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PubMed2005

Activity of plant and mineral oils in the control of Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis.

Effectiveness of plant oils from corn, olive, rape, soya and sunflower, oils recommended for plant protection (Dedal 90 EC, Olejan 80 EC) and mineral oils (Atpolan 80 EC, Ikar 95 EC, Olemix 84 EC and Promanal 60 EC) in the control of pelargonium rust (Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis) was studied. Oils were applied curatively as a plant spray at concentration 1%, 4 times at 7-day-intervals. After 4-week experiment more than 11 uredia per leaf were noted on control plants. At the same time, on plants protected with oils from olive or soya, Ikar 95 EC or Olemix 84 EC uredia number decreased at least 50%. The other oils were not effective in a suppression of uredia formation. On control plants no uredia were destroyed as compared to 11 to 71% destruction on plants protected with the tested oils. Oils from olive, soya and also Atpolan 80 EC, Ikar 95 EC, Olemix 84 EC caused drying off more than 50% uredia. Furthermore, some oils inhibited germination of urediospores on PDA medium (potato dextrose agar). Fourteen days after the last spraying more than 83% of germinating urediospores were found on control leaves. At the same time spores collected from protected plants germinated in 17 to 70%. Among tested products oils from rape, corn, sunflower and Dedal 90 EC, Ikar 95 EC, Olemix 84 EC were the most effective. In the next part of experiment, plants with visible sporulation of P. pelargonii-zonalis were sprayed with 1% oils. After 1 and 7 days of incubation, total number of spores and number of germinating spores were counted. One day after treatment, urediospores collected from leaf blades protected with oils germinated in 20 - 60%. Oils from olive, corn, Atpolan 80 EC and Ikar 95 EC caused inhibition of spore germination at least in 40%. Whereas urediospores from nontreated plants germinated in 86%. After 7 days, urediospores collected from untreated plants germinated in 65% whereas from plants sprayed with tested oils in 23 - 68%. Oils from olive, sunflower and Dedal 90 EC, Atpolan 80 EC were the most effective in suppressing urediospores germination.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2006

[Fog water absorption by the leaves of epiphytes and non - epiphytes in Xishuangbanna].

Xishuangbanna is located at the northern margin of tropics. Its climate is different from that of typical tropics, but the rainforest there is not very different from that of the typical tropics in Southeast Asia. The main problems in Xishuangbanna are seasonal drought and low temperature. Fog may contribute to the development of rainforest here, but related studies are few. This study is aimed to know whether the leaves of epiphytes and non - epiphytes in Xishuangbanna can directly absorb fog water and contribute to their water status recovery, and whether epiphytes are more competent than non - epiphytes in their leaf fog water absorption. The study was conducted in dry season, and four species of epiphytes and six species of non - epiphytes were investigated. The effect of fog was imitated by spraying leaves with distilled water. For epiphytes and non - epiphytes, their leaf water potential (phi), relative water content (RWC), and amount of absorbed water increased gradually with the time of spraying, but the phi of epiphytes increased more quickly than that of non - epiphytes. The leaves of epiphytes Bolbitis scandens and Rhaphidophora decursiva could absorb fog water more quickly, and increase their RWC more greatly than those of non - epiphytes, indicating that these epiphytes were more competent than non - epiphytes in their leaf fog water absorption. The fog water absorption capacity of the leaves in epiphytic orchid Coelogyne occultata and Staurochilus dawsonianus was lower than that in Amischotolype hispida and Mananthus patentflora, but higher than that in other four non - epiphytes. The phi of epiphytes at early evening when no fog was formed was significantly lower than that at early morning, suggesting that fog water was absorbed by epiphytes at night to improve their leaf water status. Non - epiphytes did not need to absorb fog water directly through leaves, and they could recover their leaf water status through absorbing soil water by root system. Epiphytes except C. occultata had a much more leaf biomass than non - epiphytes, which was also beneficial to their leaf fog water absorption. Because there was abundant fog in dry season in Xishuangbanna, the phi of test ten species was higher than -0.8 MPa, indicating that water stress was not serious in dry season.

China↗
PubMed1976

Feedlot manure top dressing for irrigated pasture: good agricultural practice or a health hazard?

Top dressing a spray-irrigated pasture of orchard-grass with 125 t/ha of overwintered beef feedlot manure almost doubled the yield of dry forage: 6353 kg/ha vs. 3578 kg/ha for the plots receiving no manure. Even at this rate of application, the manure did not contaminate the irrigated grass with enteropathogenic bacteria after irrigation. When the grass became contaminated through the use of fecally polluted irrigation water, the fecal coliforms, indicator organisms with survival characteristics similar to the salmonellae, were effectively eliminated from the grass after exposure to 65 hr of bright sunlight.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1986

Variations in lipids in different layers of porcine epidermis.

Frozen cryosections, 8 microns thick, were cut parallel to the surface of porcine skin so as to provide separate samples representing various epidermal layers. These samples were dried, extracted with chloroform-methanol mixtures, and the lipids chromatographed on silica gel plates in different solvent systems. After spraying with sulfuric acid and charring, lipids were quantified using a scanning densitometer. It was thus possible to determine lipid concentrations in 12 consecutive epidermal layers, extending 96 microns into the skin. The phospholipids that were characterized all decreased in concentration toward the surface, whereas the neutral lipids and ceramides all increased. Glucosylceramide and acylglucosylceramide reached a peak concentration in the stratum granulosum and then decreased in the surface layers. Cholesterol sulfate reached a maximum concentration in the deeper stratum corneum and then abruptly decreased in the surface layer. These changes in patterns of lipid concentration are consistent with current theories regarding the formation of a water barrier in the stratum corneum that is composed mainly of neutral lipids, and with a possible function of cholesterol sulfate in cellular adhesion in the stratum corneum.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of bioactive glass to demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft in the treatment of intrabony defects around implants in the canine mandible.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the healing of different bone grafting materials adjacent to titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS) endosseous dental implants. METHODS: Implant osteotomy sites were prepared and standardized 3-walled intrabony defects (3 mm x 5 mm x 5 mm) were created at the mesial of each implant site. Thirty-two TPS implants were placed in edentulous mandibular ridges of the 4 dogs. Periodontal dressings were placed in the defect sites so as to create a defect simulating bone loss around an implant. After 3 months, the periodontal dressing was removed, the defect sites debrided and evaluated for size, and intramarrow penetration performed. The graft materials tested were 1) canine demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (cDFDBA); 2) bioactive glass granules of a broad size range 90 to 710 microns (BRG); and 3) bioactive glass granules of narrow size range 300 to 355 microns (NRG). One site on each side of the mandible was not filled and served as a control. Dogs were sacrificed 4 months after graft placement. RESULTS: Histologically, differences in percent bone-to-implant contact in the defect area were observed between the treatment groups. cDFDBA>control=BRG=NRG with statistical significance found between cDFDBA and control (P = 0.0379), but no statistically significant difference between control or either bioactive glass material. When comparing percent bone height fill of the defect in the grafted area, cDFDBA (65.7%) was significantly better than the control (48.9%; P < or = 0.05) with no statistically significant difference between control, broad range bioactive glass (57.3%) and narrow range bioactive glass (56.6%). When total bone area was measured, the percentage of new bone in the grafted area was cDFDBA (42.1%), broad range glass (33.1%) and narrow range glass (22.6%) with significance found between cDFDBA and NRG (P = 0.0102). The content of residual graft particles in soft tissue was significant (P = 0.0304) between cDFDBA (1.4%) and NRG (11.4%) with no significant difference between graft material for residual particle content in bone tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that percent bone-to-implant contact and percent bone height fill in an intrabony defect around titanium plasma-sprayed implants are statistically significantly higher with the use of DFDBA when compared to bioactive glass material.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1991

Black cherry growth response to ambient ozone and EDU.

Field-grown black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seedlings were treated with the antioxidant ethylenediurea (EDU) to evaluate height, diameter, and above-ground dry-weight biomass growth response to ambient ozone over four years. Nine blocks with 44 trees/block were used in a randomized complete block design with three foliar spray treatments: (1) 1000 ppm EDU mixed with a surfactant and water; (2) surfactant mixed with water; and (3) water only. In each growing season treatments were applied seven times at approximately 10-day intervals. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated significant (P< or =0.05) treatment and year effects for log-transformed height and diameter growth over the four-year period. After four years, EDU-treated trees were approximately 17% taller and stem diameters were 21% greater than non-EDU-treated trees. Total above-ground dry-weight biomass at the end of four years was 47% greater for EDU-treated trees compared to non-EDU-treated trees.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Location and survival of leaf-associated bacteria in relation to pathogenicity and potential for growth within the leaf

The growth and survival of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Pseudomonas syringae strains and of the nonpathogenic species Pantoea agglomerans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Methylobacterium organophilum were compared in the phyllosphere of bean. In general, the plant pathogens survived better than the nonpathogens on leaves under environmental stress. The sizes of the total leaf-associated populations of the pathogenic P. syringae strains were greater than the sizes of the total leaf-associated populations of the nonpathogens under dry conditions but not under moist conditions. In these studies the surface sterilants hydrogen peroxide and UV irradiation were used to differentiate cells that were fully exposed on the surface from nonexposed cells that were in "protected sites" that were inaccessible to these agents. In general, the population sizes in protected sites increased with time after inoculation of plants. The proportion of bacteria on leaves that were in protected sites was generally greater for pathogens than for nonpathogens and was greater under dry conditions than under moist conditions. When organisms were vacuum infiltrated into leaves, the sizes of the nonexposed "internal" populations were greater for pathogenic P. syringae strains than for nonpathogenic P. syringae strains. The sizes of the populations of the nonpathogenic species failed to increase or even decreased. The sizes of nonexposed populations following spray inoculation were correlated with the sizes of nonexposed, internal populations which developed after vacuum infiltration and incubation. While the sizes of the populations of the pathogenic P. syringae strains increased on leaves under dry conditions, the sizes of the populations of the nonpathogenic strains of P. syringae, P. agglomerans, and S. maltophilia decreased when the organisms were applied to plants. The sizes of the populations on dry leaves were also correlated with the sizes of the nonexposed populations that developed following vacuum infiltration. Although pathogenicity was not required for growth in the phyllosphere under high-relative-humidity conditions, pathogenicity apparently was involved in the ability to access and/or multiply in certain protected sites in the phyllosphere and in growth on dry leaves.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Studies on malaria and responses of Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis and Anopheles minimus to DDT residual spraying in Thailand.

Studies on malaria and on A. b. balabacensis and A. minimus responses to DDT spraying were conducted in a forested hilly area in northern Thailand. In a first phase, base-line data were collected from July 1970 to March 1972. In a second phase, the study area received five round of DDT spraying over a period of two years and at the same time all malaria infections received radical treatment. During this two-year period of field operations, entomological and epidemiological observations were continued. The studies carried out in the second phase, showed that malaria transmission decreased under the applied optimum anti-malarial measures but was not interrupted. Human ecology and population movement inside the forest, especially during the dry season, contributed to a great extent to this result. The transmission occurring in the early part of the monsoon season clearly indicates the importance of the timing of DDT spraying. A. b. balabacensis appeared to be transmitting malaria all the year round in the deep forest but only in the monsoon season in the forest fringe. The vectorial capacity of both vectors was estimated separately for indoor and outdoor populations. The pre-spraying values obtained for A. b. balabacensis were much higher thaan for A. minimus. After DDT spraying A. b. balabacensis showed a decrease in vectorial capacity estimated at 31.5 times for the indoor population and 18 times for the outdoor population. A. minimus, on the other hand, showed a much smaller decrease, estimated at 6.8 and 1.9 times for the indoor and outdoor populations respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Micronization of insulin from halogenated alcohol solution using supercritical carbon dioxide as an antisolvent.

Insulin was precipitated from solution in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as an antisolvent. Biosynthetic human insulin crystals were dissolved in HFIP and the solution was sprayed through an ultrasonic nozzle into supercritical CO2. The factors in the 2(3) factorial experimental design with a center point replicate included pressure (83.7 and 97.5 bar), solution concentration (15 and 30 mg/mL), and solution flow rate (2 and 4 mL/min). Temperature (37 degrees C), CO2 mass flow rate (137 g/min), and volume of solution sprayed (20 mL) were held constant. High-performance liquid chromatography, circular dichroism spectroscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dry powder size distribution analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to characterize the processed insulin powder. The processed insulin retained its potency, was slightly degraded chemically, and exhibited reversible structural changes. The precipitated powder consisted of physical aggregates of 50-nm spheres. Through deagglomeration of these aggregates, it may be possible to obtain discrete uniform particles (1-5 microm) suitable for pulmonary therapy. Over the ranges of operating variables studied, the factors chosen for the experimental design had little effect on the product characteristics.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1989

Analytical applications of enhanced drug luminescence.

Luminescence emission from drugs is strongly dependent on their physicochemical environment. Several biomedically and environmentally important compounds and pharmaceuticals exhibit sufficient intrinsic luminescence properties to allow their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorimetric, chemiluminescence or room temperature phosphorimetric detection. In the case of weakly fluorescing compounds it is possible to use the dependence of the emitted radiation on the molecular environment at the moment of measurement. The composition of the eluent, i.e. solvents, added salts and buffers, pH and ionic strength, oxygen content and temperature, are of the highest importance for the luminescence detection of drugs in solution (e.g. in liquid chromatography) or adsorbed onto solid surfaces (e.g. in thin-layer chromatography). Post-column or post-plate acid-base manipulation and the use of specific reagents may remarkably enhance the observed luminescence of several molecules. The term "enhancement" of luminescence comprises various sample treatments leading to an increase of the emitted radiation. These treatments include the addition of non-fluorescent compounds to, or the creation of organized media (surfactants, cyclodextrins, heavy atoms) in, the sample to be measured. They may also involve changes in molecular environment, pH, the application of excessive drying conditions, the removal of oxygen, the protection of adsorbed compounds against non-radiative decay mechanisms by means of specific spraying or dipping conditions, amongst others. The use of organized media in luminescence spectroscopy is growing. Many of the recent studies have involved micelles for enhancing the fluorescence, room temperature phosphorescence and chemiluminescence of several chemicals. Cyclodextrins are increasingly used for various analytical applications. Liquid paraffin, triethanolamine, dodecane, Triton X-100 and Fomblin Y-Vac are commonly used fluorescence enhancers in chromatographic assays. Examples of these systems in drug analysis are presented.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Application of aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) process for preparation of liposomes in a dry and reconstitutable form.

The aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) process was applied to prepare liposomes in a dry and reconstitutable form. Dry ASES microparticles containing miconazole (MCZ) as a model drug were prepared by an optimized ASES process with various compositions of spraying solution containing phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and Poloxamer 407. The influence of such compositions and the pH of hydration medium on the physico-chemical properties of the produced microparticles were investigated before and after hydration. At optimized conditions, partially crystalline, spherical, and nonporous microparticles associated in aggregates varying from a few microns to 40 microm were produced with the residual content of methylene chloride and methanol lower than 30 and 86 ppm, respectively. The percentage of drug recovered in the produced microparticles was increased with an increase of the drug concentration in the spraying solution. The entrapment efficiency of hydrated MCZ microparticles was improved by increasing the pH of the hydration medium.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2000

Field studies of the leachability of aged brown coal ash.

The environmental management of ash produced from the brown coal power stations of the Latrobe Valley region of Australia has been studied. Current practice consists of slurrying fly and bottom ash, a short distance to an ash disposal pond. However, storage facilities are approaching capacity and alternative ash management strategies are required in the near future. Initially, the ash produced within the power stations is known to possess a large soluble mass, which can leach rapidly to generate a saline leachate with minor trace metal content. After slurrying and deposition within the ash pond, it has been demonstrated that the soluble mass is significantly lower and the ash can be considered as aged or "leached" ash - a more benign waste that meets the criteria for fill material. In order to assess the long-term behaviour of the leached ash and its suitability for co-disposal in engineered sites within overburden dumps, two field cells were constructed and monitored over a period of 1 year. Each cell was 5 x 5 m in area, 3-m deep and HDPE lined with a coarse drainage layer and leachate collection pipe. The first cell only collected natural rainfall and was known as the Dry Cell. The second cell had an external tank of 5000 l installed (200-mm rainfall equivalent) and water was spray-irrigated regularly to simulate higher rainfall and accelerate the leaching process. The cumulative inflow and outflow for each cell has been calculated using a linear relationship and the leachate quality was monitored over time. The results demonstrate that the ash behaves as an unsaturated porous material, with the effect of evaporation through the profile being dominant and controlling the production of leachate. The leachate quality was initially moderately saline in both cells, with the concentration dropping by nearly 95% in the Wet Cell by the end of the field study. The leachate chemistry has been analysed using the PHREEQC geochemical model. The log activity plots of various species suggest the mineralogical controls on these species in leachate. The full results from this study are presented.

Australia↗
PubMed1978

Electron probe microanalysis of red blood cells. I. Methods and evaluation.

The concentrations of potassium, sodium, and iron in human and sheep red blood cells were measured with an electron probe. Cells were prepared for analysis by spraying them on pyrolytic graphite supports. The results obtained with this spray technique agreed well with values measured on similar cells that were prepared for analysis by freezing, sectioning, and freeze-drying. Higher Na concentrations and lower K concentrations were found to be associated with lower cell volumes in human and high-potassium sheep cells. In low-potassium sheep cells the reverse was found, lower Na and higher K concentrations were associated with lower cell volumes. However, the amounts of iron were found to remain relatively constant in all human cells.

Cell Membrane Permeability↗
PubMed1992

A rapid, sensitive thin layer chromatography procedure for the detection of fumonisin B1 and B2.

A thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was developed for the detection of fumonisin B1 and B2 in corn and corn-based feedstuffs. Finely ground samples were extracted with acetonitrile:water (1:1), filtered, and applied to C18 cleanup columns. The columns were washed with 1% aqueous KCl followed by acetonitrile: 1% aqueous KCl (1:9), and the fumonisins were eluted with acetonitrile:water (7:3). The eluants were concentrated and spotted on reverse-phase C18 TLC plates along with fumonisin B1 and B2 standards, and the plates were developed in methanol: 4% aqueous KCl (3:2). The fumonisins were visualized by spraying the TLC plates successively with 0.1 M sodium borate buffer, fluorescamine, and 0.01 M boric acid. The plates were then dried and examined under longwave ultraviolet light. Fumonisin B1 and B2 appeared as bright yellowish-green fluorescent bands at Rfs of 0.5 and 0.1, respectively. The detection limit for the fumonisins on the TLC plate was 0.1 ppm in corn. Recoveries from spiked samples averaged greater than 80%. The identification of the fumonisins was confirmed by hydrolyzing the parent compounds of B1 and B2 to their respective C22 amino-alcohols and reexamining by TLC with the same visualizing reagents. This procedure was used to survey 193 corn samples collected from University of Missouri test plots in 1990 for fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 15% of the corn samples.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Mechanism of physiological effects of titanium leaf sprays on plants grown on soil.

Titanium (Ti) has significant biological effects on plants, being beneficial at low and toxic at higher concentrations. From results of our hydroponical experiment with oats, we have recently proposed that the effect called hormesis is the mechanism of Ti action in plants. Here, we present the experiment with oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Zlat'ák) grown on soil where Ti was applied using leaf sprays. Two different soils, three different concentrations of Ti(IV) citrate spray solution (0, 20, and 50 mg Ti/kg), and three different Mg concentrations in each soil were tested. Some physiological parameters (dry and raw weights, top heights, chlorophyll content) and element contents (Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn) were determined. Ti showed considerable effects on all physiological parameters and the element's contents were determined. Differences between the two different soil types used was only in the strength of the effect of Ti; the trends remained unchanged. Generally, the effect of Ti is considerably weaker if Ti is applied on leaves than if being added to the nutrient solution. Thus, we confirm here that the action of Ti on plants could be explained by the hormesis effect.

Avena↗
PubMed2004

Occupational dermatitis from soldering flux.

The aim of this study was to determine the specific agent responsible for eczema on the forearms of 2 electronic assemblers who cleaned out a flux-spraying unit once a week. Soldering flux can be a source of skin irritation as well as allergy. Patch test with dried flux residue (as is) and rosin in dilution series of 20%, 10%, and 1% in olive oil was performed. Readings were taken on day 2 and day 3. The rosin in dilution series was negative; however, the flux residue gave a + reaction on day 2, and by day 3 the reaction had weakened (+?). Similar results were obtained in 2 unexposed controls. Patch tests results in our cases indicate that the flux used in the soldering process caused irritant contact dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Application of cytocentrifugation to routine cytological diagnosis of solid pathologic tissues (author's transl)].

Cytocentrifugation (Watson, 1966) was first proposed as a better cell concentrating technique; more recently, it appeared that the samples, thanks to the "monodispersion" of the cells, are quite suitable for A.L.A. *Automated Image Analysis); this property may be applied to routine microscopic cytodiagnosis of several lesions. This paper is an attempt to discuss the different technical problems to obtain suitable cells from solid pathologic tissues: first, a sufficient quantity of cells must be obtained and a correct medium must be adopted; a special care must be taken for the collecting of the samples; the mediums must be chosen as the most convenient to fix cells, to solve mucous, to permit monolayer spreading to stick unto the slides; a method of cytocentrifugation is described. The characters of the smears are reported about cell concentration, evaluation of cell loss, control of monolayer dispersion, signification of clumps and agregates. The techniques of fixation and staining of such samples are precise for the two chosen mediums: after using PBS-albumin, the slides have to be air-dried and stained according to Papanicolaou or May-Grunwald Giemsa technique; after BABS solution, the slides may be fixed with spray and have to be stained according to Papanicolaou. Technical results applied to 97 cases of bronchial, breast and liver samples are discussed. The advantages of the method are: rapid examination, easy storage of slides, satisfactory preservation of cells, even for the most delicate ones (ciliated bronchial cells, for instance), absence of mucous background, minimal cells loss, possibility of enzymologic studies. Moreover the method happens to be inexpensive.

Cell Separation↗
PubMed1998

[Aerosols: a re-emerging treatment].

Aerosol drug delivery is widely used by patients with asthma and chronic bronchial obstruction for beta-2 agonists and anticholinergic drugs. More recently, inhaled steroid sprays have also been introduced. The efficacy of easy to use aerosol sprays is well proven and has become an important administration route. Different models of metered dose inhalers with gas propellants or dry powder devices help improve patients compliance. Nebulizers can be used in particular situations. Aerosol administration is proposed for anti-infectious agents and for rhDNase in cystic fibrosis. Aerosol delivery of nucleotides and antiproteases are currently under evaluation. Gene therapy can also benefit from the aerosol route which may be proposed in the near future for many different types of systemic treatments. Possible drugs include cyclosporin for lung grafts, prostacyclin for primary pulmonary hypertension, insulin for diabetes or morphine in certain types of dyspnea.

Aerosols↗