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PubMed1982

Elimination into bile of circulating antigen by endogenous IgA antibody in rats.

Rats injected once into their Peyer's patches with insoluble precipitates of chicken antibody and antigen produced antibodies to chicken IgG (CGG) of the IgM and IgA classes which rose steeply between days 3 and 5 after injection; IgG antibody was detected later and rose more slowly. The IgA antibody was almost entirely in the bile whilst IgM and IgG were found predominantly in serum. In immunized rats with cannulated bile ducts injected intravenously with radiolabelled CGG on day 5 up to 22% of the injected dose was recovered in the bile in 24 hr; in control rats the maximum recovery was 0.4%. Although the complexes were unstable, intact 125I-CGG (some of it bound to rat IgA and secretory component) was demonstrated in bile collected from immunized rats between 1.5 and 3 hr after injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Cryosurgery in vasomotor rhinitis].

Experience with cryotherapy of vasomotor rhinitis is reported. This proved effective with respect to occlusive and seromucous secretory components. The concomitant vasomotor phenomena such as cephalea and oviduct obstructions received some benefit. The probable mechanism of cryotherapeutic treatment and how to use the various probes are also illustrated.

Cryosurgery↗
PubMed1981

[Effect of pentagastrin on the periodic activity of gastroduodenal organs in dogs with intact and disrupted innervation of the stomach].

Chronic experiments on dogs with gastric and duodenal fistulas were made to study the effect of pentagastrin (6 micrograms/kg, s. c.) on the motor and secretory components of periodical activity of the gastroduodenal organs. Gastric secretion was collected from the open fistulas. To detect the role of the nervous mechanisms, subject to comparison were similar parameters of the periodic activity in 5 dogs with intact stomach innervation and in 6 dogs with preliminary circular gastrotomy in the upper third of the fundal part. Gastrotomy did not impair the periodical rhythm but led to the prolongation of the activity periods, decreased the contraction amplitude and shortened the periods of rest. The quantity of the periodical duodenal secretion was also diminished. In dogs with intact stomach innervation, pentagastrin inhibited the periodic contractions, stimulated the duodenum motility and caused an intensive special period of duodenal secretion. In disturbed innervation, these effects were less pronounced or completely disappeared. It is concluded that central parasympathetic innervation plays an important role in he mechanism of the pentagastrin effect on the periodic activity of the gastroduodenal organs.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effect of somatostatin infusion on jejunal water and electrolyte transport in a patient with secretory diarrhea due to malignant carcinoid syndrome.

The effect of intravenous somatostatin infusion was investigated in a patient with severe secretory diarrhea due to malignant carcinoid syndrome. Continuous somatostatin infusion for 48 hr (4 microgram/kg/hr) reduced stool volume from 2.2 to 0.7 liters/day. Intestinal perfusion studies before intravenous somatostatin infusion revealed decreased water and sodium absorption and jejunal chloride secretion. Somatostatin infusion for 2 hr (8 microgram/kg/hr) reversed chloride secretion to absorption and markedly enhanced water and sodium absorption. These results suggest that somatostatin inhibited a secretory component of water and ion movement in the small bowel of the patient with malignant carcinoid syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The specialised structure of crypt epithelium in the human palatine tonsil and its functional significance.

Material from 25 human palatine tonsils was studied by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Special attention was focused on the structure of the epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts in the context of its ascribed immunological functions. This epithelium was not uniform and contained patches of stratified squamous nonkeratinising epithelium and patches of reticulated sponge-like epithelium. The degree of reticulation of the epithelial cells and the infiltration of nonepithelial cells varied. Reticulated patches were associated with disruptions in the continuity of basement membrane, and often also with desquamation of the upper cell layers, and contained numerous small blood vessels. The epithelial cells showed considerable variation in their morphology when surrounded by infiltrating cells. The rearrangement of their cytoskeleton and redistribution of desmosomal contacts indicate the responsiveness and dynamic nature of such epithelium. Cytoplasmic glycogen granules, located in the upper strata, suggest the possibility of energy-demanding functions such as absorption and secretion. The numerous membrane-coating granules may have contributed to cell membrane thickening and possibly also to tonsillar mucosal protection. Some areas contained a few keratohyalin granules but there was little evidence of keratinisation. The presence, and sometimes the predominance, of nonepithelial cells was characteristic of the reticulated epithelium. T and B cells often infiltrated the whole epithelial thickness, and many plasma cells were located around intraepithelial vessels, while macrophages and interdigitating cells showed a patchy distribution. It is proposed that the major functions of the reticulated epithelium are: (1) to provide a favourable environment for the intimate contact between the effector cells of immune responses; (2) to facilitate direct transport of antigens; (3) to synthesise the secretory component continually; and (4) to contain a pool of immunoglobulins. Thus the reticulated epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts represents a specialised compartment, important in the immunological functions of the tonsil as a whole.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Eosinophil, beneficial or harmful: a cell entirely part of immune response].

The demonstration that human eosinophils could express various membrane receptors (for IgG, IgE, IgA; for complement; for cytokines; for chemotactic factors), for adhesion molecules (VLA4, LFAI, OKM1), as well as CD4 and class II MHC, has allowed to reconsider the role of eosinophils in immune response. Indeed, eosinophils can function as antigen presenting cells and can be infected by HIV. Studies on eosinophil mediators have revealed that eosinophils are not only the source of cytotoxic and proinflammatory mediators but can also release various cytokines and growth factors, including their own factors of differentiation (IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-5). The recent observation that eosinophils expressed IgE binding molecules belonging to different gene superfamilies (CD23, Mac2/epsilon BP and FceRI), as well as two different IgA receptors (Fc alpha R, and secretory component binding site), participating both in antiparasite immune defence and in inflammatory processes, reinforces the concept of the functional duality of eosinophils, specially in tissues.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and its binding sites in labial salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome and in normal controls.

OBJECTIVE: Tissue distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing nerves and their target cells were studied in labial salivary glands in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and in healthy controls. METHODS: Immunoperoxidase staining was used to demonstrate VIP-containing nerve fibers, and receptor autoradiography with 125I-Bolton Hunter (BH)-VIP was used to demonstrate VIP positive binding sites. RESULTS: VIP-containing nerves were seen around salivary acini, salivary ducts, blood vessels and deep parenchyma, but were absent from large inflammatory cell foci in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Receptor autoradiography with 125I-BH-VIP disclosed VIP binding sites on mucous acinar cells and blood vessels, whereas salivary ducts contained no VIP receptors. VIP binding sites were also absent from the centers of large inflammatory cell foci/acinar atrophy. CONCLUSION: The topology of VIP and its receptor suggests that VIP may act on the vascular and secretory components of the salivary gland. However, VIP causes only a slight increase in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic salivary secretion. It is therefore more likely that this extensive tissue distribution of VIP and its receptors reflects its recently suggested trophic effects on salivary gland tissue. This is further supported by the observation that VIP-IR nerves/VIP binding sites were absent in areas of focal lymphocytoid infiltrates/acinar atrophy in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Differential susceptibility of rabbit sIgA subclasses to trypsin cleavage: characterization of the fragments obtained from the g subclass.

Rabbit secretory IgA (sIgA) was digested with trypsin at 37 degrees C for 30 min and four fractions were isolated by gel filtration. These fragments were characterized by ultracentrifugation, and by their antigenic properties as undigested sIgA, Fab and Fe (Two Fc fragments differing in their content of secretory component were obtained.) The IgA-f subclass molecules were resistant to cleavage and were found in the undigested sIgA fraction; the IgA-g subclass molecules were cleaved into Fe and Fab fragments. The g allotypic determinants of IgA-g molecules were found on both the Fc fragments and the Fab fragments. The Fc and Fab fragments obtained from trypsin-digested sIgA were compared by means of antigenic properties and peptide maps with the Fc and Fab fragments obtained from papain-digested sIgA; no differences attributable to the alpha-chain were found. Thus, papain and trypsin cleave the alpha-chain of IgA-g molecules at similar but not necessary identical positions.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1993

[The allergic reaction to acid protease released by Candida albicans].

The species of Candida albicans (C. albicans) are known to colonize mucocutaneous regions as part of the endogenous flora. C. albicans is also known as an important allergen in human allergic diseases. However, the major allergen of C. albicans has not been identified yet. Acid protease released from C. albicans (CAAP) cleaves IgA or the secretory component to enable C. albicans to colonize on the mucous membrane. In this study, using CAAP and crude Candida antigen as challenging antigens, we carried out conjunctival provocation tests (CPT) on 68 adult bronchial asthmatic patients who showed immediate positive skin reactions to crude Candida antigen. In several patients we performed serum IgE antibody (RAST), histamine release from peripheral leukocytes (HRT) and bronchial provocation tests (BPT) to CAAP. Six of the 8 patients who showed positive CPT to crude Candida antigen (75%) showed positive CPT responses to CAAP. On the other hand, only 1 of the 59 patients who showed negative CPT to crude Candida antigen (1.7%) showed positive CPT reactions to CAAP. Two female patients showed positive RAST and HRT to both crude Candida and CAAP. They also showed positive CPT and BPT. One patient had positive RAST results but negative HRT, CPT and BPT results. These results show that CAAP is an important allergen for atopic patients allergic to C. albicans.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Histamine induces a gene-specific synthesis regulation of secretogranin II but not of chromogranin A and B in chromaffin cells in a calcium-dependent manner.

The effect of histamine on steady-state mRNA levels of three soluble secretory proteins from chromaffin granules was investigated in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. Histamine stimulated secretogranin II mRNA 4-fold, with no or only slight effects on chromogranin A and B transcription. After an initial lag phase, secretogranin II mRNA increased markedly between 4 and 12 h followed by a plateau phase up to 48 h. The effect of histamine on secretogranin II gene-expression was abolished by the H1 receptor antagonist promethazine but not by the H2 blocker cimetidine. The histamine-induced elevation of secretogranin II mRNA was partially reduced by the L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine, indicating a contribution of extracellular calcium in the second messenger signaling pathway involved. At present, the H1 histaminergic receptor is the first membrane receptor found regulating secretogranin II biosynthesis in chromaffin cells. The selective up-regulation of secretogranin II mRNA but not of chromogranin A and B by histamine is another example illustrating that the synthesis regulation of secretory components co-stored in large vesicles of neuroendocrine cells is specific to the individual gene. Together with results obtained earlier, our data demonstrate a marked variation in the relative composition of peptides secreted from adrenal medulla into circulation following different physiologic conditions.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of methotrexate elimination and interaction with indomethacin and flurbiprofen in the isolated perfused rat kidney.

The mechanism of methotrexate (MTX) renal elimination and the interaction of MTX with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and flurbiprofen, were characterized in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Perfusion studies elucidating MTX renal disposition were performed in perfusate (4.0% bovine serum albumin) at initial MTX concentrations of 1, 5, 12 and 25 micrograms/ml and in controls without MTX. Interaction studies were performed at clinically relevant indomethacin and flurbiprofen concentrations of 2.5 and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively, and a MTX concentration of 25 micrograms/ml (representative of an oncolytic MTX dose). MTX unbound fractions were concentration and interactant independent. Kidney viability was within normal limits for this technique among all perfusions. MTX renal clearance was nonlinear, increasing from 0.310 to 0.434 ml/min over the concentration range studied. Corresponding excretion ratios increased from 0.933 to 1.52, indicative of MTX renal elimination involving the processes of filtration, secretion and reabsorption. Excretion ratio results were supported by tubular transit rate calculations. Interaction studies indicated that there was secretory inhibition of MTX as evidenced by a decrease in both excretion ratio and tubular clearance at 25 micrograms/ml of MTX. Therefore, the secretory component was significantly inhibited by indomethacin and flurbiprofen after concomitant administration of oncolytic doses of MTX.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Clinicopathological studies on squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus with esophageal gland-like transformation].

One hundred and seventy cancerous lesions observed among 159 esophagectomised specimens were systematically investigated with histochemical staining methods in addition to the ordinary hematoxylin-eosin staining. About 2/3 of them, 113 lesions, were entirely consisted of the squamous elements, regardless with pearl-formation or not, Group 1. On the contrary, the remaining 57 lesions (33.5%) showed foci of esophageal gland-like transformation, Group 2. Those lesions were specified by constituent epithelia with esophageal glandular epithelia-like characteristics; positive for epithelial mucin, secretory component and S-100 protein. Such esophageal gland-like structures could be demonstrated exclusively in cancerous foci penetrated through the lamina muscularis mucosa. Those 113 lesions of the Group 1 did not show any such transformation even by the meticulous examination of the whole lesion by the step sectioning. Those lesions of the Group 2 had a distinct tendency of the perpendicular mural penetration and submucosal extension than the horizontal mucosal involvement, giving rise a characteristic appearance resembling to submucosal tumors. On the contrary, those of the Group 1 showed an ordinary mural extension pattern corresponding to the extent of mucosal involvement, so-to-speak, a typical features of common esophageal cancer. No outstanding difference in biological behaviours could be obviated between two groups so far examined; survival rate, lymph node metastasis, vascular permeation, intraepithelial extension, etc.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Mucosal immunity to HIV-1: systemic and vaginal antibody responses after intranasal immunization with the HIV-1 C4/V3 peptide T1SP10 MN(A).

To optimize mucosal immune responses to the HIV-1 peptide vaccine candidate T1SP10 MN(A), we intranasally immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with C4/V3 HIV-1 peptide together with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT). Four doses over a 4-wk period resulted in peak serum anti-peptide IgG titers of > 1:160,000 in BALB/c mice and > 1:520,000 in C57BL/6 mice, and significant levels (>1:30,000) persisted in both strains of mice for longer than 6 mo. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with peptide and CT induced serum IgG reactivity to HIV-1 gp120 and HIV-1(MN) neutralizing responses. The primary anti-peptide IgG subclass was IgG1, suggesting a predominant Th2-type response. In addition to elevated serum anti-peptide A responses, intranasal immunization with T1SP10 MN(A) and CT induced both vaginal anti-peptide IgG and IgA responses, which persisted for 91 days in both strains of mice. Vaginal anti-HIV IgA was frequently associated with secretory component, suggesting transepithelial transport of IgA into vaginal secretions. Cervical lymph nodes contained the highest relative concentration of anti-T1SP10 MN(A) IgG-producing cells, while the spleen was the next major site of anti-T1SP10 MN(A) IgG-producing cells. Ag-specific proliferative responses were also detected in cervical lymph node and spleen cell populations after intranasal immunization with T1SP10 MN(A) and CT. In addition, intranasal immunization with T1SP10 MN(A) and CT was able to induce anti-HIV cell-mediated immunity in vivo as indicated by the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Therefore, intranasal immunization with hybrid HIV peptides provides a noninvasive route of immunization that induces both long-lived systemic and mucosal Ab responses as well as cell-mediated immunity to HIV.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1997

Effects of intrajejunal perfusion and chronic ingestion of Lactobacillus johnsonii strain La1 on serum concentrations and jejunal secretions of immunoglobulins and serum proteins in healthy humans.

OBJECTIVES: Link-Amster reported an increase in serum IgA when healthy subjects ingested a fermented dairy product containing Lactobacillus johnsonii La1. We aimed to assess the effects of La1 on the jejunal secretions and serum concentrations of total and specific immunoglobulins and proteins. METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers ingested a fermented milk containing La1 or a control from day 1 till day 28, following a randomised double blind protocol. At days 0 and 28, the jejunum was successively perfused with a control solution and with a La1 suspension. The serum concentrations and jejunal secretions of albumin, orosomucoid, transferrin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, m-IgA, p-IgA, IgG, IgM, secretory component, and specific antibodies against La1 were assessed. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of IgA slightly increased between d0 and d28 in the group receiving La1 (1.85 +/- 0.64 g/L vs 1.76 +/- 0.76; P = 0.02). The other parameters were not altered. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the immunomodulating effects of La1 ingestion in man are not due to modification of jejunal protein permeability.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

[A pathological study on phenotype differentiation and its significance in pulmonary large cell carcinoma].

This study was designed to find the differentiated phenotype and its clinicopathological significance in pulmonary large cell carcinoam (PLCC) by immunohistochemical methods using a panel of antibodies related to the phenotype differentiation: high molecular weight cytokeratin, low molecular weight cytokeratiin, secretory component, chromogranin A and synaptophysin in 60 cases of PLCC. The results demonstrated that all cases of PLCC possessed monophasic, biphasic and triphasic phenotype differentiation features respectively, including squamous (4 cases), adenomatous (20 cases), neuroendocrine (19 cases), adenosquamous (11 cases); and the the coexistence of adenomatous, squamous and neuroendocrine (6 cases). The median survival time was different between patients with various differentiated phenotypes of PLCC. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in survival between neuroendocrine and adenomatous phenotypes. The results of this study implies that: (1) PLCC expressed different phenotypes of differentiation, (2) phenotypes of neuroendocrine differentiation has a poor prognosis, (3) it is necessary to classify PLCC according to the phenotype differentiation.

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung↗
PubMed1976

Antibodies in blood and secretions of chickens immunized parenterally and locally with killed Newcastle disease virus vaccine.

In mammals the antibody activity in secretions is associated with the secretory IgA. This unique immunoglobulin plays a major role in immunity against infectious diseases of the alimentary and the respiratory tracts. We found a similar system of local immunity against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the fowl. Airway washings and bile globulins of chickens were examined by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic methods. No antigenic differences were found between the serum IgA and the secretory IgA of airway washings and of bile. The chicken IgA differs from mammalian IgA by lacking secretory component. Antibodies in the airway washings and in tears of chickens immunized by aerosol ir i.m. NDV vaccine (attenuated or inactive) were compared to serum antibodies produced by similar methods of administration. HI antibodies in secretions reached higher levels after aerosol vaccination than after i.m. administration, whereas in serum the situation was reversed. The antibody activity in airway washings and in tears is associated with IgA, while in serum the main antibody is IgG.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1996

[Comparison of local antigen-specific IgA responses with serum IgA response after intrapulmonary antigen immunization in healthy subjects].

OBJECTIVE: To observe local lung and serum antigen-specific IgA response after local lung antigen immunization (LLI). METHODS: 11 healthy subjects were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH) through bronchoscopy. 10-14 days after immunization, IgA responses were obversed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and serum. RESULTS: LLI induced anti-KLH IgA response in immunized BALF and serum, and both were polymeric IgA. Anti-KLH IgA2/IgA1 ratios were greater in immunized BALF than in serum. Anti-KLH IgA activity in immunized BALF was associated with secretory component (SC), but in serum was not correlated with SC. CONCLUSIONS: LLI could induce local antigen-specific IgA production. There were markedly differences between the structure and subclass distribution of antigen-specific IgA in immunized BALF and serum.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1998

Sialomucins are characteristically O-acylated in poorly differentiated and colloid prostatic adenocarcinomas.

Mucinous glycoproteins are secreted by prostatic adenocarcinomas and might play important roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. Their histochemical properties on routine biopsy specimens have not been fully characterized. We present a histochemical study of mucin in 21 prostatic adenocarcinomas, with particular focus on the demonstration of different types of sialomucins. We applied the following histochemical techniques to routinely processed, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections: Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and periodic acid-Schiff to reveal both acidic and neutral mucins; high iron diamine and Alcian blue (pH 2.5) to show sulfated and acidic nonsulfated mucosubstances simultaneously; periodic acid borohydride, potassium hydroxide, and periodic acid-Schiff to demonstrate O-acylated sialic acids; periodic acid thionine-Schiff, potassium hydroxide, and periodic acid-Schiff to differentiate pre-existing glycols from those revealed after saponification procedures; and periodic acid borohydride and periodic acid-Schiff to show C9-O-acylated sialic acid. These techniques are useful tools for demonstrating neutral and acidic (sialo- and sulfo-) mucins and di(C8,C9- or C7,C9-)-O-acylated, tri(C7,C8,C9-)-O-acylated and mono(C9)-O-acylated sialomucins. Most prostatic adenocarcinomas showed acidic mucins, with sialomucins predominating over sulfomucins. Well-differentiated and moderately differentiated noncolloid tumors had non-O-acylated sialomucins. Poorly differentiated tumors contained mono-O-acylated (C9) sialomucins, and colloid-type tumors secreted mono-, di-, and tri-O-acylated sialoglycoproteins. Acidic mucins, mainly sialomucins, constitute the major secretory component in prostatic adenocarcinomas, and our results show that the O-acylation of these sialoglycoproteins inversely correlates with tumor differentiation. Well-differentiated and moderately differentiated tumors are not O-acylated, whereas the poorly differentiated ones characteristically have O-acylated sialomucins in C9. Adenocarcinomas of the colloid type, thought to bear a poor prognosis, are the most heavily O-acylated.

Acetylation↗