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PubMed2003

Internationalization of the animal science undergraduate curriculum: a survey of its current status, barriers to its implementation and its value.

The goal of this project was to identify the current level at which internationalization has been adopted as a theme in the North American animal science curriculum and to identify its value and the barriers to its implementation. We surveyed animal, dairy, and poultry science departments across Canada and the United States. One hundred twenty-four surveys were mailed and 60% were returned. Associations between aspects of internationalization and student outcomes (admission to veterinary and graduate schools and starting salaries) were examined. Although administrators strongly believed internationalization had value, implementation was limited. The most common practices included international content in core animal science classes, advising, international internships, and participation of faculty in international scholarly activities. Few departments have incorporated internationalization into their mission statements or developed a specific international-themed class, scholarships devoted to international activities, or roles for international students. Few departments reported participation of students in international programs. Barriers included finances and limited commitment from higher administration. Student outcomes were positively associated with faculty size, percentage of international faculty, the ratio of international students to the total student population, international content in core animal science classes, a specific international-themed class, availability of international internships, and exchange of class material internationally via the Internet. Departments that did not offer international opportunities had a negative association (r = -0.79) with starting salary, but these relationships may not be causal. Alternatively, progressive departments may attract and retain exceptional students. The analysis indicated an awareness of the value of international programs, positive impacts in student outcomes, and financial barriers to implementation.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1993

The Health Sciences Consortium: innovator in educational training programmes.

The Health Sciences Consortium (HSC), a membership organization in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, is devoted to the development and distribution of educational materials in the health sciences. Since 1971, HSC has grown to include 1200 members, comprising health sciences schools, hospitals and organizations in the USA and 28 other countries. HSC also publishes 1300 educational programmes covering all aspects of the health sciences and using a variety of delivery systems. In addition, HSC develops and customizes training and professional continuing education materials for pharmaceutical companies. The consortium provides several benefits to its members, including substantial discounts on instructional programmes, review and publication of submitted programmes, and faculty development workshops. HSC also sponsors an Instructional Design Fellowship Programme and a Visiting Faculty Programme open to all national and international consortium members.

Audiovisual Aids↗

PubMed2000

Community-based curriculum in psychiatric nursing science.

As community-based health care delivery is now a prominent feature of the health care system in South Africa, nursing curricula are being challenged to prepare student nurses for community-based nursing roles and responsibilities. The purpose of this study was to describe guidelines for a community-based curriculum in psychiatric nursing science for a nursing college in KwaZulu-Natal. A qualitative, quantitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was employed. To reach the purpose of the study, a situational analysis was done in three phases to identify the principles for a community-based curriculum for psychiatric nursing science. PHASE I: A document analysis of relevant government policies and legislation. PHASE II: Statistics from psychiatric hospitals and community psychiatric clinics. PHASE III: Focus group interviews with nurse educators and literature control and conceptual framework. The principles obtained from the three phases were used to formulate the guidelines for a community-based curriculum in psychiatric nursing science. (PHASE IV): Eight guidelines with practical implications are described for the implementation of a Community-based curriculum in Psychiatric Nursing Science.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1991

The search for useful methodologies in occupational science.

Debate currently exists on the soundness of various research methodologies in the social sciences. In the present paper, this question is addressed in relation to the emerging discipline of occupational science. First, the discipline of occupational science is defined. Next, two competing methodologies--Paradigm 1, Positivistic, and Paradigm 2, Naturalistic--are contrasted. The criteria of genuineness and trustworthiness are proposed as crucial for the evaluation of the soundness of available research methodologies for the extension of occupational science. Next, exemplars of research methodologies that meet these criteria are described. In the conclusion, the role that nonscientific ways of knowing, such as art and literature, may play in the understanding of human occupation is discussed.

Health Services Research↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mapping Australia's basic research in the medical and health sciences.

The Institute for Scientific Information indexes most of the major international basic research journals in science in the Science Citation Index (SCI). Australia's presence in the medical and health sciences journals in the SCI and the citations its published research receives in these journals show that Australia's basic medical research has high international "visibility". Mapping the source of the most highly "visible" Australian medical research articles shows high impact research coming from several different sectors (research institutes, universities, hospitals, etc.), but with a concentration in the member institutions of the Australian Association of Medical Research Institutes (AAMRI). Published research from the AAMRI is cited at a rate two-thirds higher than the Australian average for medical and health sciences.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Why medical research needs a new specialty of 'pure medical science'.

Sciences tend to go through boom and bust phases. Following decades of rapid expansion, medical science is now due for a collapse in overall funding. Furthermore, there has been a decline in the rate of therapeutic innovation, with fewer significant breakthroughs and little progress in several major areas of medicine such as oncology, psychiatry and autoimmune disorders. Mainstream medical research has gradually evolved into a form similar to industrial research and development (R&D), aiming at steady, reliable, predictable progress by ringing minor variations on existing approaches. Where this risk-averse approach is failing, a more speculative strategy is indicated. A new research specialty of 'pure medical science' would aim to seek radical new theories, technologies and therapies, and subject these to professional evaluation to the point where they can be applied in practice by more mainstream 'applied' medical scientists. A specialty of 'pure medical science' might be launched by financial support from patrons who wish to be associated with an elite new medical research discipline.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed1976

An experiment in integrated teaching of anatomical sciences.

With the phenomenal expansion of knowledge in both basic and clinical sciences, it is absolutely essential to provide a sound foundation of anatomical sciences for the clinical teaching within the limited time available. Problems like shortage of qualified teachers in anatomy, isolation of anatomical sciences from the rest of the basic and clinical departments and multicentricity of sections of anatomical sciences urged us to apply an integrated system as tailored to our needs and limitations. By interdepartmental integration of gross anatomy, histology and embryology a more coordinated teaching has been achieved. Joint clinicoanatomical presentations by participation of anatomists in clinical teaching and clinicians in teaching of anatomy have not only upgraded the teaching but have also significantly reduced the problem of teachers shortage. These presentations are essentially directed towards illustrating the living anatomy, diagnostic anatomy, operative anatomy, applied embryology and microanatomy or the selected regions, with bearings on physical examination, pattern of the diseases, diagnostic and surgical procedures, genesis and treatment of congenital defects and neuroanatomical localisation of lesions. Fundamental basis of developmental and genetic defects are dealt with by a team of pediatrician, pediatric surgeon and the anatomists, with additional emphasis in the genesis of these defects and resultant disorders of function.

Anatomy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing the learning outcomes of lecture and self-instruction methods in a senior clinical laboratory science course.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the relative effectiveness of lecture and self-instruction methods of instruction in a senior clinical laboratory science course. DESIGN: Posttest repeated measures design or within subject design. SETTING: The Department of Medical Technology in the School of Allied Health Professions, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans. PARTICIPANTS: Clinical laboratory science students (27) enrolled in clinical parasitology agreed to participate, which was a sample of convenience. There were 16 females and 11 males; 70% Caucasian, 23% Asian, and 7% African-American. The 2 students who did not sign a consent form were excluded from the study. INTERVENTION: Subjects were taught clinical parasitology course material by 2 different methods of instruction, lecture and self-instruction. All subjects received both treatments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Examination scores from each half of the course were compared using descriptive statistics and a paired t-test to determine the effectiveness of each instructional format. RESULTS: Results showed no statistically significant difference in learning outcomes between the 2 instructional formats (a = 0.05, p = 0.13). CONCLUSION: The results of the study generally support the hypothesis that the self-instruction method is as effective as the lecture method in teaching clinical parasitology. By incorporating self-instruction into a clinical laboratory science curriculum, many hours of lecture can be eliminated, and students can learn the material at their own pace. Students comprehend the material effectively, and are relieved from some of the intensity of the didactic approach to instruction that dominates clinical laboratory science curricula.

Educational Measurement↗

PubMed1998

Research in medical sciences in Israel, 1994-97, an overview of institutions, investigators, and funding.

This is a summary of the second effort to characterize medical research activities in Israel (1994-97). The study relies on responses to a questionnaire sent to all participants in the first survey (1991-94) and to additional, including younger, investigators. There were 1450 direct responses this time versus 1088 the first time. The distribution of investigators is 60% hospital-based versus 40% in basic sciences. The average number of funding sources per investigator has decreased from 2.6 to 2.2; however the percentage of funded investigators has increased from 60% to 70%. The greatest concentration of funded investigators remains at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, followed by Tel Aviv University and associated hospitals. The Chief Scientist's Office of the Ministry of Health funds more than 40% of funded investigators (more than double the next highest funding source, the US-Israel Binational Fund), followed in decreasing order by the National Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science, German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF), Israel Cancer Society, and NIH. The percentage of funded hospital-based investigators has increased from 59% to 62%; however, funding remains higher for basic science investigators. There has been an increase in the percentage of Ph.D.'s working in a hospital environment and an interesting anomaly is that the nonacademic-affiliated Ph.D. investigators in hospitals have been successful in receiving funding, so now a greater percentage of nonacademic hospital staff are funded than academic staff (69% versus 61%).

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed1999

Hard science versus phenomenology in reproductive immunology.

It has been suggested that studies of immunological aspects of reproduction have recently changed from the phenomenological (e.g., speculative/descriptive) to hard science (e.g., precise molecular description/ explanation). The significance of this development is explored by analysis of the contribution made by hard science that has led to a number of assertions. Does HLA-G determine maternal tolerance of her semi-allogeneic fetus? Do differences in placentation between humans, rodents, and other species make direct comparisons largely meaningless? Does membrane cofactor protein (CD46) contribute to pregnancy success by protecting sperm and fetal trophoblast from complement-mediated lysis? Does a low frequency in mice of maternal T cells specific for paternal alloantigens occur, and if so, does phenomenon explain specific maternal tolerance in pregnancy? Do placental and decidual macrophage components provide an important immediate antigen-nonspecific host defense to infection? Does the mix of bioactive molecules make the uterus an immunologically privileged site, and does the molecular melange have a pivotal role in promoting growth and development of the placenta and embryo? Does prolactin acting on receptors on lymphocytes suppress function and thereby account for remission of autoimmune disease in pregnant women? Is the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy for recurrent spontaneous abortion a thorny issue that will be resolved by an ongoing funded national trial? What is a scientifically correct timeline of important discoveries and developments in reproductive immunology? It is argued that it is unprofitable to divorce phenomenology from hard science and that the timeline for developments in reproductive immunology begin with Darwin. Irrespective of whether one is dealing with phenomena or hard science data, Hippocrates was correct in his aphorism that "description is infinite and easy; explanation is limited and difficult".

Abortion, Habitual↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The contribution of molecular biology to the progress of the physiological sciences].

Life science, physiology have an important improvement on cell sciences, by seeing cell through a complex integrative concept. So, the notion of homeostatic equilibrium for the whole body is applied at the cellular level. Also, molecular biology techniques can facilitate the answer for a lot of the physiological and pathological questions. This paper mention only some of the many examples which justify both the importance of molecular biology for the cognitive progress of physiological and biomedical sciences and the role of physiological notions for the complexity view of molecular sciences.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Scientific progress - wireless phones and brain cancer: current state of the science.

CONTEXT: The current science is not definitive about health risks from wireless phones; however, the legitimate questions about safety that have arisen from recent studies make claims of absolute safety no longer supportable. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to outline for primary care providers the results of the most current research on the possible impact of wireless phone use on human health. Presented are study results from Wireless Technology Research (WTR) program, the 7-year, $27 million effort funded by the wireless industry in the United States, that represents the world's most comprehensive research effort addressing this issue to date. Science-based recommendations for consumer interventions and future research are presented. DATA SOURCES: Original studies performed under the WTR program as well as other relevant research from around the world. STUDY SELECTION: This article presents a synopsis of the peer-reviewed in vitro and in vivo laboratory research, and the peer-reviewed epidemiology studies supported by the WTR, as well as a summary of other relevant work. DATA EXTRACTION: Only peer-reviewed scientific studies are presented, primarily WTR-sponsored research. In addition, results of the WTR literature surveillance program, which identified other relevant toxicology and epidemiology studies on an ongoing basis, are presented. These studies are presented in the context of their usefulness in providing intervention recommendations for consumers. DATA SYNTHESIS: Following a qualitative synthesis of specific relevant non-WTR research and a critical assessment of the WTR results, the following represents the current state of scientific understanding relevant to the public health impact of wireless phones: laboratory studies appear to have confirmed that radio frequency radiation from wireless phone antennas is insufficient to cause DNA breakage; however, this same radiation appears to cause genetic damage in human blood as measured through the formation of micronuclei. An increase in the rate of brain cancer mortality among hand-held cellular phone users as compared to car phone users, though not statistically significant, was observed in the WTR cohort study. A statistically significant increase in the risk of neuro-epithelial brain tumors was observed among cellular phone users in another case-control study. CONCLUSIONS: As new data emerge, our understanding of this complex problem will improve; however, at present there is a critical need for ongoing and open evaluation of the public health impact of new science, and communication of this science and derivative intervention options to those who are potentially affected.

Brain Neoplasms↗

PubMed2002

Adjusting to progress: interactions between the National Library of Medicine and health sciences librarians, 1961-2001.

Most health sciences librarians would agree that the National Library of Medicine's (NLM's) leadership and its services have been highly beneficial to the field, but this does not prevent specific NLM actions--or lack of action--from being perceived as annoying or infuriating. Over the past forty years, NLM's interactions with health sciences librarians have been affected by significant additions to NLM's mission and services, the expansion of NLM's direct user groups, and the growing range of possible relationships between health sciences librarians and NLM. The greatest friction between NLM and health services librarians occurs when there is a fundamental change in the way NLM carries out its mission-a change that adds to the web of relationships that link librarians and NLM and prompts corresponding changes in the way other libraries do business. Between 1961 and 2001, there were two such fundamental changes: the implementation of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine and the development and promotion of services targeted toward individual health professionals. On a lesser scale, each new service that connects NLM and health sciences librarians is another potential source of irritation, ready to flare up when the service is interrupted, changed, or eliminated. Other factors--including strong personalities, mistakes, and poor communication--add to, but do not cause, the intermittent problems between NLM and its most longstanding and engaged user group. These problems are in essence the price we pay for the leadership and vision of NLM's directors and for NLM's success in developing excellent services and in enhancing them based on advice from librarians and other users.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed2002

The contributions of library and information services to hospitals and academic health sciences centers: a preliminary taxonomy.

OBJECTIVES: This article presents a taxonomy of the contributions of library and information services (LIS) in hospitals and academic health sciences centers. The taxonomy emerges from a study with three objectives: to articulate the value of LIS for hospitals and academic health sciences centers in terms of contributions to organizational missions and goals, to identify measures and measurable surrogates associated with each LIS contribution, and to document best practices for communicating the value of LIS to institutional administrators. METHODS: The preliminary taxonomy of LIS contributions in hospitals and academic health sciences centers is based on a review of the literature, twelve semi-structured interviews with LIS directors and institutional administrators, and a focus group of administrators from five academic, teaching, and nonteaching hospitals. RESULTS: Derived from the balanced scorecard approach, the taxonomy of LIS contributions is organized on the basis of five mission-level concepts and fifteen organizational goals. LIS contributions are included only if they have measurable surrogates. CONCLUSIONS: The taxonomy of LIS contributions offers a framework for the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data in support of communicating the value of LIS in hospitals and academic health sciences centers.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2002

Use of animals in research: a science - society controversy? The European perspective.

The use of animals for research and testing purposes has decreased substantially during the last two decades but is now increasing again, mainly because of the increased use of transgenic animal models. Presently, 10-12 millions of vertebrate animals are used per year within EU Member States. Scientists who are using animals in research are frequently criticised by animal protection groups and blamed that they do not respect the integrity of an animal's life. The European Science Foundation (ESF) is recognising that legislation cannot be the only answer to those worries in society and that it is essential to take a stand and to clearly explain what the Foundation's position with regard to the use of animals is. In a recently published position paper, ESF has discussed its views and has adopted guidelines for the use of animals in research. The document explicitly states that laboratory animals have an intrinsic value, which must be respected. The consequences of recognising the intrinsic value have been elaborated in the position paper and include, among others, strong endorsement of the replacement, reduction, refinement principles. It is stated that, prior to the performance of an animal experiment, the protocol should be subjected to independent expert review including the weighing of the likely benefit versus the likely animal suffering. Also, the development and organisation of accredited courses on laboratory animal science, including information on animal alternatives, welfare and ethics are encouraged. The guidelines, as formulated in the position paper, can be seen as reinforcement of developments that have already been started in several countries, but have not always received full support from the scientific community. With this document, the association of 70 leading national science organisations in Europe has taken a position that, in several aspects, exceeds current European legislative regulations. For bridging the science - society controversy, it is essential to continue this initiative by promoting the implementation of the guidelines at all levels of the scientific community. This requires commitment and scientific leadership.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗

PubMed2002

Attitudes to premarital counseling among students of Abha Health Sciences College.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore the attitudes of the students of Health Sciences College in Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) towards premarital counseling. METHODS: This study was conducted among the students of Health Sciences Colleges in Abha, KSA, during the 2nd semester of the academic year of 1999-2000. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all available students who answered it under the direct supervision of the Heads of Departments. The questionnaire consisted of 3 main parts; the first part was regarding socio-demographic and scientific characteristics, the 2nd part concerned with attitudes towards premarital counseling while the 3rd part explored the preferred items to be included in premarital counseling. Data of the questionnaire were entered and analyzed by statistical package for social sciences. Association between categorical variables were tested by Chi-square test and considered significant if (P-value less than 0.05). RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-six students responded, giving a response rate of 70%. Seventy percent of students showed acceptance of premarital counseling while 13% rejected it. Legalization of premarital counseling was agreed on by 19% compared to 41% who refused it. Family history and blood tests for hemoglobinopathies were the most common 2 items preferred to be included in premarital counseling by the respondents. CONCLUSION: This study showed that most of the students at Health Sciences College in Abha, KSA have good attitudes towards premarital counseling in spite of a few students who justify their refusal by the misunderstanding of Islamic rules. This misunderstanding needs intensification of health education in which religious leaders are involved to clarify and correct this misconception.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

How do we translate science into public health policy and law?

Scientific knowledge concerning effective preventive measures to preserve and protect the health of the public continues to grow exponentially. Methods for assessing the impact of population-based interventions such as policies and laws have also greatly increased in the past decade, including systematic approaches that allow general findings to be drawn from various studies, especially those developed as part of the Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Guide). However, the translation of the collected scientific evidence gathered to date has been spotty and problematic. Success stories do exist, including community water fluoridation, a significant factor in improvements in reduction of tooth decay over the past 50 years. Even for interventions with a strong science base, such as community water fluoridation, significant barriers to implementation of effective strategies discovered through research remain. Barriers include public misunderstanding of health issues and proposed solutions such as fluoridation; lack of engagement on the part of the media in communicating known effective strategies; and reluctance on the part of policymakers to champion approaches that concern but may not be advocated by their constituencies. The increasing burden of chronic disease places public policymakers into non-traditional roles, such as advocating behavior change as a preventive measure. Science is a critical tool to help legislators and policymakers "connect the dots" between public policies. For example, the elimination or degrading of physical education programs in schools is an important factor in addressing the national epidemic of childhood overweight and obesity in addition to the increase in rates of Type II diabetes among children. This article provides an overview of the past, present, and future associated with translating science into public health policy and law, including a review of tools and strategies to address existing and expanding public health challenges. The article also provides and discusses examples of translating and implementing science-based solutions to address public health problems effectively.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Skills and abilities needed by environmental health science and protection professionals in the public sector.

The National Environmental Health Science and Protection Accreditation Council (EHAC) accredits undergraduate academic environmental health science programs in the United States. The guidelines used by EHAC include core and technical courses that students should take in order to graduate with a bachelor of science degree in environmental health science. As part of a review of the accreditation guidelines, the research reported in this paper was undertaken with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To identify the skills and abilities needed by entry-level environmental health professionals in the public sector, the research 1) examined existing environmental health priorities in public-health agencies, 2) reviewed entry-level job postings, and 3) surveyed more than 120 public-health professionals across the country. The results suggest that students who graduate from accredited programs must be skilled interpersonal communicators with a broad base of technical knowledge.

Accreditation↗