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PubMed1993

Use of a DNA probe to detect the intracellular organism of proliferative enteritis in swine feces.

A method of extracting bacterial DNA from swine feces was developed and used in a molecular assay for the presence of ileal symbiont (IS) intracellularis, formerly known as the Campylobacter-like organism associated with swine with proliferative enteritis. Hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled, IS intracellularis-specific probe detected the presence of IS intracellularis at a concentration of 10(7) organisms/g of feces. This method was sufficient to detect IS intracellularis in the feces of swine with experimentally induced and naturally acquired infection. Results of the hybridization were in agreement with those from histologic postmortem examination.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Association between water sulfate and diarrhea in swine on Ohio farms.

Water samples and survey information related to prevalence of diarrhea, pathogens isolated, history of water quality problems, source of water, geographic location, land use, and water use were obtained from 54 swine farms in Ohio. Water was analyzed for concentration of sulfates and total dissolved solids by use of ion chromatography and electrical conductivity techniques. Sulfate concentrations in drinking water for swine ranged from 5.99 to 1,629 mg/L, with a mean of 231.78 mg/L and a median of 85.39 mg/L. Mean concentration of total dissolved solids was 632.2 mg/L, with a median of 581 mg/L and a range of 175 to 2,058 mg/L. Concentrations of water sulfate and total dissolved solids were highly correlated (P = 0.001). Sulfate concentrations were correlated with geographic location. Higher concentrations were found in the northern and western regions of Ohio. Associations between sulfate concentrations and prevalence of diarrhea, pathogens isolated, or source of water could not be established, but water sulfate concentrations significantly (P = 0.0002) increased with depth of the well. Water sulfate concentration could be approximated when geographic location, depth of well, and concentration of total dissolved solids were known. Sixty-nine percent (37/54) of the participating farms in the study had not had any laboratory-confirmed reports of diarrhea in swine in the preceding 2 years. Of those reporting diarrhea, most signs of disease were detected in pigs < 2 weeks old or in young pigs within 2 weeks of entry into the nursery.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Tissue reaction and immunity in swine immunized with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae vaccines.

These studies were done to develop a subunit vaccine for swine that would protect against disease, but not create unacceptable tissue reactions at the immunization site. Swine were used to evaluate the local effects of subunit vaccines prepared from extracts of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 containing one of a wide variety of adjuvants. The antigen was an anionic fraction of a saline extract of A. pleuropneumoniae (ANEX). The adjuvants used were vegetable oils (peanut, sesame, canola, or corn oils, vitamin E, or Lipposyn II emulsion); mineral oil (Marcol-52) and other materials (aluminum hydroxide, polyethylene glycol, Quil-A, Amphigen, or Emulsigen-Plus). Two types of experiments were done. In the 1st set of experiments, pigs were given multiple simultaneous injections in different sites and euthanized on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, or 28. Tissues were examined for gross and histopathological lesions. In the 2nd set of experiments, 48 pigs were allocated to 6 groups and vaccinated twice with a vaccine containing ANEX antigen combined with one of various adjuvants. Antibody responses and protection from challenge were evaluated. Among the adjuvants that were tested, mineral oils induced protective immunity, although the mineral oil Marcol-52 resulted in severe tissue reactions. The vegetable oils induced little protective immunity, and some of them were quite irritating. The response to the other materials ranged from little irritation or protection induced by the vaccine containing aluminum hydroxide to effective protection without irritation after vaccination with ANEX/Amphigen or ANEX/Emulsigen-Plus combinations. In conclusion, swine were protected against disease by a subunit vaccine that did not create unacceptable tissue reaction at the immunization site.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed1995

[Significance of PRRS virus infections for respiratory tract infections in swine--a literature review].

The paper summarises present knowledge concerning the possible role of a virus which has in the meantime been classified as belonging to the arteriviridae and which causes PRRS (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome), in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases four years after first isolation of the virus. Although the fact that PRRSV-infection produces an immunity which protects swine from repeated bouts of PRRSV is common knowledge by now, reinfection with the virus might be possible. An immunosuppression, which has been suggested by many investigators, and which was thought to be the result of destruction of alveolar macrophages during virus replication, was not found as yet. The significance of the extent and the duration of the decrease in the number of alveolar macrophages, which belong to the unspecific immunity, for the total immune system of swine infected with PRRSV remains unclear. A general impairment of specific immunity through PRRSV-infection could not be shown. The present role of PRRS for the pathogenesis of respiratory disease is seen very differently. The significance of PRRSV as primary cause of an "influenza-like" illness which is principally followed by severe bacterial infection of the respiratory tract, is questioned by the results of studies which identify PRRSV-infection as a mainly subclinical disease. In these studies, clinical cases are the exemption. Attempts at experimental reproduction of a clinically manifest, respiratory disease was not successful as yet. The paper describes factors which might be responsible for these variable results. Control of PRRS is difficult in areas with a high density of the swine population, since the spreading of the virus with the wind seems to be important besides the recruitment of new, infected animals. A vaccine has not yet been registered in Germany. First experimental experiences with vaccination are available from Denmark and the USA.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence of Salmonella organisms in swine feed.

OBJECTIVE: To test feed and feed ingredients on swine farms for Salmonella organisms and to analyze data from these farms to determine risk factors associated with Salmonella organisms in the feed and feed ingredients. DESIGN: Epidemiologic survey and retrospective case-control study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 30 swine farms. PROCEDURE: Samples of feed and feed ingredients and information regarding herd characteristics were collected from 30 swine farms. Samples were tested for Salmonella organisms, and data compiled from herd information forms were examined for associated risk factors between herd characteristics and isolation of Salmonella organisms. RESULTS: Salmonella organisms were isolated from 36 of 1,264 (2.8%) feed and feed ingredient samples and from 14 of 30 (46.7%) farms. Thirteen Salmonella sp serotypes and 2 untypeable isolates were cultured. Recovery of Salmonella organisms from at least 1 feed or feed ingredient on a farm was significantly associated with 6 herd characteristics (lack of bird-proofing, using farm-prepared feed for finishing-age pigs rather than purchased feed, and housing pigs in facilities other than total confinement in the growing, finishing, gestating, and breeding stages of production, respectively). Isolation of Salmonella sp was not associated with a history of salmonellosis on a farm. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Salmonella organisms were readily isolated from samples of feed and feed ingredients, illustrating that salmonellae are ubiquitous in a farm environment. Implementing sanitary and pest-control measures continues to be a prudent recommendation. Salmonella serotypes found in feed and feed ingredients have the potential to cause disease in pigs that consume the feed or, ultimately, in people that consume pork.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

A survey of bovine, bubaline and swine sarcocystosis in the Philippines.

In a survey conducted from January to December, 1994, muscle tissues in 12 out of 22 slaughtered carabaos ages 8-17 years old and obtained from the Food Terminal Inc, Abbatoir in Laguna showed numerous white and creamy elliptic-shaped soft bodied macrocysts in the throat muscles. Microscopic examination of the throat and cardiac muscle tissues revealed the presence of fusiform-shaped microcysts. Our observations are consistent with previous reports incriminating Sarcocystis fusiformis as the most important etiologic agent of bubaline sarcocystosis in the country. In a survey of bovine sarcocystosis in muscle tissues of imported Australian cattle (Brahman Breed) and native cattle obtained from various slaughter houses in Manila and suburbs, prevalence rates of 17% (98/577) and 3% (1/31) were noted, respectively. Sarcocysts were predominant in skeletal muscles and to a lesser extent in cardiac, esophageal and diaphragm muscle tissues. Light microscopic examination of sarcocysts morphology suggests Sarcocystis cruzi (= Sarcocystis bovis), and Sarcocystis hominis (= Sarcocystis bovihominis) or Sarcocystis hirsuta (= Sarcocystis bovifelis) as the likely etiologic agents of bovine sarcocystosis in the country. Of the 225 swines examined, only muscle tissues from a 6-month old swine revealed very young sarcocysts (= metrocytes). A review of available documented studies on sarcocystosis suggests that to date, our findings may represent the first data on the prevalence of bovine and swine sarcocystosis in the Philippines.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Sub-clinical swine fever: a survey of neutralizing antibodies in ther sera of pigs from herds having reproductive failures.

Sera harvested from breeding farms where reproductive failures were observed but where swine fever vaccination was not carried out, where tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies specific for swine fever virus. Neutralization tests were performed in tissue culture using two viruses strains: the american serological variant "331" strain isolated by MENGELING (1969) and the virulent "normal strain" Alfort. For comparison, sera harvested from healthy, vaccinated and unvaccinated breeding farms were also tested. Results show absence of antibodies against these two strains in healthy and unvaccinated animals. All sera harvested from healthy and vaccinated breeding farms have high levels of neutralizing activity against the two strains. From 1,251 harvested unvaccinated breeding farms have reproductive failures, 6.2 p. 100 had neutralizing antibodies against the "Alfort" strain and 17.1 p. 100 contained neutralizing antibodies against the "331" strain. In 87 out of these 189 breeding farms, positive serological reactions were observed. Considering the respective intensity of neutralizing activity against the two strains , the vaccination with live virus vaccines ("Chinese strain" or "Thiverval" strain) induces high levels of antibodies but a higher titer against "Alfort" strain. Inversely, low virulent strains responsible for sub-clinical swine fever induce low or moderate levels against the "331" strain and nil or low levels against the "Alfort" strain. These results suggest that low virulent strains having common antigenic properties with the serological variant "331" strain are circulating among pigs in unvaccinated breeding farms having reproductive failures. These features are important for future development and establishment of routine serological checking for diagnosis and herd testing.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Regeneration through long nerve grafts in the swine model.

We investigated regeneration across a long nerve defect in the swine model to study extensive neural loss and long nerve gap. Most experiments have been conducted in the rodent model that, while an appropriate immunological model, only allows short nerve gaps to be studied. Twelve outbred swine received either an 8-cm ulnar nerve autograft or an allograft without immunosuppression. At 6 and 10 months, histomorphometry of the autografts demonstrated excellent nerve regeneration, while very poor regeneration was noted across the allografts. This confirmed that 8 cm are an adequate challenge independent of the spontaneous regeneration potential of axons seen in rodents. The swine ulnar nerve graft model causes minimal morbidity and will now be used with immunological manipulation of inbred animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Determination of gentamicin in swine and calf tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of serious infections. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method to determine gentamicin residues in edible tissues of swine and calf. Extraction of gentamicin was performed using a liquid extraction with phosphate buffer containing trichloroacetic acid, followed by a solid-phase clean-up procedure on a CBA weak cation-exchange column. Tobramycin was used as the internal standard. After drying of the eluate, the residue was redissolved and further analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Chromatographic separation of the internal standard tobramycin and the gentamicin components was achieved on a Nucleosil (5 microm) column using a mixture of 10 mM pentafluoropropionic acid in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The gentamicin components C1a, C2 + C2a and C1 could be identified with the MS/MS detection, and subsequently quantified. The method was validated according to the requirements of the EC at the maximum residue limit (MRL) (100 ng g(-1) for muscle and fat, 200 ng g(-1) for liver and 1000 ng g(-1) for kidney), half the MRL and double the MRL levels. Calibration graphs were prepared for all tissues and good linearity was achieved over the concentration ranges tested (r > 0.99 and goodness of fit <10%). Limits of quantification of 25.0 ng g(-1) were obtained for the determination of gentamicin in muscle, fat, liver and kidney tissues of swine and calf, which correspond in all cases to at least half the MRLs. Limits of detection ranged between 0.5 and 2.5 ng g(-1) for the tissues. The within-day and between-day precisions (RSD) and the results for accuracy fell within the ranges specified. The method was successfully used for the determination of gentamicin in tissue samples of swines and calves medicated with gentamicin by intramuscular injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The anemia of vitamin E deficiency in swine: an experimental model of the human congenital dyserythropoietic anemias.

The ultrastructural and erythrokinetic characteristics of vitamin E deficiency in swine were investigated in an effort to evaluate the suitability of the swine disorder as a model of the human congenital dyserythropoietic anemias. The dominant erythrokinetic abnormality in vitamin E deficient pigs, as in the CDAs, is ineffective erythropoiesis. As in some patients with CDA, the activity of a number of erythrocyte enzymes was increased. Distinctive ultrastructual changes previously described in patients with CDA were found in normoblasts from vitamin E deficient pigs. The morphologic, erythrokinetic, biochemical and ultrastructural similarities between vitamin E deficiency in swine and the CDAs in man appear to justify the study of the animal disorder as a model of the human disease. A complete hematologic response was elicited by the administration not only of vitamin E, but also, as in the previous studies of vitamin E deficiency in monkeys, by hexahydrocoenzyme Q4. The partial hematologic response occurring after deletion of tocopherol stripped corn oil from the diet indicates that factors other than the dietary lack of vitamin E are important in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Anemia↗
PubMed2002

Airways inflammation after exposure in a swine confinement building during cleaning procedure.

BACKGROUND: Healthy volunteers exposed for 3 hr during weighing of pigs develop an airway inflammation characterized by a massive influx of neutrophilic granulocytes in the upper and lower airways and increased bronchial responsiveness to methacholine. The purpose of the present study was to investigate health effects from exposure during cleaning of the swine confinement building and to evaluate the effect of a respiratory protection device. METHODS: Sixteen subjects were exposed for 3 hr during cleaning of a swine confinement room with a high-pressure cleaner. Seven out of sixteen subjects were equipped with a mask during exposure. RESULTS: The bronchial responsiveness increased in all subjects following exposure, significantly more in the group exposed without a mask (P < 0.05). The cell concentration (mainly neutrophilic granulocytes) in nasal lavage fluid as well as the concentration of interleukin-8, increased significantly only in those subjects exposed without a respiratory protection device. In peripheral blood, an increase of neutrophilic granulocytes was observed in both groups, although it was significantly higher in the group without mask (P < 0.05). The inhalable dust level was 0.94 (0.74 - 1.55) mg/m(3) and respirable dust 0.56 (0.51-0.63) mg/m(3). CONCLUSION: Exposure to dust aerosols during the cleaning of the interior of a swine confinement building induces increased bronchial responsiveness and an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airways. The use of a mask attenuated but did not abolish the inflammatory response. This suggests that gases and/or ultrafine particles in this environment could be important factors in the development of increased bronchial responsiveness.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

Respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction in swine veterinarians: a persistent problem.

OBJECTIVE: There are many occupational hazards associated with the practice of swine veterinarians. To reassess the prevalence of respiratory complaints and pulmonary function abnormalities in this group. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted during the American Association of Swine Veterinarians annual meeting. Subjects completed a respiratory symptom/work history questionnaire and performed spirometry. RESULTS: Participants included 122 veterinarians (median age=42.5 years). Work-related symptoms included rhinitis symptoms (69%), cough and chest tightness (53%), wheezing (31%). Airway obstruction was seen in 24% of participants. Veterinarians with airway obstruction reported working more hours per week in hog barns than did practitioners with normal pulmonary function (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory symptoms were common in the swine veterinarians tested as was airway obstruction. The association with these findings and hog barn exposure suggests that working in these facilities is still a risk factor for airway disease.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1989

Respiratory symptoms among Swedish swine producers.

Two hundred nine male farmers engaged in swine production, born in 1913 or later, and alive in 1985 received mailed questionnaires on respiratory symptoms, medical history, and exposure to contaminated air in swine confinement buildings. The response rate was 76%. The prevalence of three or more symptoms of bronchitis was higher than that in welders who had completed the same questionnaire--Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio 5.26 (1.9-14.8) for smoking subjects. The number of reported symptoms was strongly influenced by smoking habits (p less than .01) and by exposure (p less than .01), and by a positive interaction between these (p less than .01, two-way analysis of covariance). Air in swine confinement buildings is contaminated with bacterial endotoxins and organic dust, and it is concluded that it may pose a risk for airways diseases such as chronic bronchitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of the coupling of grounded humans, swine and rats to vertical, 60-Hz electric fields.

Published and new data for grounded humans, swine, and rats exposed to vertical, 60-Hz electric fields are used to determine field strengths at the surfaces of the bodies and average components of induced-current density along the axes of the bodies. At the tops of the bodies, surface electric fields are increased (enhanced) over the unperturbed field strength present before the subjects entered the field by factors of 17, 7, and 4 for humans, swine, and rats, respectively. For an unperturbed field strength of 10 kV/m, average induced axial current densities in the neck, chest, abdomen, and feet are: 550, 190 250, and 200 nA/cm2, respectively, for humans; 40, 13, 20, and 1100 nA/cm2, respectively, for swine; and 28, 16, 2, and 1400 nA/cm2, respectively, for rats. These data are used to show that the actual electric fields experienced by animals depend strongly on the shape of the body and its orientation relative to the electric field and ground plane. This fact must be taken into account if biological data obtained with laboratory animals are to be used for the assessment of possible hazards to humans exposed to 60-Hz electric fields.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Developmental studies of Hanford miniature swine exposed to 60-Hz electric fields.

Evaluations of reproductive and developmental toxicology, including teratology, were included as part of a broad screening study in Hanford Miniature swine (HMS) to detect effects of exposure to electric fields. One group (E) was exposed to a uniform, vertical, 60-Hz, 30-kV/m electric field for 20 h/day, 7 days/week; sham-exposed (SE) swine were housed in a separate, environmentally equivalent building. The first generation (F0) gilts were bred after 4 months of study; some were killed for teratologic assays at 100 days of gestation (dg), and the others produced an F1 generation of offspring. The pooled incidence of terata in these litters (teratologic assays and live births) was similar in the E and SE groups. The F0 females, which produced the F1 generation, were bred again after 18 months of exposure and were killed at 100 dg. Malformation incidence in E litters (75%) was significantly greater than in SE litters (29%). No consistent differences in litter size, fetal mass, or mass of fetal organs were detected. The F1 gilts were bred at 18 months of age; defective offspring were found in significantly more of the E litters (71%) than in SE litters (33%). These F1 females were bred again 10 months later and teratologic assays were performed on their second litters at 100 dg. The percentage of litters with malformed fetuses was essentially identical in the E and SE groups (70% and 73%, respectively). There appears to be an association between chronic exposure to a strong electric field and developmental effects in swine, although the change in incidence of malformations between generations and between the first and second breedings makes it impossible to conclude unequivocally that there is a cause-and-effect relation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Maximization of acetic acid production in partial acidogenesis of swine wastewater.

Swine wastewater was biologically treated to produce short-chain volatile organic acids (VOAs) in laboratory-scale continuously stirred tank reactors. The maximum production rates of acetic and butyric acids associated with simultaneous changes in pH and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were investigated, in which the degree of acidification of swine wastewater to the short-chain VOAs was <25% of influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. A constant inoculum system was used to minimize the experimental error due to the use of inconsistent inoculum. The inoculum system was operated with synthetic wastewater at 6000 mg soluble chemical oxygen demand per liter (pH 6.0) and 35 degrees C at 0.5 day hydraulic retention time. Response surface methodology was applied successfully to determine the optimum physiological condition for which the maximum rate of acetic acid production occurred, which was pH 5.90 and 0.88 day hydraulic retention time at 35 degrees C. The partial acidification process to manage swine waste should be operated in the optimum condition for acetic acid production because the optimum operating condition for butyric acid production approached the washout point.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Real-time MRI guided atrial septal puncture and balloon septostomy in swine.

Cardiac perforation during atrial septal puncture (ASP) might be avoided by improved image guidance. X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF), which guides ASP, visualizes tissue poorly and does not convey depth information. Ultrasound is limited by device shadows and constrained imaging windows. Alternatively, real-time MRI (rtMRI) provides excellent tissue contrast in any orientation and may enable ASP and balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) in swine. Custom MRI catheters incorporated "active" (receiver antenna) and "passive" (iron or gadolinium) elements. Wholly rtMRI-guided transfemoral ASP and BAS were performed in 10 swine in a 1.5T interventional suite. Hemodynamic results were measured with catheters and velocity encoded MRI. Successful ASP was performed in all 10 animals. Necropsy confirmed septostomy confined within the fossa ovalis in all. BAS was successful in 9/10 animals. Antenna failure in a re-used needle led to inadvertent vena cava tear prior to BAS in 1 animal. ASP in the same animal was easily performed using a new needle. rtMRI illustrated clear device-tissue-lumen relationships in multiple orientations, and facilitated simple ASP and BAS. The mean procedure time was 19 +/- 10 minutes. Septostomy achieved a mean left to right shunt ratio of 1.3:1 in these healthy animals. Interactive rtMRI permits rapid transcatheter ASP and BAS in swine. Further technical development may enable novel applications.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1987

Gene transfer in swine embryos by injection of cells infected with retrovirus vectors.

Key components for gene transfer to swine embryos using an avian retrovirus are described. A replication-defective reticuloendotheliosis (REV) viral vector can infect and be expressed in pig embryo fibroblasts (PEF). Infection with a replication-competent vector (REV-A) indicates a presumptive block to viral replication in PEF. Swine embryos obtained at the morula stage can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage, injected with retrovirus helper cells or quail embryo fibroblasts producing REV, and transferred to recipient swine with survival to at least 6 wk of gestation.

Animals↗