the current Standard 4.07 with an absolute prohibition against sexual involvements between therapists and their former patients.

Adult↗

Greed and the frightening rumble of psychic hunger.

Many patients are desperately struggling with feelings of envy and greed. For some, greed is experienced as a constant hunger, a feeling of being empty and alone. This type of patient can be aggressive or resentful in the way they feel and act. They are determined to take what they feel is rightly theirs. Other such patients are much more conflicted about their greedy phantasies and striving. This paper focuses on patients who are fearful and anxious about the greedy urges that shape their inner world. Case material is used for illustration.

Adult↗

Interacting with trauma: clinicians' responses to treating psychological aftereffects of political repression.

Therapists treating individuals who have been traumatized by violent political repression may undergo intense emotional responses, ranging from denial to overidentification. In discussing these reactions, establishment of a therapeutic alliance and awareness of the sociopolitical context of the trauma are highlighted as central elements in the treatment process.

Countertransference↗

Clinical dilemmas: therapists treating therapists.

Psychotherapists who treat therapist-patients confront a range of intense, often unexpected, countertransferential feelings that threaten to intrude on the course of treatment. The experience of the treating therapist is examined and discussed with particular attention to implications for clinical practice.

Countertransference↗

Hospital staff reactions to accounts by survivors of childhood abuse.

Staff reactions to hospitalized patients' accounts of their abuse were found to resemble some symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These reactions are described, their implications for a better understanding of the interpersonal effects of trauma are discussed, and interventions to maintain the effectiveness of the therapeutic milieu are suggested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Self-injury in trauma survivors: 2. levels of clinical response.

Responding effectively to trauma survivors who engage in self-injury can be challenging, even for experienced therapists. This paper outlines therapeutic goals and appropriate clinical responses, including remaining present at and open to communication about disclosures of self-injury, helping clients to intervene in their own process of self-injury, and working with clients to resolve underlying issues. Alternatives to self-injury are discussed and cautions are offered about common therapeutic responses likely to be particularly unhelpful.

Countertransference↗

[A psychodynamic approach in counselling vulnerable persons for Chorea Huntington -- a case report].

The availability of predictive testing for neurodegenerative diseases such as Chorea Huntington has far-reaching consequences on psychological, ethical, and legal issues. The special situation of persons vulnerable for the disease requires a comprehensive counselling including psychotherapeutic measures. On the basis of a case report, the authors outline a psychodynamic practice, which intends not only the identification of deliberate arguments and development of coping strategies, but also a clarification of unconscious backgrounds and expectations. In the discussion, the necessity of sufficient time is stressed that allows the reflection of repressed motives in respect of the genetic testing.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Taking care of the hateful patient.

"Hateful patients" are not those with whom the physician has an occasional personality clash. As defined here they are those whom most physicians dread. The insatiable dependence of "hateful patients" leads to behaviors that group them into four stereotypes: dependent clingers, entitled demanders, manipulative help-rejecters and self-destructive deniers. The physician' negative reactions constitute important clinical data that should facilitate better understanding and more appropriate psychological management for each. Clingers evoke aversion; their care requires limits on expectations for an intense doctor-patient relationship. Demanders evoke a wish to counterattack; such patients need to have their feelings of total entitlement rechanneled into a partnership that acknowledges their entitlement--not to unrealistic demands but to good medical care. Help-rejecters evoke depression; "sharing" their pessimism diminishes their notion that losing the symptom implies losing the doctor. Self-destructive deniers evoke feeling of malice; their management requires the physician to lower Faustian expectations of delivering perfect care.

Adult↗