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Results for “Stereotyped Behavior”

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PubMed1987

Dopamine autoreceptor agonists: resolution and pharmacological activity of 2,6-diaminotetrahydrobenzothiazole and an aminothiazole analogue of apomorphine.

The enantiomers of the aminothiazole analogues of the known dopaminergic agonists apomorphine (1) and 2-aminohydroxytetralin (2) have been prepared. The absolute configurations of the enantiomers of 2,6-diaminotetrahydrobenzothiazole have been established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Dopamine (DA) autoreceptor agonist activities of the compounds were evaluated. Testing revealed (-)-5, the S enantiomer, to be the most active compound tested (inhibition of GBL accelerated dopamine synthesis and inhibition of alpha-methyltyrosine-induced decline of DA). In addition (-)-5 does not exhibit stereotyped behavior, suggesting a pronounced selectivity for DA autoreceptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Outcome in high-functioning adults with autism with and without early language delays: implications for the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome.

The question of whether Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism should be considered as the same or different conditions has been a source of debate and controversy over recent years. In the present study, 34 adults with autism who had shown early delays in language were compared with 42 individuals who were reported to have had no such delays, either in their use of words or phrases. All participants were at least 18 years of age, had a nonverbal IQ of 70 or above and met ADI-R criteria for age of onset, communication and social impairments, and stereotyped behaviors. Those in the language delay group were diagnosed as having high-functioning autism. The remainder were designated as having Asperger syndrome. The groups were matched for age, nonverbal IQ and gender. No significant differences were found between the groups either in their total ADI-R algorithm scores, or in their algorithm scores on individual domains. Social outcome ratings and ADI-R scores based on current functioning also failed to differentiate between the groups. Scores on tests of language comprehension and expression were also similar, but in both groups language abilities were well below chronological age level. The implications of these results with respect to the differences between Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism are discussed. The poor performance on language tests also challenges the assumption that early language development in Asperger syndrome is essentially normal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Brief report: cognitive correlates of enlarged head circumference in children with autism.

This study examined the frequency and cognitive correlates of enlarged head circumference in a sample of 63 children with autism between the ages of 4 and 14. Consistent with prior evidence, macrocephaly occurred at a significantly higher frequency than in a normal reference sample. Head circumference was not associated with language or executive functioning, nor was it related to verbal or nonverbal IQ. Head circumference was, however, correlated with discrepancies between verbal and nonverbal IQ scores, independent of absolute level of verbal ability. Children with discrepantly high nonverbal abilities had a mean standardized head circumference that was more than 1 SD greater than in the reference sample, and that was significantly greater than in autistic children with a relative verbal advantage or no discrepancy in cognitive abilities, for whom mean head circumference was within normal limits. This convergence of physical and cognitive features suggests a possible etiologically significant subtype of autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Using objects of obsession as token reinforcers for children with autism.

We assessed the effectiveness of using objects of obsession as token reinforcers to increase task performance for children with autism. The use of obsessions as tokens (e.g., letter "A", a picture of a train) was compared with the use of typical tokens (e.g., stars, happy faces). A multiple baseline design across children with a reversal within child was used. Data were collected on percentage correct of task responses and on the occurrence of inappropriate behaviors during work sessions. Results indicated that percentage correct on task performance was higher when objects of obsession were used as tokens as opposed to when typical tokens were used. Concomitant decreases in inappropriate behaviors during work sessions were also noted. Results are discussed in terms of primary versus secondary reinforcement and the effects of saliency and novelty of the reinforcing stimuli.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Diagnostic Observation Scale for Autistic Disorders: initial results of reliability and validity].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychometric properties of the German version of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). METHODS: Interrater and retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent and diagnostic validity were determined in a total sample of 137 subjects with autism, 23 with atypical autism or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, 16 with Asperger-syndrome and 13 with other psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Interrater and retest reliability on the level of diagnosis (kappa w = 1.00 and .62) and raw-scores (ru = .84 and .79) were good. Likewise, the internal consistency of the algorithm scale communication and social interaction of modules 1 to 4 was fair (ru = .78 to .89). The categorical convergence for autism between the ADOS and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) reached 79% (kappa = .23), with their corresponding subscales correlating moderately (rtc = .31 to .45). The concordance of the ADOS judgment and the clinical consensus diagnosis was 77% (kappa w = .37), with a sensitivity of the ADOS of 90.4% and a specificity of 48.1% regarding the discrimination of autism and other autistic disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The ADOS is a reliable and sufficiently sensitive diagnostic tool in the assessment of autistic disorders. For ICD-10/DSM-IV classification and to ensure a high specificity of diagnosis additional information concerning repetitive, stereotyped behavior and early development (e.g. taken from the ADI-R) has to be collected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Food caching in captive coyotes: stereotypy of action sequence and spatial distribution of cache sites.

This paper describes some aspects of the food caching behaviour of four captive coyotes. Detailed observations of the actions used by coyotes to cache food revealed them to be strikingly similar to those previously described for timber wolves. The similarities included the identity of the movements used, their temporal sequencing, and their susceptibility to interruption. This suggests that there exists a stereotypy across canids in the action sequences used in caching. Second, an examination of the distribution of cache sites revealed that each coyote scattered cache sites widely within a wooded region of their enclosure and preferentially in terrains close to exposed tree roots.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Glutamate receptor subunits are altered in forebrain and cerebellum in rats chronically exposed to the NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine.

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor subtype. It produces transient psychoses in normal individuals and exacerbates psychoses in schizophrenics. When administered to rodents, PCP elicits stereotypic behaviors including unrelenting head swaying, hyperlocomotion, and social withdrawal. In this study, we examined the relative distribution of the NMDA receptor subunits, as well as the subunits of its modulating receptor, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) in the forebrain, hippocampus, and cerebellum of rats chronically exposed to PCP. Rats were injected for 30 days with PCP (10 mg/kg) and age/sex-matched controls were injected for 30 days with saline vehicle. Brain NMDA and AMPA receptor subunit distribution patterns and protein levels were then analyzed by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Chronic PCP-treated animals showed significant alterations in glutamate receptor subunits, particularly for the NR1, NR2B, NR2C, and NR2D components of the NMDA receptor. AMPA receptor subunits demonstrated few significant changes in subunit availabilities. Western blot analysis largely confirmed the immunocytochemical findings. These results support the conclusion that subunits of the NMDA receptor are selectively altered by chronic PCP antagonism, with minimal to no changes observed in AMPA receptor subunits. Our findings are consistent with the interpretation that a dysfunctional NMDA receptor complex may mediate abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission and potentially contribute to the complex etiology of cognitive disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dopamine is not required for the hyperlocomotor response to NMDA receptor antagonists.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists can elicit symptoms in humans that resemble those seen in schizophrenic patients. Rodents manifest locomotor and stereotypic behaviors when treated with NMDA receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) or dizocilpine maleate (MK-801); these behaviors are usually associated with an activated dopamine system. However, recent evidence suggests that increased glutamatergic transmission mediates the effects of these NMDA receptor antagonists. The role of dopamine in PCP- and MK-801-induced behavior (eg hyperlocomotion) remains unclear. We used dopamine-deficient (DD) mice in which tyrosine hydroxylase is selectively inactivated in dopaminergic neurons to determine whether dopamine is required for the locomotor and molecular effects of PCP and MK-801. DD mice showed a similar increase in locomotor activity and c-fos mRNA induction in the striatum in response to these NMDA receptor antagonists as control mice. Restoration of dopamine signaling in DD mice enhanced their locomotor response to PCP and MK-801. Administration of LY379268, a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist that inhibits glutamate release, blocked PCP- and MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion in both DD and control mice. These results suggest that glutamate, rather than dopamine, is required for the locomotor and molecular effects of NMDA receptor antagonists, but that glutamate and dopamine can act cooperatively.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Environmental enrichment reverses behavioral alterations in rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid: issues for a therapeutic approach in autism.

Environmental enrichment has been repeatedly shown to affect multiple aspects of brain function, and is known to improve cognitive, behavioral, and histopathological outcome after brain injuries. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine the effect of an enriched environment on behavioral aberrations observed in male rats exposed to valproic acid on day 12.5 of gestation (VPA rats), and proposed on the basis of etiological, anatomical, and behavioral data as an animal model of autism. Environmental enrichment reversed almost all behavioral alterations observed in the model. VPA rats after environmental enrichment (VPA-E) compared to VPA rats reared in standard conditions have higher sensitivity to pain and lower sensitivity to nonpainful stimuli; stronger acoustic prepulse inhibition; lower locomotor, repetitive/stereotypic-like activity, and enhanced exploratory activity; decreased anxiety; increased number of social behaviors; and shorter latency to social explorations. In comparison with control animals (Con), VPA-E rats exhibited increased number of pinnings in adolescence and social explorations in adulthood, and were less anxious in the elevated plus maze. Similar differences in social behavior and anxiety were observed between control rats exposed to environmental enrichment (Con-E) and control group reared in standard conditions. These results suggest that postnatal environmental manipulations can counteract the behavioral alterations in VPA rats. We propose environmental enrichment as an important tool for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Behavioural changes in people with learning disability and dementia: a descriptive study.

The behaviour of 12 people with mild and more severe learning disability and dementia is described using Past Behavioural History Inventory (PBHI), an instrument devised for the description of behaviour in people of normal intelligence and dementia. The PBHI appears sensitive to behavioural changes. The behavioural changes are described and are similar to those seen in people without a learning disability. Carers were unaware of the behavioural changes associated with dementia. The behavioural changes could be used to assist in the earlier diagnosis and management of dementia in people with learning disability.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1984

[Phenomenology of the Klüver-Bucy syndrome in man].

The KBS was first described on the basis of experimental bilateral temporal lobectomy in monkeys. Extrapolating any syndrome from monkey to man is frought with controversy, but the 53 patients with KBS reported here are significant for the completeness of its expression and the opportunity to follow its evolution. The rarity of the human KBS is attested to because less than 200 cases have been reported in the literature. The KBS in man, presented here as a clinical entity, includes the following symptoms: (1) Increased oral activity: a strong tendency to examine all objects orally, putting objects in mouth, licking, biting, chewing, touching with lips. (2) Hypersexuality (hetero-, homo-, autosexual). (3) Hypermetamorphosis: to touch everything in sight, to attend to every visual stimulus with grasping, hugging movements. (4) Memory disorders. (5) Placidity, flattened affect and pet-like compliance with lack of aggressive affective behaviour. (6) Loss of recognition of people (7) Bulimia. The KBS in man shows little etiologic specificity and has been seen in our cases with posttraumatic encephalopathy, encephalitis, anoxia and subarachnoid hemorrhage as well as with Pick's disease, Alzheimer's disease, bilateral temporal infarction, partial or complete removal of both temporal lobes, hypoglycemia, adrenoleucodystrophy, porphyria and neuroleptic medication reported in previous studies. Since the lesions in man are not as extensive and not as consistently localized as in animal experiments, it is not surprising that all abnormal behaviour deficits seen in monkey following bitemporal lobectomy have seldom been exactly reproduced in man. The full syndrome is not usually seen. Indicating a partial KBS in man, combinations of three or more different elements must be present concerning cognitive, behavioural and emotional deficits. In most cases of human KBS the evolution demonstrates a transient profile but in few patients a partial KBS is remaining. The dynamics in the development of a KBS show a delineation between a pre-stage, full-stage, and remission stage. These stages only occur in posttraumatic cases and have not been seen in KBS of other etiology. The results of CT-investigations in 50 patients with KBS mainly show nonspecific abnormalities (brain atrophy, focal lesion, subdural hematoma, hydrocephalus) and the exact anatomic localization of the lesions necessary to produce KBS could not be demonstrated in particular cases by CT. Also no specific EEG-pattern is associated with KBS and the EEG often shows a wide range of findings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cellular adaptation to opiates alters ion-channel mRNA levels.

The chronic use of several drugs, including opiates, results in the stereotypical behaviors characteristic of addiction. Alterations in gene expression have been associated with the use of these addictive drugs. Previous studies, however, have been limited to describing changes in amounts of individual mRNAs from single tissue samples. Cellular adaptation to opiates, reflected in the regulation of the expression of many different mRNAs, seems likely to contribute to the complicated behaviors of addiction. The present studies examined coordinate alterations in the amounts of multiple mRNAs in the rat striatum and in NG108-15 cells after opioid stimulation or the precipitated withdrawal of opioid use. The experimental approach combined amplification of the poly(A)+ RNA population with reverse Northern blot analysis to simultaneously characterize the relative changes in several mRNAs. Morphine treatment of rats for 5 days was associated with a reduction in the amount of striatal RNA for the voltage-sensitive K+ channel without significant changes in other ion channels. In NG108-15 cells stimulation with the delta-opiate receptor agonist [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE) alone and followed by naloxone (precipitated withdrawal) caused relative changes in the abundances of several mRNAs. The composite effects of alterations in the abundance of multiple mRNAs (and the proteins they encode) in response to opioid use likely contribute to the development and maintenance of opiate-mediated behaviors.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

An infection-based model of neurodevelopmental damage.

Perinatal exposure to infectious agents and toxins is linked to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, but the mechanisms by which environmental triggers interact with developing immune and neural elements to create neurodevelopmental disturbances are poorly understood. We describe a model for investigating disorders of central nervous system development based on neonatal rat infection with Borna disease virus, a neurotropic noncytolytic RNA virus. Infection results in abnormal righting reflexes, hyperactivity, inhibition of open-field exploration, and stereotypic behaviors. Architecture is markedly disrupted in hippocampus and cerebellum, with reduction in granule and Purkinje cell numbers. Neurons are lost predominantly by apoptosis, as supported by increased mRNA levels for pro-apoptotic products (Fas, caspase-1), decreased mRNA levels for the anti-apoptotic bcl-x, and in situ labeling of fragmented DNA. Although inflammatory infiltrates are observed transiently in frontal cortex, glial activation (microgliosis > astrocytosis) is prominent throughout the brain and persists for several weeks in concert with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs (interleukins 1alpha, 1beta, and 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and progressive hippocampal and cerebellar damage. The resemblance of these functional and neuropathologic abnormalities to human neurodevelopmental disorders suggests the utility of this model for defining cellular, biochemical, histologic, and functional outcomes of interactions of environmental influences with the developing central nervous system.

Animals↗