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PubMed2006

Digital subtraction angiography and computer assisted image analysis for the evaluation of the antiangiogenetic effect of ionizing radiation on tumor angiogenesis.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and quantify the antiangiogenetic effect of ionizing radiation on tumor angiogenesis using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in conjunction with computer assisted image analysis (CAIA). METHODS: Walker 256 carcinosarcoma was inoculated in both glutei of 12 Wistar rats. When the tumors reached a diameter of 1.5 cm, local irradiation of the right gluteus was performed. The left gluteus of each animal served as a control. After 24 hours of irradiation, angiography was performed, and images where digitized and subsequently processed. The effect of irradiation was observed both in big and small vessels (smaller or greater than 200 microm). RESULTS: Irradiated areas of both small and big vessels showed a statistically significant reduction in both total vessel area and length. Small vessels showed a greater trend toward suppression by irradiation (not statistically significant). CONCLUSION: Irradiation had a deleterious effect in both macro- and micro-blood supply of a tumor. The use of CAIA enhanced the efficacy of DSA and enabled the in vivo identification of the effect of irradiation on various caliber vessels as well as the ratios of total length and total area of small and big vessels.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed2001

Hereditary benign telangiectasia: image analysis of hitherto unknown association with arteriovenous malformation.

We report 10 patients with hereditary benign telangiectasia (HBT), in whom the age ranged from 1 to 19 years (mean 7.5). The male/female ratio was 1 : 2.3 (3 : 7). Four patients (40%) had congenital lesions. Image analysis with Doppler echogram, angiography and thermography revealed an arterial component in the lesions, consistent with arteriovenous malformation (AVM). This is the first report of HBT in association with AVM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of residual cellularity and proliferation on preoperatively treated breast cancer: a comparison between image analysis and light microscopy analysis.

Histopathology has been suggested as a reliable method for tumour reduction evaluation of preoperatively treated breast cancer. Immunocytochemistry can be used to enhance the visibility of residual tumour cellularity and in the evaluation of its proliferative activity. We compared Image Analysis (IA) with Light Microscopy Analysis (LMA) on sections of breast carcinomas treated with preoperative chemo- or chemo/radiotherapy in the evaluation of the Neoplastic Cell Density (NCD) (69 cases) and the Proliferation Index (PI) (35 cases). NCD was expressed as the immunoreactive area to cytokeratin over the total original neoplastic area and PI was expressed as the number of immunostained tumoural nuclei with MIB 1 MoAb over the total of tumoural nuclei. The intraobserver agreement and that between IA and LMA for both indices were estimated by the common (kappa(w)) and the jackknife weighted kappa statistic (kappa(w)). The extent of agreement of each considered category was also assessed by means of the category-specific kappa statistics (kappa(cs)). The intraobserver agreement within LMA for NCD and PI and that between IA and LMA for PI were both satisfactory. Upon evaluation of the NCD, the agreement between IA and LMA showed unsatisfactory results, especially when the ratio between the residual tumour cells and the background was critical.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2006

A new technique for symmetry determination in tooth morphology using image analysis: application in the diagnosis of solitary maxillary median central incisor.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new technique for determining symmetry in tooth morphology and to evaluate this in the investigation of a patient with a solitary maxillary median central incisor (SMMCI) and a control group. DESIGN: A 9-year-old Caucasian female presented with SMMCI. Clinically the tooth appeared symmetrical. Morphology measurements of the maxillary central incisor were made using an image analysis system. Symmetry was determined by outlining the tooth from labial and axial views. These images were block filled, duplicated, flipped horizontally and then superimposed on the original image. The coincident area and perimeter of the two images from both views were measured. The method was repeated for the maxillary central incisors of 20 sets of control study models for young adult patients from which reference intervals for comparison with the SMMCI case were prepared. RESULTS: From the labial view, the area and perimeter of the two images of the SMMCI tooth were 98.85% and 98.97% coincident, respectively. From the axial view the area of the two images was 96.17% coincident, while the perimeter was 99.03% coincident. In all but one comparison for coincidence the SMMCI was above the upper limit of the reference range from the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This new technique is a valid method of assessing symmetry and is a useful clinical tool in cases of SMMCI.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Microstructure of acid-induced caseinate gels containing sucrose: quantification from confocal microscopy and image analysis.

We investigate the effect of sucrose on the microstructure of sodium caseinate gels induced by acidification. The average pore size and the fractal properties of two-dimensional slices of the gels are studied using confocal scanning laser microscopy and image analysis. The addition of sucrose promotes stronger and more fine-stranded gels while re-arrangements of the network tend to be prevented. Whereas the fractal dimension itself is not sensitive to changes in the gel microstructure upon addition of sucrose, the maximum cut-off distance, up to which fractal scaling behaviour applies, is substantially reduced, as is the average pore size. The overall microstructural changes seem to be consistent with previous rheological and light scattering studies of the same system.

Acids↗
PubMed1995

In vitro digital cell image analysis of morphonuclear modifications induced by natural DNA-interacting anticancer drugs in three neoplastic cell lines.

The effects of seven natural anticancer drugs acting through interaction with DNA were characterized at three levels: cell proliferation, cell cycle kinetics and chromatin texture. These drug-induced effects were monitored in vitro by means of the digital cell image analysis which provides 15 morphonuclear parameters. In terms of cell proliferation, results show that the drug-induced effects ranged from 10(-11)M to 10(-6)M. With respect to the cell cycle kinetics, the results show that the drugs induced an accumulation of the cells in the G2 phase. Concerning the chromatin levels, the results show that it is possible to classify the drugs according to their mechanism of action on the basis of the multivariate analysis of the 15 parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Image analysis to measure activity index of animals.

The objective of the study was to present a method to quantify the behavioural response of animals to their micro-environment by using a camera system and a digitiser board. An algorithm was developed for analysing images and calculating activity, occupied zone and boundary of the animals. The developed method was tested on 3 different applications and animals. In the first application, the behavioural responses of broiler chickens to their thermal environment was measured. In the second application behavioural responses of pigs to their thermal environment were measured. In the third application, the response of water fleas to a chromium pollution was measured using the developed technique. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that the developed image analysis technique can be employed to quantify the behavioural responses of the tested animals to their micro-environment, in an easy and accurate way.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1989

Type IV collagen immunostaining and computerized image analysis (SAMBA) in breast and endometrial disorders.

Type IV collagen immunostaining was performed on tissue sections from a large series of non-malignant and malignant disorders of the breast and endometrium. The results were analysed by means of a computerized system of image analysis referred to as SAMBA. It was shown that this system provided an accurate, reliable, reproducible, automated and multiparameteric analysis of collagen IV immunoprecipitates. It was concluded that this standardized method of analyses can be routinely used for the measurement of collagen IV, thus enabling correlations to be sought with histopathological and clinical data.

Basement Membrane↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computer-assisted image analysis techniques allow a characterization of the compartments within the basal ganglia. Focus on functional compartments produced by d-amphetamine activation of the c-fos gene and its relationship to the glucocorticoid receptor.

A new computer-assisted image analysis procedure was developed for the analysis of striatal compartments of the rats visualized in this case by means of c-fos immunocytochemistry after morphine and/or d-amphetamine treatments. In particular it has been shown that d-amphetamine can induce an activation of the c-fos early gene in various subregions of the neostriatum and that morphine treatment can antagonize this activation. A different pattern of morphine antagonistic action could be detected at the rostral versus the caudal striatal level. In fact, at the rostral level the morphine antagonistic action was very marked only in the dorsomedial striatum, while at the caudal level the morphine antagonistic action was marked in all subregions. The developed computer-assisted procedure can detect differences in the pattern of distribution of profiles present in a certain neuroanatomical area. Therefore, this procedure may represent a powerful tool to study integrative functional compartments in the neostriatum. In the present study high level integrative compartments appear to be created by D1/mu-opiate receptor interactions especially within the classical patch system.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Amiloride-insensitive cation conductance in Xenopus laevis olfactory neurons: a combined patch clamp and calcium imaging analysis.

We used digital calcium imaging with Fura-2 in conjunction with the tight-seal whole-cell patch clamp technique to describe a novel cation conductance in olfactory neurons of the clawed toad Xenopus laevis. Substitution of extracellular Ca2+ and Na+ was used as a tool to change [Ca2+]i. When [Ca2+]i was increased to about 450 nM, a conductance gcat activated that was permeable for cations. Upon gcat activation, an increase in [Ca2+]i occurred in the dendritic knob. Once activated, gcat showed no further dependence upon [Ca2+]i. Icat is shown to be different from the current activated by a mixture of the odorants citralva and amyl acetate. We conclude that there are two different cation conductances in the peripheral compartments of olfactory neurons in X. laevis.

Amiloride↗
PubMed2002

The course of the inferior alveolar nerve in craniofacial microsomia: virtual dissection using three-dimensional computed tomography image analysis.

Computer-assisted medical imaging was used to locate the mandibular foramen and the portion of the inferior alveolar nerve canal at the level of the angle of the mandible in 19 hemimandibles of patients with craniofacial microsomia. The distance from each of these two points to the borders of the mandible was measured. The ratios of these distances to the height, anteroposterior, and buccolingual extents of the mandibular ramus were calculated. These ratios were compared among affected hemimandibles (Pruzansky classification I, n = 4; and Pruzansky classification II, n = 10), unaffected hemimandibles (n = 9), and the hemimandibles of patients with nonsyndromic, sutural synostosis (n = 7). Comparison of mean distance ratios showed that the mandibular foramen was located significantly more proximally in the affected cohort than in either the unaffected or synostosis control groups. The mandibular foramen was also located significantly closer to the buccal cortex of the mandible in the affected cohort when compared with unaffected patients. The distance from the mandibular foramen to the anterior or posterior tables of the mandible divided by the total anteroposterior distance did not vary among the three groups studied. The distance ratios between the inferior alveolar nerve canal at the level of the angle of the mandible and the mandibular borders also did not vary significantly among the groups studied. An inferior alveolar nerve canal could not be identified in any patient with Pruzansky grade III mandibular deficiency. This quantitative, three-dimensional description of points along the proximal path of the inferior alveolar nerve canal in patients with craniofacial microsomia provides useful information to assist the surgeon during osteotomy planning and may help in avoiding injury to the nerve at the time of surgery.

Child↗
PubMed1998

A reappraisal of the use of infrared thermal image analysis in medicine.

Infrared thermal imaging of the skin has been used for several decades to monitor the temperature distribution of human skin. Abnormalities such as malignancies, inflammation, and infection cause localized increases in temperature which show as hot spots or as asymmetrical patterns in an infrared thermogram. Even though it is nonspecific, infrared thermology is a powerful detector of problems that affect a patient's physiology. While the use of infrared imaging is increasing in many industrial and security applications, it has declined in medicine probably because of the continued reliance on first generation cameras. The transfer of military technology for medical use has prompted this reappraisal of infrared thermology in medicine. Digital infrared cameras have much improved spatial and thermal resolutions, and libraries of image processing routines are available to analyze images captured both statically and dynamically. If thermographs are captured under controlled conditions, they may be interpreted readily to diagnose certain conditions and to monitor the reaction of a patient's physiology to thermal and other stresses. Some of the major areas where infrared thermography is being used successfully are neurology, vascular disorders, rheumatic diseases, tissue viability, oncology (especially breast cancer), dermatological disorders, neonatal, ophthalmology, and surgery.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Image analysis of Scheimpflug negatives. Comparative quantitative assessment of the film blackening by area planimetry and height measurements of linear densitograms.

Evaluation of various long-term studies on changes of different lens opacities, as had been rendered possible by microdensitometric image analysis of the film blackening of Scheimpflug photographs, showed that only in a few special cases an extension of the opacification to adjacent lens layers is to be expected within the observation period of 2-3 years. This means that one of the reasons for evaluating the densitometer curve by area planimetry is no longer valid and may be neglected. A further advantage of the measurement of film blackening by height evaluation (height of densitometer deflection above baseline, i.e., noise level) is the fact that it is highly independent of subjective factors and, therefore, ensures a far better reproducibility with respect to data acquisition. The results of both evaluation procedures, obtained by evaluating the identical film material (2 photoexaminations) of 14 volunteers, are presented, and the advantage of height measurement as opposed to planimetry is demonstrated.

Cataract↗
PubMed2000

MR image analysis in multiple sclerosis.

MR imaging is the ubiquitous imaging modality used for studying multiple sclerosis (MS). A variety of MR imaging protocols, including T2, spin density, T1-weighted, with and without gadolinium, and magnetization transfer imaging, have been used in studying MS. This article provides an overview of the techniques recently developed for quantifying the extent of MS through the application of MR imaging.

Brain↗
PubMed1996

A model to assess the efficacy of moisturizers--the quantification of soap-induced xerosis by image analysis of adhesive-coated discs (D-Squames).

Clinical grading of dry skin syndromes (xerosis) is beset by many variables which limit its reliability. Removing scales onto adhesive coated discs (D-Squames) has provided a means for objective measurement of xerotic states. Using image analysis we have modified the basic procedure to assure greater accuracy and reproducibility. The distribution of grey values on the discs was determined, from which a single value of the degree of scaling was calculated. We term this the scaling index. To induce xerosis, the lower legs of 22 women, aged 26-64, were washed daily for 10 days with soap. After washing, one side received a moisturizing lotion, the other served as an untreated control. At specified intervals, scaling was graded clinically, electrical conductance was measured and D-Squames were obtained. On the moisturizer-treated legs there was a significant decrease in dryness grades and scaling indices at all time points. Conductance was significantly increased on days 8 and 11. The untreated washed legs showed no changes in clinical grades, although conductance significantly decreased and the scaling indices increased in the last stage of the study. D-Squame analysis unequivocally revealed the beneficial effect of a moisturizer on soap-induced xerosis and the expected increase in scaliness without treatment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved assessment of isolated islet tissue volume using digital image analysis.

Accurate and consistent measurement of tissue volume is critical to performing many types of islet research; however, conventional visual determination of isolated islet yields through a microscope is heavily operator dependent. An improved method of islet volume determination using digital image analysis (DIA) was developed to remove operator bias and automate the islet counting process. A series of 140 porcine islet isolations were used to evaluate the DIA method in three separate stages. In Stage 1 (n = 29 isolations), the conventional and DIA methods were correlated with two other independent islet quantitation methods: insulin extraction, and DNA extraction. It was found that volumes determined by DIA correlated more closely with insulin content and DNA content than did conventionally determined volumes. In Stages 2 and 3 (n = 54 and 57 isolations, respectively), it was shown that an increase in the number of fields analyzed by DIA did not significantly improve the quality of the correlations. Inclusion of very small tissue (<50 microm in diameter), which is ignored in the conventional protocol affected yields by less than 10% and did not significantly improve the correlation with insulin or DNA content. Quantitation of isolated islet tissue volume using DIA has been shown to be rapid, consistent, and objective. In the laboratory, use of this method as the standard for islet volume measurement will allow more meaningful comparison of experimental results between centers. In the clinic, its use will allow more accurate dosing of transplanted tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The abnormalities of nailfold capillaries in scleroderma as assessed by video image analysis and photomicroscopy.

Scleroderma is a systemic connective tissue disease in which the diagnosis in supported by morphological changes in nailfold capillary size and density. These changes are open to observer bias. In this paper we describe 2 objective methods that allow quantitative definition of capillary changes, video image analysis (VIA) and photomicroscopy. VIA was used to assess 15 healthy control subjects and 22 patients with scleroderma. Scleroderma patients had a significantly larger capillary diameter (43 microns versus 20 microns, p = 0.0001) and capillary density was reduced by a mean factor of 0.5. Image stored on computer will facilitate serial assessments of nailfold capillary changes and possibly provide information on disease progression.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Intratumor variation in cell proliferation in breast carcinoma as determined by antiproliferating cell nuclear antigen monoclonal antibody and automated image analysis.

Immunohistochemical detection of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) represents a potentially useful tool for the study of tumor proliferative activity. To study the intratumor heterogeneity of tumor growth, 88 breast carcinomas were immunostained with the anti-PCNA antibody 19F4 and analyzed with the CAS 200 image analysis system (Cell Analysis System, Inc., Lombard, IL). For each sample, 12 fields from both the central and the peripheral areas of the tumor were measured. The proportion of PCNA-positive nuclear area in the whole tumor (PCNAt score) varied from 0.7% to 45.2% (median, 14.4%). There was considerable intratumor heterogeneity in the staining for PCNA. In 79% of the specimens, the PCNA score was higher in peripheral areas than in the center of the tumor, the average difference being +3.4% (range, -9.2- +15.1%; P < 0.0001, Student's t-test). The S-phase fraction, determined by DNA flow cytometry of the same tumors, varied from 2.0% to 32.6% (median, 10.0%). The PCNA score showed a significant correlation with the S-phase fraction (r = 0.469, P < 0.001). Most divergent results were those with high PCNA scores and low S-phase fraction; possible explanations for this are discussed. The PCNA score also was related to the histologic grade of the tumors (P = 0.03, analysis of variance). In conclusion, proliferation indices obtained from different areas of a tumor can differ significantly because of intratumor heterogeneity in growth fractions. The PCNA immunostaining correlates with well-known prognostic factors (S-phase fraction and histologic tumor grade) in breast carcinoma.

Adult↗