Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ARTIODACTYLA”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,495 records · Page 83Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Husbandry and diseases of captive wild swine and peccaries.

Wild swine and peccaries are popular exhibit animals throughout the world, but the anatomy and behaviour of these species make it difficult to construct housing and enclosures which are suitable from an aesthetic and sanitation standpoint. African wild suids may serve as reservoir hosts for African swine fever. Likewise, African suids are susceptible to most of the viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases of domestic swine. Wild swine and peccaries are not an important source of zoonotic diseases. Despite having similar anatomy, peccaries differ from wild European and African suids in their susceptibility to diseases (e.g. peccaries are not affected by African swine fever.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

EpiMAN-FMD: a decision support system for managing epidemics of vesicular disease.

A comprehensive epidemiological information system (EpiMAN-FMD) has been developed to assist national disease control authorities contain and eradicate outbreaks of animal diseases as efficiently and cost-effectively as possible. The system was initially developed to control an incursion of foot and mouth disease (FMD) or any clinically indistinguishable vesicular disease, although it has since been progressively expanded to manage other exotic and endemic diseases. Design objectives for the information management elements of EpiMAN-FMD included the following: the need to manage the vast quantities of data that eradication procedures for an FMD epidemic would generate within a very short time the ability to innovatively apply epidemiological understanding of disease spread to the data processing tasks the reduction of some of the foreseen processing bottlenecks the provision of decision support tools for data entry personnel. Design objectives for the veterinary management elements of the system included the following: the presentation of up-to-date status reports in formats that facilitate decision-making at the national or regional level the ability to optimise manpower resource allocation the capacity to evaluate the relative merits of alternative technical decisions, each of which carry different implicit risks. The system combines a multi-user database management system, expert system elements, various computer simulation models of specific aspects of FMD epidemiology and a range of statistical analyses designed to monitor the state of the epidemic. Although designed in New Zealand, EpiMAN-FMD has been constructed in a flexible style which makes adoption of the system possible in other countries with broadly similar 'stamping-out' contingency plans.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Hypertension and counter-hypertension mechanisms in giraffes.

The giraffe is unique as its head is 2500-3000 millimeters above its heart, thus the giraffe's heart must pump hard enough to overcome the huge hydrostatic pressure generated by the tall column of blood in its neck in order to provide its head with sufficient nutrients and oxygen. Giraffes therefore have exceptionally high blood pressure (hypertension) by human standards. Interestingly, the "unnaturally" high blood pressure in giraffes does not culminate in severe vascular lesions, nor does it lead to heart and kidney failure, whereas in humans, the same blood pressure is exceedingly dangerous and will cause severe vascular damage. Intrinsically, natural selection likely has provided an important protective mechanism, because hypertension develops as soon as the giraffe stands up and erects its neck immediately after birth. Therefore, those individual giraffes who did not tolerate the burden of hypertension presumably developed acute heart failure and renal failure, not surviving to reproductive age. The genes and genotypes of animals that did not survive are thus predicted to have been gradually eliminated from the gene pool by natural selection. By the same process, genes that protect against hypertensive damage would be preserved and inherited from generation to generation. Some unique ingredients of the giraffe's diet may also provide an extrinsic mechanism for the prevention of hypertension and the prevention of fatal end-stage organ damage. The fascinating nature of the protective mechanisms in giraffes may provide a conceptual framework for further experimental investigations into mechanisms as well as prevention and treatment of human hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed2001

A comparative analysis of the structure of the dentinoenamel junction in mammals.

Studies of the gross morphology and microstructure of teeth have provided a great deal of information about the function and evolution of mammals. Among the structural features studied, the dentinoenamel junction has received relatively little attention. In the present work, we used ground sections to perform a comparative analysis of the structure of the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) among diverse mammalian species. Among the species studied, only two (human and Miguelsoria parayirunhor) presented a scalloped DEJ. In the other 14 species analyzed, the DEJ surface was formed by tiny spikes and depressions, corresponding to the impression of enamel prisms. Our results show that the topography of the DEJ in the analyzed taxa apparently does not relate to dietary, functional or structural features.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Environmental stress and the physiology, performance and health of ruminants.

A satisfactory environment is one that satisfies the following four criteria: thermal comfort, physical comfort, disease control and behavioral satisfaction. Environmental stress, which may be direct or indirect, is anything that departs from these criteria. Analysis of environmental stress is best achieved by the statistical approach, obtaining correlations from large numbers of animals in natural environments with the experimental approach, and a proper analysis of these correlations into probable causative effects. The amount of scientific attention devoted to thermal stress in ruminants has been very large, yet its practical importance compared, e.g., with environmental stress and disease is relatively small. The most important environmental stresses today are those that have resulted from housing and other attempts to ameliorate the thermal environment. These include air pollution, physical injuries from building surfaces and the extremes of confinement. The contribution of environmental stresses to injury and to diseases such as mastitis and calf pneumonia are discussed and schemes are proposed for future experiments designed to analyze interactions between environment and disease. Examples are also given of approaches to the analysis of the stress of behavioral deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Ruminant cold stress: effect on production.

A review is presented of biological issues and practical consequences of the effects of cold stress on ruminant animals. When animals are subjected to extreme cold stress, substantial dietary energy may be diverted from productive functions to the generation of body heat. Failure to produce sufficient heat can result in death. More often, however, cold stress leads to the development of secondary changes and possibly disease. With prolonged exposure to even mildly cold conditions, physiological adaptation occurs in animals resulting in increases in thermal insulation, appetite and basal metabolic intensity, as well as alterations in digestive functions. Much of the reduced productivity, and in particular the reduced nutritional efficiency, observed in ruminant production systems during the colder part of the year, can be accounted for by these adaptive changes.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

Ionophores: their effect on production efficiency and mode of action.

Carboxylic polyether ionophores, when fed to growing ruminants improve efficiency of production. This review summarizes the observed effects of ionophores on the ruminal fermentation and the host animal. The effect of ionophores on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is described and this knowledge is then utilized to explain many of the observed ionophore effects on the rumen fermentations and host gastrointestinal physiology.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1988

Factors affecting survival in young alpacas (Lama pacos).

Factors affecting survival of young from birth to weaning (7 mo) in alpacas (Lama pacos) were evaluated in data collected at the Estacion Experimental de Camelidos Sudamericanos La Raya in the Altiplano region of Peru. Age of dam effects on survival rate were curvilinear; survival rate increased from approximately 78% for offspring of 3-yr-old dams to about 91% for those from 9- to 11-yr-old dams, then declined to about 85% for 15-yr-old dams. Weight of dam measured 2 mo prior to parturition was associated negatively with survival of the young (b = -.7%/kg). Alpaca born early in the season of birth had a higher survival rate than those born late; the regression of survival on birth date was -.2%/d. Survival rates were curvilinearly related with birth weight and were highest at weights of 9 to 11 kg (90%) and lowest at weights of 4 to 5 kg (20% to 40%). The estimated heritabilities of survival and birth weight were .10 +/- .17 and .34 +/- .23, weight was -.18 +/- .82; the corresponding environmental and phenotypic correlations were positive (.37 and .26, respectively).

Animals↗