Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Water Intoxication”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,477 records · Page 82Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Toxic effects of various water pollutants on structural and functional parameters of hepatocytes].

A prolonged intragastral intoxication of male and female rats by low doses of fluorine, zinc, chromium, arsenite, and combination of these compounds lead to developing cytolysis and hepatic-cellular insufficiency. These changes are more pronounced in female rats especially if chromium, arsenite and a combination of toxicants were used. They lead to developing hyper lipid peroxidation in male rats the most expressed by intoxication with arsenite and combined effect. Unlike to male rats LPO intensity in female rats was more pronounced and fixed by effect of all preparations. SOD activation was revealed to be in male rats by effect of chromium and especially zinc, in female rats by effect of fluorine and zinc. A distinctive inhibition of SOD activity determined to be by using arsenite and combination of toxicants. Activation of catalase especially in male rats was also revealed. Activation of membrane-destructive processes in the liver of experimental animals results in reducing pharmaco-metabolizing function of this organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of alcohol dependence on shock-induced fighting: action of muscimol and homotaurine.

We have applied the electroshock-induced fighting behavior to the study of experimental alcohol dependence. Adult Wistar rats were intoxicated chronically with ethanol (10 g/kg/24 h) for 13 days. Electroshock-induced fighting behavior was studied during chronic intoxication and withdrawal in comparison with normal rats receiving a water-carbohydrate solution isocaloric to ethanol. Rats were divided into groups receiving respectively muscimol (0.25 mg/kg), a GABAA agonist; homotaurine (140 mg/kg) a GABA mimetic; and physiological saline (10 ml/kg), intraperitoneally. During chronic intoxication, rats showed an increase in defensive-fighting behavior. Withdrawal accentuated the aggressive behavior and muscimol and homotaurine inhibited it. These results confirm the relevance of the electroshock-induced defensive fighting behavior test in chronic intoxication with alcohol, but to show the involvement of GABAergic transmission in the behavioral effects of alcohol withdrawal, additional experiments with other GABA mimetics and with GABA antagonists should be considered.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

Subacute fatal aluminum poisoning in dialyzed patients: post-mortem toxicological findings.

The population of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles (133,000) shows a very high prevalence of end-stage renal disease (approximately 1 per 1,000). These patients are often treated chronically with haemodialysis. As the drinking water on the island is prepared by distillation of sea water, the haemodialysis fluid used to be prepared with tap water without further treatment. In 1996, the 27 patients of one of the dialysis centers on the island presented with nausea, vomiting, and hypercalcaemia in a short time span, which was initially diagnosed as 'hard water syndrome'. In spite of treatment with low-calcium dialysate, microcytic anaemia and neurological symptoms developed. Ten patients died of convulsions, sepsis, and coma. As aluminum (Al) intoxication was suspected, Al in serum (AlS) was measured. Ante mortem AlS was 808 microg/l (n = 7; range 359-1189); in the survivors AlS was 255 microg/l (n = 17; range 113-490). Normal AlS is < 10 microg/l, and <50 microg/l in asymptomatic dialyzed patients. The court requested post-mortem toxicological analysis of four patients. Al concentrations in liver, bone, and cerebral cortex were significantly increased as compared with background levels. Al intoxication was, therefore, considered to be the most likely cause of death in these patients. Investigations of the tap water supply revealed that a few weeks before the onset of the symptoms, a water conduit pipe to the dialysis unit had been replaced, which was lined with Al- and Ca-rich cement mortar. These ions leached into the distilled water and caused both Ca- and Al-intoxication through uptake from the dialysate into the patients' circulation. The symptoms of the latter were initially not recognized as they were masked by the symptoms of hypercalcaemia.

Aluminum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol sales to pseudo-intoxicated bar patrons.

OBJECTIVES: Many establishments serve alcoholic beverages to obviously intoxicated patrons despite laws against such sales. To guide the development of interventions to reduce these illegal alcohol sales, this study used actors feigning intoxication to determine whether servers recognized obvious signs of intoxication and to assess the tactics servers used when dealing with intoxicated patrons. METHODS: Male actors ages 30 to 50 acted out signs of obvious intoxication as they attempted to purchase alcoholic beverages. If served during the first attempt, these pseudo-intoxicated buyers made second purchase attempts during the same visit. Observers accompanied the actors; after each visit, actors and observers recorded the servers' behavior and comments. RESULTS: Alcoholic beverages were served to actors portraying intoxicated patrons at 68% of first purchase attempts and 53% of second purchase attempts (62% of a total of 106 purchase attempts). The most common refusal technique was a direct refusal (68% of refusals), made with either no excuse or with reference to the actors' apparent intoxication level. Servers' second most commonly used refusal technique was offering alcohol-free beverages, such as coffee or water (18% of refusals). CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to determine why servers who recognize intoxication serve alcoholic beverages and what training, outlet policies, and external pressures are needed to reduce illegal alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The lack of a specific association between arsenic in drinking water and hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Liver cancers, particularly angiosarcomas, among patients with arsenic intoxication have been reported for more than half a century. Studies on cancers of urinary system and skin showed the carcinogenic effect of arsenic was cell-type specific. To evaluate whether this is also true for liver cancers, a study was conducted in 243 townships in Taiwan. METHODS: Cases of liver cancer were identified through the National Cancer Registry Program. The distribution of major cell-types was compared between an endemic area of arsenic intoxication, including 5 of the 243 townships, and the rest of the townships. RESULTS: A total of 40,832 patients with liver cancer, including 32,034 men and 8798 women, were diagnosed between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1999 in the study townships. Distributions of the two major cell-types, hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, did not appear to be different between the arsenic intoxication endemic area and the other areas. The rest of the cell-types did not have enough cases to provide stable estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Convincing evidence in the literature has suggested a specific association between angiosarcoma of liver and arsenic ingestion, but the current study did not find such an association for hepatocellular carcinoma, although it is the major cell-type.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Metabolic factors and preference for ethanol.

Alcohol intoxication diminishes the metabolic differences between ethanol- and water-preferring rats in the levels of free amino acids (liver, brain, blood plasma), lipid fractions (liver), the activities of glucokinase (liver), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (brain), and the content of glucose-6-phosphate and prostaglandins (liver). The action of alcohol is discussed as that directed to the partial elimination of biochemical individuality, thus simplifying the regulation of metabolism in the living system. In this connection preferential ethanol consumption may be regarded as a biological mode of self-correction.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1994

Parental history of alcohol abuse and the effects of alcohol and expectations of intoxication on social stress.

Male and female social drinkers, half of whom had a biological father who abused alcohol, were exposed to a social stressor (anticipation and delivery of a public speech) after consuming either a moderate dose of alcohol or tonic water. Half of each group were led to believe that they had consumed alcohol, the other half tonic water, yielding a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Intoxication, but not beliefs about having consumed alcohol, significantly reduced subjective anxiety and negative self-evaluation in response to the stressor in both men and women. Parental history of alcohol abuse differentially affected alcohol's influence on mood, but not measures of subjective intoxication, subjective physiological responses to alcohol, beliefs about alcohol's effects on behavior, or reactivity to the stressor.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in patients with skeletal fluorosis and in fluoride-intoxicated rabbits.

Fluorosis is a serious public health problem in many parts of the world where drinking water contains more than 1 ppm of fluoride. The main manifestations of skeletal fluorosis are crippling bone deformities, spinal compressions, and restricted movements of joints. Although fluorosis is irreversible, it could be prevented by appropriate and timely intervention through understanding the process at biochemical and molecular levels. As in the case of many chronic degenerative diseases, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation has been considered to play an important role, even in the pathogenesis of chronic fluoride toxicity. However, there is inconclusive proof for an altered oxidative stress and antioxidant balance in fluorosis, and the existing data are not only conflicting but also contradictory. In the present communication we have evaluated the antioxidant defense system (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) and lipid peroxidation in both humans from an endemic fluorosis area (5 ppm fluoride in the drinking water) and in rabbits receiving water with 150 ppm of fluoride for six months. There was no significant difference in lipid peroxidation, glutathione, and vitamin C in the blood of human fluorotic patients and fluoride-intoxicated rabbits as compared to respective controls. Neither were there any changes in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, or glutathione S-transferase in the blood due to fluoride intoxication (of rabbits) or fluorosis in humans. The results together do not subscribe to oxidative stress theory in fluorosis. Thus, in the absence of clear proof of oxidative damage and to counter toxic effects of fluoride through supplementation of antioxidants, extensive investigations are needed to conclusively prove the role of oxidative stress in skeletal fluorosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Water relations of altered body functions.

Body fluids are relatively dilute aqueous solutions, so despite their complex and variable chemical constitution, the properties of water contribute materially to their physical behavior. Since there is probably no water-potential gradient anywhere in the body, those fluids are in dynamic osmotic equilibrium with each other and, because water resembles a highly mobile random network of severely distorted hydrogen bonds, a dynamic water continuum pervades the body-fluid compartments. This random network is subject to interference in a variety of ways, but its likely response is remarkably consistent with corresponding changes in major body functions. The state of body water may therefore be a more sensitive index of abnormality than hitherto supposed.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2004

Arsenic level in drinking water and mortality of lung cancer (Taiwan).

OBJECTIVE: Lung cancers have been observed among patients of arsenic intoxication since the 1950s, but data on the dose-response relationship were limited. In order to obtain such data, a study was conducted in ten townships in Taiwan. METHODS: Measurements of arsenic levels in drinking water were available for 138 villages from a census survey conducted by the government. Certificates of deaths that occurred in the villages between January 1, 1971 and December 31, 1990 were reviewed, and 673 male and 405 female mortality cases of lung cancer were identified. Multi-variate regression models were applied to assess associations between arsenic levels in drinking water and mortality of lung cancer using village as the unit. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, arsenic levels above 0.64 mg/l were associated with a significant increase in the mortality of lung cancer in both genders, but no significant effect was observed at lower levels. Post-hoc analyses confirmed such a dose-response relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a prominent carcinogenic effect of high arsenic levels in drinking water on the lung and suggest the new 'maximum contaminant level' of 10 micro g/l published by the US Environmental Protection Agency provides sufficient protection against lung cancer. Nonetheless, further studies with exposure data on individuals are warranted to confirm these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Study of contents of nitrates, fluorides, aluminium in dialysis water in Tunisia].

Nitrates, fluorides and aluminum have often been incriminated in cases of poisoning sometimes life threatening such as methaemoglobinaemia, dental and skeletal fluorosis, and myoclonal encephalopathy in patients undergoing haemodialysis. The three elements mentioned have something in common: their water origin (drinking water and dialysis water). To study the situation in Tunisia in this respect we propose to determinate the contents of nitrates, fluorides, and aluminum in drinking water and dialysis water supplied by the water board (SONEDE). 540 samples of drinking water and dialysis water were taken from 95 centers of haemodialysis scattered all over the country, between January 2000 and December 2001. These samples are divided in three parts (drinking water, soften water, and dialysis water ). Results show levels of fluorides < 1.5 ppm in most areas with the exception of zones rich in phosphate where the mean level is 1.61 +/- 1.22. the levels of nitrates are in most regions < 50mg/l and those of aluminum < 100microg/l. The levels of fluorides, nitrates and aluminum in dialysis water were within acceptable national and international limits excepting a few centers where the levels of the these contaminants are high, exposing patients on haemodialysis to acute and chronic intoxication. This contamination is caused in majority of cases by a dysfunction of water dialysis treatment chain, therefore caution is necessary and strict measures of control should be introduced.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1982

Orally delivered pentobarbital as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys with concurrent access to water: effects of concentration, fixed-ratio size, and liquid positions.

The number of liquid deliveries and pattern of concurrent pentobarbital and water drinking were studied in three food deprived rhesus monkeys during daily 3-hr sessions. During the daily sessions, deliveries of approximately 0.6 ml of each liquid occurred under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of lip contact responses. Between sessions water was freely available. Session drinking was studied as a function of pentobarbital concentration (1.0, 1.41, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/ml) and FR size (4, 8, 16 and 32 lip contacts per delivery). The number of drug deliveries decreased with increases in drug concentration. Drug intake ranged from 21 to 52 mg/kg of body wt./3-hr session. At all concentrations and FR values tested, the number of pentobarbital deliveries substantially exceeded the number of water deliveries. The positive reinforcing effect of the pentobarbital was indicated by a consistent choice of drug over water irrespective of the side position of pentobarbital and by higher rates of drug responding. Pentobarbital drinking occurred in a negatively accelerated pattern whereas water drinking did not have any consistent pattern. Marked intoxication followed bouts of drug drinking.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor protects control rats but not ethanol-fed rats from fatal pneumococcal pneumonia.

A model of chronic ethanol ingestion was used to study the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia in intoxicated rats. G-CSF or 5% dextrose in water (D5W) was administered subcutaneously to ethanol-fed and pair-fed control rats on days 6 and 7 of pair feeding. Rats were infected transtracheally with type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae on day 8. In pair-fed control rats, G-CSF significantly increased the total number and percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in the peripheral blood (P < .001), augmented PMNL recruitment to infected lungs (P < .01), and significantly increased survival from pneumococcal pneumonia (P = .01). In contrast, treatment of ethanol-fed rats with G-CSF did not enhance pulmonary PMNL delivery and did not increase survival following experimental pneumococcal pneumonia, despite a significant increase in the total number and percentage of circulating PMNL (P < .001). These data suggest that despite increasing the numbers of circulating PMNL, G-CSF is unable to provide protection against fatal pneumococcal pneumonia in ethanol-fed rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dantrolene--a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments.

Human malignant hyperthermia is a life-threatening genetic sensitivity of skeletal muscles to volatile anaesthetics and depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs occurring during or after anaesthesia. The skeletal muscle relaxant dantrolene is the only currently available drug for specific and effective therapy of this syndrome in man. After its introduction, the mortality of malignant hyperthermia decreased from 80% in the 1960s to < 10% today. It was soon discovered that dantrolene depresses the intrinsic mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. However, its precise mechanism of action and its molecular targets are still incompletely known. Recent studies have identified the ryanodine receptor as a dantrolene-binding site. A direct or indirect inhibition of the ryanodine receptor, the major calcium release channel of the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, is thought to be fundamental in the molecular action of dantrolene in decreasing intracellular calcium concentration. Dantrolene is not only used for the treatment of malignant hyperthermia, but also in the management of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, spasticity and Ecstasy intoxication. The main disadvantage of dantrolene is its poor water solubility, and hence difficulties are experienced in rapidly preparing intravenous solutions in emergency situations. Due to economic considerations, no other similar drugs have been introduced into routine clinical practice.

Dantrolene↗
PubMed2006

Effect of resveratrol on alcohol-induced mortality and liver lesions in mice.

BACKGROUND: Resveratrol is a polyphenol with important antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. We investigated the effect of resveratrol on alcohol-induced mortality and liver lesions in mice. METHODS: Mice were randomly distributed into four groups (control, resveratrol-treated control, alcohol and resveratrol-treated alcohol). Chronic alcohol intoxication was induced by progressively administering alcohol in drinking water up to 40% v/v. The mice administered resveratrol received 10 mg/ml in drinking water. The animals had free access to standard diet. Blood levels were determined for transaminases, IL-1 and TNF-alpha. A histological evaluation was made of liver damage, and survival among the animals was recorded. RESULTS: Transaminase concentration was significantly higher in the alcohol group than in the rest of the groups (p < 0.05). IL-1 levels were significantly reduced in the alcohol plus resveratrol group compared with the alcohol group (p < 0.05). TNF-alpha was not detected in any group. Histologically, the liver lesions were more severe in the alcohol group, though no significant differences between groups were observed. Mortality in the alcohol group was 78% in the seventh week, versus 22% in the alcohol plus resveratrol group (p < 0.001). All mice in the alcohol group died before the ninth week. CONCLUSION: The results obtained suggest that resveratrol reduces mortality and liver damage in mice.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1999

[Influence of pesticide residues on human health].

Pesticides are widely used to control any pest, including vectors of diseases, unwanted species of plants or animals. They are ubiquitous contaninants of our environment and have been found in water, vegetables, human and animal tissues. Acute or chronic intoxications are well documented. Some pesticides seem to have additive or synergistic effects of oestrogenic compounds, influencing the endocrine functions in several animal species. Moreover, pesticides can induce mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and immunotoxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[The evaluation of hazardous cinder wastes in Ulan Ude thermal power stations].

Considering possibility of waste materials use in building materials production, the authors evaluated toxicity of ash and clinker waste of electric power stations in Ulan-Ude city. The ash dust and its tincture in water, when injected even in maximal amounts, induced no intoxication symptoms and death in experimental animals, therefore bear no toxicity. Using toxicity indexes to compare ash and clinker waste dust with nontoxic dust proved the studied waste to be nontoxic and acceptable for use in building industry.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Poisoning in swine].

For clinical interests it is advisable to subdivide cases of swine poisoning in such as caused by food, drugs and environmental poisonings. This division gives pointers to aetiologic connections and special measures necessary for the clearing of the processes. With food poisoning mycotoxicoses play an evermore important role, whereas poisonings by trace elements are on the decrease. Sodium chloride poisoning often results primarily from insufficient water supply. With environmental poisonings carbon monoxide and cyanamide intoxication are presented. Poisonings caused by drugs are mainly the result of an overdose, of segregation in food or of non-licensed drugs. A relatively unknown swine poisoning by a drug against coccidiosis--licensed for poultry--is described.

Animal Feed↗