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PubMed2000

Knowledge and attitudes toward AIDS among female college students in Nagasaki, Japan.

This study assesses knowledge and attitudes concerning HIV infection and individuals with AIDS among 383 female students attending colleges in Nagasaki, Japan. A structured questionnaire containing questions concerning knowledge about AIDS, sources of information, beliefs and attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS was administered during sessions set up for that purpose. The mean age of participants was 18.8 +/- 0.8 years (+/- SD). The main source of information for AIDS awareness as reported by the students was the mass media. Good knowledge about AIDS was positively associated with ease of acceptance of living in the same house with a person diagnosed with AIDS [odds ratio (OR): 1.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-3.38]. However, residing at home (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42-0.98) and involvement in nurse education programmes (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.37-0.95) showed a negative association. Students demonstrated a high level of knowledge concerning AIDS and HIV, but had considerable misconceptions and prejudices about people having HIV/AIDS. Our results suggest that a more appropriate education programme in colleges in Japan may be necessary to reduce the discrepancy between general knowledge and desirable attitude regarding HIV/AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Women's knowledge about breast cancer risk and their views of the purpose and implications of breast screening--a questionnaire survey.

OBJECTIVES: To assess women's knowledge and perception of breast screening, including its benefits and disadvantages, and explore whether demographic and other personal characteristics are associated with accurate knowledge. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey of a random sample of 1000 women aged between 49 and 64 years registered with GPs in Oxfordshire. RESULTS: Thirty-six per cent of women knew the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, and the interpretation of numeric risks varied among women. There was an association between inaccurate knowledge and lower formal education (P = 0.05). Forty-five per cent of women believed that screening prevents breast cancer. Women were of the opinion that screening helps early detection, could result in less invasive treatment and reassured them. Sixty-three per cent had no concerns about breast screening. The main causes of concern were that they would not be invited for further screening (exclusively women in their 60s), screening is not offered earlier or more frequently, painful mammography and effects of radiation. A minority of women were concerned that the pressure exerted on the breasts during mammography may itself trigger cancer by displacing and spreading cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Women's knowledge about breast screening was variable and sometimes incorrect, and those with less formal education were more likely to have inaccurate knowledge.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

First-year residents' caring, medical knowledge, and clinical judgment in relation to laboratory utilization.

PURPOSE: To investigate first-year residents' levels of caring (concern for others' well-being), medical knowledge, and clinical judgment in relation to their levels of laboratory utilization. METHOD: Self-report questionnaires about caring, knowledge, and judgment were given in 1986-87 to 36 first-year residents in a three-year internal medicine residency program of the McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University. Inpatient laboratory utilization data obtained from structured chart audits over a one-year period were used to construct comparable diagnosis- and severity-specific physician practice profiles, from which the residents received overall utilization scores for laboratory test charges. Statistical methods included Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The multiple regression analysis showed that medical knowledge was an independent predictor of increased laboratory utilization (standardized beta = .54, p < .04, partial R2 = .07); clinical judgment was an independent predictor of decreased utilization (standardized beta = -.53, p < .05, partial R2 = .06); and caring was unrelated to utilization (standardized beta = .15, ns, partial R2 = .01). CONCLUSION: The finding that clinical judgment was related to less laboratory utilization suggests that future research should investigate the decision-making concomitants of judgment to better understand its translation into resource utilization. It is possible that the relationship between medical knowledge and laboratory utilization is developmentally specific, and thus the knowledge of more experienced physicians, who would likely be more precise decision makers than first-year residents, may be related to decreased rather than increased utilization.

Chicago↗
PubMed1997

Knowledge about Alzheimer disease among primary care physicians, psychologists, nurses, and social workers.

Although much of the care of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and their families is carried out by health professionals who are not specialists in AD or geriatrics, little is known about how knowledgeable these health professionals are about AD. An AD knowledge test was constructed through careful instrument development procedures and then administered through a mail survey. Subjects were 693 individuals, including experts in AD care, generalist health care professionals (primary care physicians, psychologists, social workers, and nurses), nursing students, hospital staff nurses, and assorted health professionals. A 12-item scale with excellent psychometric properties was developed. Experts in AD care performed significantly better than generalist health care professionals on all items. All four groups of generalist health care professionals showed important deficits in fundamental knowledge about AD; for example, only 40% of generalists (vs. 97% of experts) knew that AD is the most common cause of severe memory loss in people over age 65. Results suggest that, although knowledge about assessment and management of AD has increased and has been widely disseminated, many health care professionals remain uninformed about AD. Suggestions for professional education and for use of the UAB AD Knowledge Test for Health Professionals are discussed.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An assessment of burn prevention knowledge in a high burn-risk environment: restaurants.

Our facility has seen an increase in the number of cases of children burned in restaurants. Fieldwork has revealed many unsafe serving practices in restaurants in our tristate area. The current research targets what appears to be an underexamined burn-risk environment, restaurants, to examine server knowledge about burn prevention and burn care with customers. Participants included 71 local restaurant servers and 53 servers from various restaurants who were recruited from undergraduate courses. All participants completed a brief demographic form as well as a Burn Knowledge Questionnaire. It was found that server knowledge was low (ie, less than 50% accuracy). Yet, most servers reported that they felt customer burn safety was important enough to change the way that they serve. Additionally, it was found that length of time employed as a server was a significant predictor of servers' burn knowledge (ie, more years serving associated with higher knowledge). Finally, individual items were examined to identify potential targets for developing prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' knowledge of heart failure education topics as reported in a small midwestern community hospital.

Recurrent heart failure (HF) is the most common cause for readmission of elderly patients with HF. Patient education is an essential component of care for these patients. Healthcare providers must have a sufficient knowledge base to facilitate this education. This study aims to describe nurses' knowledge of HF self-management education principles. Fifty-one nurses working in a small Midwestern community hospital completed a 20-item true or false written survey developed by Albert et al (Heart Lung. 2002;31:102-112) to assess their knowledge of 5 areas of HF self-management. The sample included 14 nurses working in an intensive care unit and 41 nurses working on a general medical unit, all routinely providing care to patients with HF. The mean (+/-SD) HF self-care knowledge score was 14.6 +/- 2 (range = 9-19). There was no statistical difference in mean score between intensive care unit (14.7 +/- 1.6) and floor (14.5 +/- 2.1) nurses. Correct responses to individual survey items ranged from 20% to 100%; 6 questions resulted in mean scores >90% correct, 9 questions had mean scores between 70% and 90% correct, and 5 questions had mean scores <70% correct. Most respondents (90%) answered 6 questions correctly, but on 9 questions, 70% and 90% answered correctly. On 5 questions, less than 70% answered them correctly. Two questions (need for daily weight monitoring when asymptomatic and the importance of notifying the doctor of new onset or worsening of fatigue) were answered correctly by all participants. Subject areas of frequently missed questions were the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, use of potassium-based salt substitutes, assessment of weight results, and physician notification of asymptomatic low blood pressure and momentary dizziness when rising. These results suggest that nurses working in a small community hospital may not be sufficiently knowledgeable in HF management principles. Additional emphasis on HF educational principles may improve the quality of patient education. One suggested intervention is to provide ongoing education for nurses regarding HF management.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Management forecast: optimizing the use of organizational and individual knowledge.

Knowledge management provides a means for sharing data, lessons learned, and accumulated knowledge throughout an organization or within an entire industry. Gone are the days of hoarding knowledge to ensure job security; today's workers and managers must work together to find new and innovative ways to use what they know and optimize how that knowledge is accessed. Knowledge management's new approach to shared intellectual resources has implications for workers and managers in all fields and promises to redraw the management landscape. But are healthcare organizations setting the stage for reengineering themselves all over again?

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1998

Cognitive knowledge decline after Advanced Trauma Life Support courses.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cognitive knowledge decline among graduates of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) program in Israel, to compare the rate of decline between surgeons and nonsurgeons, and to recommend appropriate timing for refresher courses. METHODS: A prospective study based on multiple-choice question test results of 220 ATLS course graduates was conducted 3 to 60 months after course completion. These results were then compared with the examination results immediately after the course. A statistical model based on survival analysis was used to evaluate the decline pattern and extent and to compare the study groups. RESULTS: A significant decline of cognitive knowledge over time among ATLS graduates was demonstrated. This decline was significantly greater in the nonsurgical group. A critical point of 20% cognitive knowledge loss among 50% of the examined physicians was observed around the 180th week after completion of the course. CONCLUSION: Physicians taking the ATLS course lose a significant part of their acquired cognitive knowledge after 3.5 years. Surgeons retain their cognitive knowledge for longer periods of time. Based on the study results, the optimal timing for a refresher course is between 3 and 4 years after the initial ATLS course.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Insurance knowledge and decision-making practices among Medicare beneficiaries and their caregivers.

BACKGROUND: The complexity of health plans and the Medicare program may require some beneficiaries to seek help when making health insurance decisions. However, there has been little research examining the Medicare-related knowledge and information gathering of beneficiaries who receive decision-making help and those who assist them. OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare the Medicare knowledge and information-gathering of beneficiaries who receive help with insurance decisions or their proxy respondents with beneficiaries who make their own decisions. RESEARCH DESIGN: Data were drawn from the 2000 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS), which includes a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized Medicare beneficiaries. SUBJECTS: We included a total of 11,978 beneficiaries and 1401 proxies who completed the MCBS. MEASURES: Measures were items and indices from the MCBS measuring the Medicare education campaign goals of access, awareness, and use of information sources, understanding of Medicare, and confidence in decision-making. RESULTS: Beneficiaries who receive help with health insurance decisions have lower knowledge of the Medicare program and are less likely to be aware of and use information sources than beneficiaries who make their own decisions. With few exceptions, proxy respondents had similar levels of access and knowledge as beneficiaries who make their own insurance decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Beneficiaries who receive help with their insurance decisions may be a particularly vulnerable population. They may have limited Medicare knowledge and not be aware of the resources that could help them.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Senior nursing students' knowledge of osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the terminal knowledge of senior nursing students regarding osteoporosis at the end of their baccalaureate program. DESIGN: Descriptive, using a convenience sample. SETTING: University on the West Coast of Florida. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-five senior nursing students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Identification of osteoporosis-related knowledge using the 22-item Osteoporosis Knowledge Questionnaire. RESULTS: Knowledge scores for the sample ranged from 6 to 20 (M = 14.62) out of a possible score of 22. CONCLUSIONS: Senior nursing students demonstrated limited knowledge related to the magnitude of osteoporosis, risk factors associated with the disease, detection, treatment and preventive measures. These findings should encourage educators to develop or enhance existing curricula to adequately prepare nurses to assume advocacy roles in both the practice settings and public policy arena regarding osteoporosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Female adolescents' knowledge of bone health promotion behaviors and osteoporosis risk factors.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore female adolescents' knowledge about osteoporosis risk factors and the role of dietary calcium and exercise in the prevention of osteoporosis. METHOD: A descriptive survey design was used in this research. SAMPLE: A convenience sample of 107 adolescent girls in grades 6-10 who attended a public school in southwestern Michigan participated in this study. RESULTS: Of 17 questions related to knowledge of osteoporosis risk factors, only 3 of the factors that are most well known to the public (being a woman, having low intake of dairy products, and a lack of adequate exercise) were correctly identified by a majority of the participants. Knowledge of dietary sources of calcium was primarily limited to dairy products. Participants knew that regular exercise was necessary to prevent osteoporosis, but few could identify the weight-bearing exercises most beneficial for promoting bone health. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the knowledge of these adolescents, who are in a crucial period of their lives for accruing bone mineral, had limited knowledge of the risk factors for osteoporosis, calcium-rich foods and dietary calcium requirements, and the type of exercise needed to maximize their bone mineral density. Nurses can work with children, adolescents, their families, and other professionals in interventions to prevent osteoporosis in later years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Level of AIDS and HIV knowledge and sexual practices among sexually transmitted disease patients in China.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about sex practices that increase the risk of contracting HIV infection or the level of HIV and AIDS knowledge among sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients in China. OBJECTIVE: To describe AIDS and HIV knowledge, sexual practices, and factors associated with never using condoms among patients at an STD clinic in Jinan, China. STUDY DESIGN: Clinic patients (n = 498) were randomly sampled to answer AIDS and HIV knowledge questions and to report sexual practices, including condom use. RESULTS: Patients had low levels of AIDS and HIV knowledge and engaged in high-risk sex behaviors. The majority of patients reported having had multiple sex partners. When having sex, few men and no women reported always using condoms. Gender, age, residence, AIDS and HIV knowledge, and having multiple sex partners were significantly associated with never using condoms. CONCLUSION: STD clinic patients report having engaged in high-risk sex behaviors. More research is needed to better understand the factors relevant to developing risk-reduction interventions for these patients in China.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation among medical students and physicians.

BACKGROUND: There is a discrepancy between demand and supply of donor organs for kidney transplantation. Health care providers can influence the willingness to donate or hold an organ donor card. It is unclear how educated current and future health care professionals are about organ donation and what constitutes their attitude toward this topic. METHODS: The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey among 1136 medical students and physicians to evaluate the knowledge about and attitude toward organ donation and transplantation at a large academic medical center in Germany. The authors used a 28-item questionnaire that included items on knowledge, attitude, and demographics. RESULTS: Only 8% of the respondents felt sufficiently prepared for approaching relatives of potential organ donors. Knowledge about and attitude toward organ donation were highly associated with increasing level of medical education. In multivariate analyses, knowledge (odds ratio [OR], 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.25), attitude (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04), and level of education (OR for preclinical students, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.20-0.76 compared with physicians) were significantly associated with the likelihood of holding an organ donor card, whereas age, gender, and personal experience with renal replacement therapy were not. CONCLUSIONS: Higher medical education is associated with greater knowledge about and a more positive attitude toward organ donation. Health care professionals with a higher education level are more likely to hold an organ donor card and also feel more comfortable in approaching relatives of potential organ donors. Educating health care professionals about the organ donation process appears to be an important factor in maximizing the benefits from the limited organ donor pool.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge of heart attack symptoms in older men and women at risk for acute myocardial infarction.

PURPOSE: Coronary heart disease is the number one cause of death for both men and women. While adults 65 years of age and older comprise the largest percentage of those who experience an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), investigators to date have failed to examine the knowledge of this population about AMI symptoms. The purpose of this study was to document knowledge about cardiovascular disease and AMI symptoms in older individuals with coronary heart disease to identify the characteristics associated with increased knowledge of cardiovascular disease. METHODS: A descriptive design was used with a convenience sample of (N = 115) older adults at risk for AMI. Data were collected during face-to-face interviews in the participants' homes and analyzed using frequencies, percentages, chi, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Men and women were not significantly different in their knowledge of AMI symptoms except for jaw pain. More than 95% of the both men and women knew typical symptoms of AMI, such as chest pain, pressure, shortness of breath, arm or shoulder pain, and sweating. Less than 75% of both men and women knew that symptoms such as neck pain, nausea or vomiting, back pain, heartburn, and jaw pain could be symptoms of AMI. Thirty-one percent did not know about reperfusion therapies in the treatment of AMI. Having a cardiologist involved in care was weakly predictive of less knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Education and counseling of older patients at high risk for heart disease is complex, but should emphasize atypical symptoms and treatment options.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Caring knowledge and informed moral passion.

This article is based on an invited challenge address at the 1989 National Doctoral Forum related to future directions for substantive knowledge development. The focus is on the inclusion of caring knowledge into nursing's metaparadigm. Art and metaphor are used to make a case for caring knowledge and caring ontology as a metaphorical landscape for diverse epistemological "set pieces," all converging on a Commons Room of caring knowledge within a broader human and natural landscape. Such a framework links ontology and epistemology as both substance and form, and allows matter and spirit to be of a piece, but distinguishable; human caring knowledge then becomes Annie Dillard's "Absolute base" and "Holy the Firm."

Altruism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A cluster analysis to investigating nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and skills regarding the clinical management system.

Nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and skills regarding the Clinical Management System are explored by identifying profiles of nurses working in Hong Kong. A total of 282 nurses from four hospitals completed a self-reported questionnaire during the period from December 2004 to May 2005. Two-step cluster analysis yielded two clusters. The first cluster (n = 159, 56.4%) was labeled "negative attitudes, less skillful, and average knowledge" group. The second cluster (n = 123, 43.6%) was labeled "positive attitudes, good knowledge, but less skillful." There was a positive correlation in cluster 1 for nurses' knowledge and attitudes (rs = 0.28) and in cluster 2 for nurses' skills and attitudes (rs = 0.25) toward computerization. The study showed that senior and more highly educated nurses generally held more positive attitudes to computerization, whereas the attitudes among younger and less well educated nurses generally were more negative. Such findings should be used to formulate strategies to encourage nurses to resolve actual problems following computer training and to increase the depth and breadth of nurses' computer knowledge and skills and improve their attitudes toward computerization.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed2003

Reports of head injury and symptom knowledge among college athletes: implications for assessment and educational intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of head injuries and related symptoms among college athletes and examine knowledge of head injury consequences and behavioral tendencies of athletes in the presence of symptoms. DESIGN: Retrospective survey. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 461 male and female athletes beginning competitive play at the University of Akron (Akron, OH) during the years 1995 to 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Responses to survey questions were analyzed to determine the frequency of concussions and injury-related symptoms (eg, dizziness, headache, nausea or vomiting) in addition to behavioral responses in the presence of certain symptoms (eg, playing with headache, failure to report symptoms while playing). Written responses to queries regarding symptom knowledge were analyzed for thematic content and were used to identify deficiencies in signs and symptoms of concussion. RESULTS: Nearly 32% of all athletes had experienced a blow to the head causing dizziness, with over 1/4 confirming various somatic symptoms following a blow to the head (eg, seeing stars, nausea or vomiting, head pain). Continuing to play despite symptom presence was noted (eg, dizziness, 28.2%; headache, 30.4%), with 19.5% reporting a concussion diagnosis. Knowledge of head injury consequences was found to be deficient, with 56% indicating no knowledge of the possible consequences following a head injury. Of those providing responses, the majority reflected awareness of cognitive (eg, memory problems) and physical (eg, brain damage) consequences. CONCLUSIONS: A sizable number of athletes may enter collegiate play with a previous concussion diagnosis, and many more are likely to have experienced symptoms suggestive of a mild head injury. Of considerable concern is the tendency to play while symptomatic (eg, headache, dizziness) and the failure to report symptoms while playing--especially among football players (25.2%). The apparent deficiency in athlete knowledge of head injury consequences raises concern regarding athlete recognition of potentially problematic symptoms and represents an important area for educational intervention.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2000

Association of pesticide safety knowledge with beliefs and intentions among farm pesticide applicators.

Although a number of health hazards associated with pesticide exposure have been well documented, relatively little is known about the knowledge and health beliefs that may influence pesticide handling. This study measured knowledge levels concerning pesticide safety and precautionary handling among applicators and examined relationships between knowledge scores and intentions to use handling precautions, perceptions of pesticide safety peer norms, and perceived self-efficacy to prevent personal exposure. Telephone interviews were conducted with a randomly selected sample of 164 dairy farmers who were pesticide applicators residing in Wisconsin (response rate = 77.4%). The percentage of correct responses to 18 knowledge items ranged from 100% to 45.7%. Knowledge levels were positively related to intentions, beliefs, and self-efficacy regarding use of personal protective gear but were not significantly related to risk perceptions and peer norms concerning pesticide safety.

Adult↗