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PubMed1978

[Use of the indirect hemagglutination test for the study of ornithosis. Report 2. Preparation and approbation of the dry ornithosis erythrocyte diagnostic agent].

An original preparation--dry ornithosis erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the indirect hemagglutination test was prepared on the basis of formalinized tannin-treated sheep red blood cells and group-specific phospholipid antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis. This diagnostic agent retained its specific activity for 18 months (observation period). The use of this preparation considerably facilitated the method of performance of this test, this offering a possibility of its wide application in practice. A sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity of the indirect hemagglutination test with the suggested diagnostic agent, in comparison with the complement fixation test was demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Diagnosis of California La Crosse virus infection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.

La Crosse virus cell culture-derived soluble antigen was used in a counterimmunoelectrophoresis procedure to assess the presence or absence of La Crosse antibodies in 79 paired acute- and convalescent-phase human sera. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis test appeared to measure the same antibody as the complement fixation test but was more sensitive and rapid.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1980

[Use of the growth inhibition test, the CFT, and the agar gel diffusion precipitation test to identify mycoplasmae isolated from monkeys].

The data are presented on comparative evaluation of the growth inhibition test (GIT), the diffuse precipitation test in agar gel (DPTAG) and the complement fixation test (CFT) in the identification of Mycoplasma isolated from monkeys. The results obtained in the study of 4 Mycoplasma strains from the internal organs of monkeys in the CFT and the DPTAG with hyperimmune rabbit sera provided by Microbiological Associates, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, allowed these Mycoplasma to be identified as M. laidlawii (l 6916, p 6240 and M 6802) and M. hominis (C 7034), which was confirmed by the study of the biological properties of these strains and in the GIT. The CFT and the DP-TAG, equally to the GIt and other serological tests, can be used for identification of newly isolated Mycoplasma strains.

Acholeplasma laidlawii↗
PubMed1977

Antigenic relationships among several simian varicella-like viruses and varicella-zoster virus.

Cross-neutralization and complement fixation tests demonstrated the immunological identity of the Delta herpesvirus, the 592S virus, the Liverpool vervet monkey virus, the herpesvirus of patas monkeys, and the Medical Lake macaque virus. These viruses were isolated from diverse outbreaks of varicella-like disease in simians and from various simian species. All of the simian viruses were shown to be related to human varicella-zoster (V-Z) virus, as evidenced by the fact that immunization of monkeys with each of the simian viruses elicited the production of both neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies to V-Z virus. However, cross-complement fixation tests indicated that the simian viruses are not so closely related to V-Z virus as they are to one another. Varicella or zoster infections in humans produced neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody responses to each of the simian viruses; the responses were more marked in zoster infections than in varicella infections but, in most patients, antibody levels produced to the simian viruses were much lower than those to the homologous V-Z virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Haemophilus parahaemolyticus serotypes. Serological response.

Serotypes 1,2,4 and 5 of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus were inoculated into, respectively, 4,4,2 and 5 pigs. Serum samples were tested for circulating antibodies by the modified complement fixation test (CF test). When individual serotypes were used as antigen, titers were found only to the serotype which had been used for inoculation. Using antigen in which the serotypes were pooled, antibodies were demonstrated in sera from all the pigs. The CF titers obtained with the pooled antigen were equivalent to those found with each serotype separately. When the CF test was used for serological examination of field sera there was full agreement between the results obtained with the pooled antigen and those obtained with serotype 2 antigen alone. No cross reactions were found with the pooled antigen in herds that were sero-positive to Haemophilus parasuis, strain 4800. The experiment has shown that there is no serological cross reaction between serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 5 when they are used as antigen in the CF test. Also, the results imply that with a pool of the different serotypes of Haemophilus paralyticus as antigen similar results may be obtained as with the single serotype 2 antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Automated complement fixation with low reagent consumption.

A microvolume automated (continuous-flow) system for the detection of complement-fixing antigen or antibody was evaluated. The model complement fixation test used was the detection of deoxyribonucleic acid antibody, and comparisons were made with a manual procedure. An "automatic two-dilution" feature of the apparatus was not used because of the clinical need for antibody titers. The system proved useful for the detection and estimation of anti-deoxyribonucleic acid antibody in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and, indeed, accomplished this with low reagent consumption, a useful feature not available in "older" continuous-flow complement fixation systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

METHODS OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF GONORRHOEA USED IN THE USSR.

In this review of gonorrhoea diagnostic methods in current use in the USSR, the author stresses first the value of the examination of smears for the detection of the typical forms of the gonococcus. Where atypical L-forms are present, as may occur after treatment with antibiotics or sulfanilamide, microscopy may be misleading and a combination of laboratory methods is called for, including the use of culture techniques. Transport media for the maintenance of material for culture have been little used in the USSR so far, but experiments with the Stuart medium and modifications of it have shown promise.Although the complement-fixation test has lately fallen rather into disuse for gonorrhoea diagnosis, the author considers the inherent value of this serological method to warrant its further use provided that new and improved antigens and techniques can be developed capable of yielding specific reactions with both typical and atypical forms of the gonococcus.

Complement Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1980

Autolymphocytotoxins in syphilis.

Nineteen of 23 serum samples from patients with secondary syphilis, six of 24 from patients with primary syphilis, and four of seven from patients with early latent syphilis had complement-dependent autolymphocytotoxic reactivity at 15 degrees C. After treatment, the reactivity was decreased. It was not directed only against autologous lymphocytes but also against allogeneic lymphocytes. Sephadex G-200 gel filtration showed that the lymphocytotoxins were present in the IgM-containing exclusion peak. Furthermore, serum samples that had high antibody titres in the Reiter protein complement-fixation test or Wassermann-Kolmer reaction also had a high frequency of cold-reacting autolymphocytotoxins. This indicates that the autolymphocytotoxic reactivity is related to the humoral response in syphilis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Early diagnosis of Q fever: detection of immunoglobulin M by radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay.

The use of a radioimmunoassay and an enzyme immunoassay for early diagnosis of Q fever is described, both of which are based on the IgM antibody-capture principle. A commercially available phase II antigen and a labeled, purified anti-Q-IgG of human origin were employed. With these tests Q fever antibodies were detected earlier in the course of infection than with the complement fixation test.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1988

Brucella abortus-specific immunoglobulin in isotypes in serum and vaginal mucus from cattle vaccinated with strain 19 and challenge exposed with virulent strain 2308.

The immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA) of the Brucella-specific antibody response of 69 crossbred beef heifers were studied after Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccination and strain 2308 challenge exposure. The immunoglobulin isotype responses in serum and vaginal mucus were measured by use of fluorescent immunoassay. Serum antibody responses were detected also by 3 standard serologic tests (complement fixation [CF], Rivanol precipitation, and the CARD test] and 2 primary bindings assays that detect IgG antibodies. One month after vaccination, mean antibody titers for all immunoglobulin isotypes were higher for vaccinated cattle (n = 46) than for nonvaccinated controls (n = 23). After vaccination, IgA antibody responses in vaccinated cattle were only 2-fold higher than those for controls, whereas IgG1, IgG2, and IgM antibody responses were 3- to 90-fold greater than those for controls. Measurement of IgA antibody responses classified 21 of 39 vaccinates as seropositive after vaccination, whereas the other isotypes classified 28 or 34 cattle as seropositive. Three months after challenge exposure, the mean antibody responses for each isotype were higher in cattle that aborted or were culture positive than in cattle that did not abort and were culture negative. Although IgG1, IgG2, and IgM antibody titers were each of benefit in identifying B abortus-infected cattle, it did not appear that the magnitude of the antibody responses provided sufficient discrimination between S19-vaccinated cattle and S2308 challenge-exposed cattle. Serum IgA antibody responses were 10-fold higher after challenge exposure than after vaccination and may be a response to mucosal infection with the virulent organism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in an institution for mentally retarded persons.

Sera from patients and employees of the Lynchburg Training School and Hospital were tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen by complement fixation test and antibody against Hepatitis B surface antigen by radioimmunoprecipitation test. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 20% of the Down's syndrome patients and 7 percent of the matched other retarded patients. Antibody against Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 40% of the Down's syndrome and 57% of the matched other retarded patients. Hepatitis B virus infection as measured by presence of either Hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody was similar in the Down's syndrome patients (59%) and the matched other retarded patients (63%). Male patients had a higher frequency of Hepatitis B surface antigen chronic carriers and a lower frequency of antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen than the female patients. No relationship between age at time of first institutionalization and prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection was demonstrated. However, it was observed that patients institutionalized at an earlier age were more likely to be housed in wards with a high frequency of Hepatitis B surface antigen. Increased length of institutionalization was associated with increased prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection. Antibody to Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 33% of the employees. Employees who worked on wards with a high frequency of Hepatitis B virus infection had a high frequency of Hepatitis B surface antibody (50%) whereas those working on wards with a low frequency of infection had a low frequency of Hepatitis B surface antibody (9%).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Serological and clinical investigations of human hydatid case in Libya.

Fifty surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease in Eastern Libya were investigated. Of these, 30 had cysts of the liver, five had extra-hepatic abdominal cysts and 15 had cysts in the chest, including the lungs. Ten cases of malignancy of the liver and five cases of malignancy of the lung were used as controls. Differential diagnosis of cancer was made by measuring the ESR and glycoprotein levels (elevated x 4 and x 3 respectively, in cancer cases). Serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were also significantly raised in malignancy, while the total protein levels and eosinophilia were the same in both diseases. The intradermal test was positive in 88%, the haemagglutination test in 86% and the complement fixation test in 70% of cases. In the post-operative follow-up, complement-fixing antibodies disappeared somewhat faster than did the haemagglutinins. The positive skin test cases, however, remained positive throughout the 12-month follow-up period.

Blood Sedimentation↗
PubMed1991

Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to the complement fixation antigen of Coccidioides immitis.

Detection of complement-fixing antibody to coccidioidin by using the complement fixation test or an immunodiffusion assay for complement-fixing antibody (IDCF) is widely viewed as the most useful immunodiagnostic test for coccidioidomycosis. In this investigation, we report the production of an immunoglobulin G subclass 1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the IDCF antigen for use as a biospecific ligand for purifying the IDCF antigen on solid-phase immunosorbents and for use as a reagent for screening genomic or cDNA expression libraries from Coccidioides immitis. BALB/c mice were immunized by intramuscular injections of coccidioidin in adjuvant, followed by an intrasplenic booster injection of coccidioidin in saline. The spleen cells were fused with SP2/0 Ag14 myeloma cells, and the fusion products were screened for IgG antibody to coccidiodin by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive hybridomas were cloned and evaluated for reactivity to the IDCF antigen by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis and by immunoblotting. An IgG1 Mab was produced that was specific for the IDCF antigen when evaluated by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis and immunoblotting. The epitope recognized by the MAb was heat labile (60 degrees C, 30 min) and susceptible to enzymatic digestion with pronase but was resistant to treatment with lipase, alpha-mannosidase, glucose oxidase, and endoglycosidase H. This heat-labile peptide epitope appears to be specific to C. immitis, as judged by the fact that the MAb was not reactive in immunoblots or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of histoplasmin or blastomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Persistence, serodiagnosis and effects on semen characteristics of artificial Brucella ovis infection in red deer stags.

AIMS: To investigate the persistence of infection and serum antibody titres after infection of red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags with Brucella ovis, and compare these with those of rams. To assess the effects of recent and chronic infection on semen characteristics of stags. METHODS: Fourteen stags and eight rams were artificially infected with B. ovis by intravenous inoculation. Semen and blood samples were collected at approximately monthly intervals for 649 days. Semen samples were subjected to bacterial culture, and sera were tested for B. ovis antibodies using a complement fixation test (CFT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the end of the study, animals were slaughtered and reproductive organs subjected to bacterial culture. During the first and second breeding seasons, three and five semen samples, respectively, were evaluated from each stag for sperm motility and morphology. RESULTS: Twelve of 14 (86%) stags and 6/8 (75%) rams developed a patent B. ovis infection and shed the organism in semen. All six infected rams continued to shed B. ovis in semen throughout the 649-day study period, and at slaughter B. ovis was isolated from the reproductive tract and urinary bladder. In contrast, 10/12 (83%) infected stags stopped shedding B. ovis in semen 103-342 days after inoculation, and the organism could not be isolated from their reproductive tracts at slaughter. The remaining two infected stags shed B. ovis in semen throughout the study period and the organism was isolated from their reproductive tracts at slaughter. All inoculated animals initially developed serum antibody titres detectable using the B. ovis CFT and ELISA. For infected stags, the diagnostic sensitivity of these tests was 100% for the first 166 days, but decreased to 50-90% after this. The diagnostic sensitivity for the infected rams was 100% throughout the study period. Infection in stags resulted in variable effects on semen characteristics. Eight of 12 (67%) infected stags had a mean sperm motility of < 50%, and < 60% mean normal sperm in the first year of infection. Seven of these stags had resolved the infection by the following breeding season, and there was a significant improvement in sperm motility and morphology. CONCLUSIONS: Stags are as susceptible as rams to experimental B. ovis infection. However, the majority of infected stags resolved the infection within a year, whereas rams remained infected for at least 649 days (22 months). Serology, using CFT and ELISA, was effective at detecting infection during the first 166 days in both species, but after this time was less effective at detecting infection in stags than in rams. Infection with B. ovis had variable but generally deleterious effects on the semen characteristics of stags, which resolved following resolution of the infection. Differences in the characteristics of the disease in stags compared with rams mean that different control methods are warranted for the two species. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Most stags infected with B. ovis are likely to resolve the infection within a year, and semen characteristics return to levels acceptable for breeding. Serology is useful for detection of infection in the early stages of the disease, but once disease has been present in the herd for some time false-negative reactions are likely to occur in individual stags.

Animals↗
PubMed1950

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following immunization with homologous brain extracts; studies on the role of a circulating antibody in the production of the condition in dogs.

1. A severe demyelinating condition characterized by ataxia and paralysis, in some instances leading to death, was produced in thirty-five of a total of fifty-five dogs following immunization with homologous brain tissue combined with Freund's adjuvants. In more than 30 per cent of instances paralysis did not occur until immunization was continued for 6 or more months. Only eight dogs became paralyzed after a single injection of antigen. The condition appeared between 6 and 15 days after the last injection in all animals, irrespective of the total number of injections or the duration of immunization. 2. An antibody which reacted in complement fixation tests with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of homologous brain tissue was demonstrable in the majority of immunized dogs, whether or not the animals became paralyzed. It appeared during or after the 3rd week of immunization, and its occurrence or titer could not be correlated with the incidence of the encephalomyelitis. In general, there were fewer dogs with demonstrable antibody in the paralyzed group than in the non-paralyzed group. 3. A flocculation reaction with alcohol extracts of homologous brain was demonstrated in the serum of immunized dogs. The antigen and antibody involved were apparently identical with those responsible for the complement fixation reactions. 4. The brain tissue component which reacted as antigen in the complement fixation test was present in adult brain from several mammalian species, and peripheral nerve. It was not present in the brain of newborn dogs nor in other unrelated organs. It was demonstrable in brain tissue which had been allowed to autolyze, or treated with 10 per cent formalin. It was not impaired by boiling, or by acid hydrolysis, and was contained in the unsaponifiable fraction of brain lipids. It was separable from cholesterol by digitonin precipitation of the latter. 5. Immunization of dogs with the unsaponifiable fraction of homologous brain, in adjuvants, caused the appearance of antibrain antibody similar to that in animals injected with whole brain. Encephalomyelitis was not observed during a 2 month period of immunization with this fraction. 6. In guinea pigs, an injection of the unsaponifiable fraction of brain, in adjuvants, was followed by fatal meningoencephalitis, but the identity of the state with that caused by whole brain antigens was not established.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Immunological relationship between delta herpesvirus of patas monkeys and varicells-zoster virus of humans.

The Delta herpesvirus (DHV) which produced outbreaks of exanthematous disease in patas monkeys was shown to have a close immunological relationship to varicella-zoster (V-Z) virus of man. Immunization of rhesus monkeys with DHV or V-Z virus resulted in the development of neutralizing antibodies to both viruses and also in the production of complement-fixing antibodies to V-Z virus. Immunoglobulin M neutralizing antibody to V-Z virus was demonstrated in the serum of a rhesus monkey immunized with DHV, suggesting a primary antibody response rather than recall of antibody to a related virus. Convalescent-phase sera from human zoster cases had comparable levels of neutralizing antibody for both DHV and V-Z virus. Patas monkeys involved in an outbreak of DHV infection showed seroconversion to both DHV and V-Z virus by neutralization tests and to V-Z virus by complement fixation tests. The demonstration of the close antigneic relationship between DHV and V-Z virus suggests that DHV may be useful in an animal model system for studies on the latency and reactivation of V-Z virus.

Animals↗