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PubMed1995

Childhood onset of spinal cord injury: self-esteem and self-perception.

The effects of spinal cord injury in childhood upon later psychological adjustment were investigated by comparing a group of 86 people injured as children with a control group (matched for time since injury and level of injury) of people injured as adults. It was hypothesized that adolescence is a crucial period in psychological development and that the effect of spinal cord injury on body image, self-concept and social relationships during adolescence will have a long-term negative effect on psychological well-being. However, on overall measures of depression, self-esteem and self-perception, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between paraplegics and tetraplegics, between men women, or between those who were involved in a significant intimate relationship and those who were not. These findings support previous research which has suggested that organic variables, such as age at injury and level of injury, are not predictive of long-term psychological adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

A psychological analysis of menopausal hot flushes.

Hot flushes and night sweats are one of the main symptoms accompanying the menopause, and are a main reason for seeking medical help at this time. This study of 61 women (reporting hot flushes once a week or more) investigates dimensions of subjective reporting using open questions and rating scales. Two separate factors were delineated using a principal component factor analysis - frequency (of hot flushes and night sweats) and problem ratings (of distress, interference and perception of flushes as problematic) - which had high test-retest reliability. The frequency ratings correlated highly with prospective daily monitoring. Depressed mood, anxiety and low self-esteem, but not frequency, discriminated between those who regarded flushes as problematic and those who did not. It is suggested that these two subjective measures should be used in assessment and in evaluation of hormonal and psychological interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

Psychological distress after employment transitions: the role of subjective financial position as a mediator.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the extent to which the mental health effects of transitions into unemployment, or other forms of non-employment, and vice versa, are mediated by financial changes. METHODS: Longitudinal analysis of the British Household Panel Survey from 1991 to 2000. There were 89,264 person-years of observation from 14,686 individuals aged > or =16 years. Main outcome measure was psychological distress measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. RESULTS: Transitions to unemployment were associated with increased risk of psychological distress for men (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.15 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.50 to 3.98)) and for women (OR 2.60 (95% CI 1.97 to 3.43)). Women who left work to look after the family were also more likely to experience psychological distress (OR 1.72 (95% CI 1.45 to 2.05)). A reduced risk of psychological distress was seen for transitions from unemployment to paid employment for men (OR 0.52 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.68)) and for women (OR 0.68 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.40)). Financial difficulty partially mediated these relationships: men who became unemployed and were worse off financially were more likely to experience psychological distress (OR 4.19 (95% CI 3.20 to 5.50)) than men who were not (OR 1.48 (95% CI 0.95 to 2.33)). Conversely, the beneficial health effect for people who left unemployment and became employed was confined to those who were better off financially (OR 0.34 (0.25 to 0.48) for men). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in employment status have both direct and indirect effects, through changes in financial circumstances, on subsequent psychological distress. The results support the view that the direction of causation runs from employment transitions to financial difficulties and psychological distress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Coping with myocardial infarction: a cognitive-emotional perspective.

The present paper attempts to make a cognitive-emotional reconstruction of the old, as yet unresolved question as to what role anxiety and denial play as response to acute myocardial infarction (MI). Anxiety is understood as the turning of attention to features of threat, and denial as turning attention away from these features. Each direction is supported by mental argumentations, which is to say subjective theories. A number of relationships between emotional coping and somatic symptoms, such as angina pectoris or atypical chest pain, are treated at greater length. The main areas of perceived stress, lay concepts of etiology, and expectations regarding rehabilitation are explored, taking a cognitive-emotional perspective. The results are discussed in the light of the crucial issue of acceptance MI patients have of psychological treatment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

Quality of life in cardiovascular disease.

Psychosomatic understanding of the consequences of cardiovascular disorders has had relatively little influence on the separate literature describing quality of life and evaluating interventions. This is partly because psychosomatic research has been too narrowly focussed but mainly because concepts and measures of quality of life take a limited view of its psychological aspects and neglect the significance of individual meaning. There is a need for more research which is based on carefully selected specific measures of quality of life chosen as being of particular importance to patients and to the hypotheses being tested. It is also essential to be aware of the wide range of individual response to cardiovascular disorders. Review of syndromes shows that there is considerable scope to improve understanding of the psychological aspects of quality of life and to develop and evaluate psychological interventions.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Traumatic distress among support-seeking female victims of stalking.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the nature and prevalence of stalking behaviors, victims' coping responses, and the psychomedical impact of stalking on its victims. METHOD: Widely accepted self-report measures, including the 12-item General Health Questionnaire and the Impact of Event Scale, were used to assess characteristics of the stalking history and its outcome in terms of general psychomedical distress and posttraumatic stress in a community study group of 201 female stalking victims. RESULTS: The majority of the victims had undergone multiple forms of harassment, including threats of violence in 74% (N=148) and actual violence in 55% (N=111). More than half of the victims met the criterion for clinically significant pathology on the General Health QUESTIONNAIRE: Stalking often yielded substantial posttraumatic stress symptoms, commensurate with levels found in other studies of traumatized subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Support-seeking female stalking victims experience pervasive and persistent threat and intrusion; these experiences lead to high levels of psychological morbidity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Elderly hospice cancer patients' descriptions of their pain experiences.

A qualitative research design was used to identify and describe the pain experience of elderly hospice patients with cancer. Eleven participants over the age of 65 receiving hospice services from a for-profit hospice in east Texas were interviewed in their homes. On the basis of a constant-comparative method of analysis, participants identified: (a) multiple sites of pain; (b) hierarchy of pain; and (c) strategies used to decrease pain. Participants differentiated "physical" and "psychological" pain, based on the source of pain. Pain was described as a hierarchy of chronic, acute, and psychological pain, with psychological being the worst. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies were used to decrease their "physical" pain, but participants perceived that there was little they could do about their "psychological" pain.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Absolutist thinking and health.

Absolutist thinking has been identified in therapeutic studies as a style of thinking which is believed to promote emotional distress, particularly anger, when people are confronted by situations which do not conform to their demands concerning what ought to happen. It is not a discrete thought process, however, but a key aspect of a framework of beliefs and reactions which are thought to make people vulnerable to poor psychological and physical health when faced with personal, domestic or work problems. This thinking style was assessed in a study of the coping behaviour of headteachers to examine associations between absolutist thinking, coping behaviour and health. The headteachers were classified as absolutist (N = 49) or non-absolutist (N = 31) in the ways they handled two work problems, one with a 'successful' outcome, the other with an 'unsuccessful' outcome. In line with predictions, statistically significant differences were found between the two groups when using multivariate and univariate analyses. Absolutist headteachers experienced their job demands as less pleasant, and perceived themselves to be less effective at managing their emotions for both problems; they perceived themselves as producing less 'successful' outcomes for the successful problem, as handling this problem less effectively, and as having poorer psychological and physical health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗