Anomalous destruction caused by the use of toothpicks.
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Humans↗
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Results for “SELF MUTILATION”
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Factitious foreign body implantations.
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Aged↗
Prevention of self-inflicted trauma in comatose patients.
A solution to the problem of self-inflicted trauma to the tongue in decerebrate and comatose patients is outlined. The neurophysiology of jaw movement in the comatose patient is the basis of design of an intraoral fixed appliance which prevents discoordinate or neuropathologic mandibular chewing movements and facilitates healing of pre-existing lesions. Described in detail are the fabrication, insertion, and maintenance of this protective prosthesis, with emphasis on the need for joint effort between the neurosurgery and dentistry teams.
Child↗
Unusual pigmentation of the gingiva. Report of two different types.
Two unusual types of oral mucosal pigmentation are reported. The first type is due to the use of an oral hygiene aid that is obtained from the bark of a plant, Juglans regia, that is known as Derum or Dendasa. The second type is that of a self-induced tattoo of the buccal maxillary gingiva created with soot obtained from burned wood in clay ovens.
Adult↗
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and the lower lip guard.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a rare inborn error of metabolism, is characterized by mental retardation and factitious oral lesions, which cause immense difficulties in its management. A case of an 11-year-old boy, the elder of two siblings with this condition, who had severe self-inflicted injuries to oral and perioral tissues is presented highlighting the different treatment modalities considered. A tailor-made lipguard proved to provide the best cosmetic result short term.
Child↗
Orofacial artefactual disease.
Self-induced lesions of the face and mouth may occasionally be encountered in dental practice. In general the deliberate creation of orofacial lesions is an indication of underlying psychiatric disease of various types that usually involve a personal gain by the patient from having such lesions. We present three cases of deliberately self-induced lesions and discuss the problem of diagnosis and management of these cases.
Adult↗
Gender differences in autotomy following sciatic cryoneurolysis in the rat.
Gender differences reported in nociceptive and nerve injury research should be considered before conclusions about basic pathologic mechanisms are drawn. Holtzman male rats are routinely used in the mononeuropathy model produced by a peripheral nerve freeze lesion, sciatic cryoneurolysis (SCN). SCN reproducibly results in abnormal behaviors which include autotomy, the gnawing and scratching of the affected hindpaw. In the present studies, the incidence and severity of autotomy 1 to 21 days following SCN was compared in male and female Holtzman rats. Female Holtzman rats displayed a decreased incidence and severity of autotomy 7 days and beyond following SCN. This disparity was statistically different at 14 days (p < 0.01) and at 21 days (p < 0.05) by Newman-Keuls test. Morphometric comparison of the sciatic nerve at the lesion site in male and female rats 14 days post-SCN (time of peak autotomy behavior in this model) displayed differences in the fascicular percentage of edema (p < 0.01) and remyelinating axons (p < 0.05) between genders using Student's t-test. However, these percentage values did not correlate with either the incidence or severity of autotomy scores for those animals. Therefore, biochemical differences at and/or proximal to the peripheral nerve freeze lesion may be responsible for mechanisms which generate or relate to autotomy.
Animals↗
Autoenucleation.
Autoenucleation is a rare occurrence. An unusual case is presented of a young woman who manually extracted her right globe and was left with a temporal hemianopsia in the remaining eye. Legends surrounding autoenucleation and the medical literature are reviewed, with emphasis on psychiatric aspects and pathologic findings in ocular avulsion.
Adult↗
Methylphenidate and pemoline do not cause depletion of rat brain monoamine markers similar to that observed with methamphetamine.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and pemoline (Cylert) are central nervous system stimulants which are widely prescribed for attention deficit and other psychiatric disorders. Several other related stimulants, including amphetamine and methamphetamine, have been shown to cause long lasting decreases in monoamine markers in rat brain, characteristic of axonal degeneration. To assess the neurotoxic potential of methylphenidate and pemoline, we compared the effects of multiple injections (sc, bid for up to 4 days) of methylphenidate (21 and 50 mg/kg) and pemoline (20 and 70 mg/kg) with methamphetamine (5 and 15 mg/kg) on rat brain norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels and transport sites. While decreases were observed in all brain monoamine markers measured in rats treated with methamphetamine, no changes were observed in animals treated with methylphenidate as compared to saline-treated controls. Pemoline failed to induce significant changes in the level of monoamine transport sites; however, a wide array of changes were observed in the levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, dopamine, and norepinephrine in various brain areas after a 3-day treatment regimen with a high dose (70 mg/kg) of pemoline. The lack of changes in monoamine transport sites following the repeated administration of high doses of methylphenidate and pemoline suggests that these drugs do not affect axonal integrity. However, the pattern of changes observed in the levels of monoamines after pemoline treatment may have relevance to the self-injurious behavior seen in these animals.
Animals↗
Psychological aspects of hand unjuries.
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Adolescent↗
Unusual craniocerebral penetrating injury by a chopstick.
The case of a 53-year-old man who attempted suicide by introducing a wooden chopstick through his nostril into his brain is reported. The importance of computed tomography is stressed in the diagnosis of intracranial wooden foreign bodies.
Brain Injuries↗
Pharmacologic control of pemoline induced self-injurious behavior in rats.
Administration of oral Pemoline produces long lasting amphetamine-type stereotyped behavior and persistent self-biting behavior in rats. The effects of haloperidol, pimozide, diazepam, and serotonin depletion by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or chronic pretreatment with p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on abnormal behavior produced by pemoline were studied. Diazepam consistently increased the duration of stereotyped behavior. It also reduced licking/biting and self-biting but the latter effects were not consistent. Pretreatment with PCA had negligible effects on stereotyped behavior. Pretreatment with PCPA dramatically increased locomotion and rearing without affecting the other components of stereotypy--stereotyped head movements, licking/biting, and self-biting. Haloperidol (0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg) produced a dose related normalization of pemoline induced behaviors, including elimination of self-biting. Pimozide (0.5, 0.8 and 1.3 mg/kg) had little or no effect on behaviors such as locomotions, rears, licking/biting, or stereotyped head movements but eliminated self-biting at 1.3 mg/kg. These data suggest that pemoline, like amphetamine, produces stereotyped behavior through central dopaminergic mechanisms. Dopaminergic mechanisms also appear to be involved in pemoline induced self-biting. pemoline is apparently pharmacologically and behaviorally very similar to amphetamine. Pemoline may provide a useful animal model for syndromes characterized by self-injurious behavior and other repetitive behaviors.
Amphetamines↗
Self-injurious behavior produced in rats by daily caffeine and continuous amphetamine.
Self-biting (SB) is an unusual behavioral effect of high doses of certain amphetamine-like drugs in rats. This bizarre behavior has received little attention, perhaps because the high doses of drug required and the dramatic disturbance of the animals' behavioral repertoire have raised the possibility that SB is a high dose phenomenon. However, we have found that continuous administration of very low amounts of amphetamine reliably produces SB in rats, and that this behavioral change can be very selective. We compared SB produced by continuous amphetamine to SB produced by daily caffeine; the latter has been proposed as an animal model for self-injurious behavior (SIB) in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Subcutaneous silicone pellets containing amphetamine base were implanted for 4.5 days; caffeine was administered daily for 10 days. The amphetamine pellets produced the highest rate of SB (75% vs 40%) with the least toxic effects (no deaths vs three deaths). Neither drug produced stereotypy. The dopamine antagonist haloperidol was only marginally effective in controlling SB produced by daily caffeine but the dopamine antagonist pimozide (which has a longer duration of action) prevented SB by amphetamine pellet rats. Continuous release amphetamine pellets may provide an alternative to the caffeine model of SIB in humans, particularly for the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Amphetamine↗
The clonidine-induced self-injurious behavior of mice involves purinergic mechanisms.
Mode of action of clonidine involved in self-injurious behavior was assessed in mice. Single injection of clonidine (50 mg/kg, IP) evoked a self-biting which occurred more frequently under the condition of isolation and food-deprivation for 24 hr. The clonidine-induced self-biting was not reduced, but rather potentiated by pretreatment with phentolamine (10 mg/kg). This behavior was enhanced by theophylline (20 mg/kg) but was inhibited to some extent by adenosine (10 mg/kg) or dipyridamole (10 mg/kg). In addition, the self-injurious behavior was completely antagonized by combined pretreatment with adenosine (10 mg/kg) and dipyridamole (10 mg/kg), and by potent adenosine agonists, such as N6-(L-phenylisopropyl) adenosine (0.2 mg/kg) and N6-cyclohexyladenosine (0.2 mg/kg). These results, therefore, suggest that the clonidine-induced self-biting could be substantially attributed to adenosine A1-receptor blockade as documented for pharmacological property of theophylline in the brain.
Aggression↗
Self-injurious behavior in rats produced by intranigral microinjection of GABA agonists.
Bilateral injection of the GABA agonist muscimol (10-300 ng) into the caudal substantia nigra (pars reticulata) of rats produced dose-dependent stereotyped gnawing and self-biting. Limiting the opportunity to gnaw on inanimate objects shifted the dose-response curve for muscimol-induced self-injurious behavior (SIB) to the left and increased the maximum incidence of SIB. Microinjection of muscimol (30 ng) into the rostral and caudal regions of the substantia nigra were equally effective in producing SIB, though the incidence of SIB decreased sharply when muscimol was injected 1 mm rostral or caudal to the substantia nigra. Bilateral intranigral injection of THIP (100-1000 ng) and (+/-)baclofen (100-1000 ng) induced a low incidence of SIB. However, neither IP administration of picrotoxin (5 mg/kg) or simultaneous microinjection of (+)bicuculline methiodide (BMI; 300 or 1000 ng) along with muscimol (30 ng) blocked muscimol-induced SIB. In fact, (+)BMI increased the occurrence of self-biting and reduced the latency to onset of SIB. The involvement of GABAergic mechanisms in muscimol-induced SIB is discussed.
Animals↗
Repeated pemoline produces self-injurious behavior in adult and weanling rats.
Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a serious problem among the mentally handicapped and is often accompanied by other repetitive or stereotyped behaviors. Acute administration of high doses of amphetamine or pemoline to rats produces transient SIB which is accompanied by severe deterioration of the behavioral repertoire. Repeated subcutaneous (SC) administration of pemoline to rats produces a high incidence of SIB without the dramatic behavioral changes produced by high doses of oral pemoline. Repeated pemoline increased locomotions and rears and produced intermittent stereotyped sniffing and licking/biting. However, the animals were still able to eat, drink, sleep and groom. Hotplate tests provided no evidence for analgesia. Because SIB is often associated with human developmental disorders, the effects of repeated SC administration of pemoline to weanling rats was also investigated. SC injections every 12 hours produced a high rate of SIB in weanling rats.
Animals↗
Autotomy and central nervous system neuropeptides after section of the sciatic nerve in rats of different strains.
Autotomy and the concentrations of beta-endorphin and Met-enkephalin in brain areas and the spinal cord were measured in Sprague Dawley, Wistar and Wistar Lewis rats thirty-five days after the section of one sciatic nerve. As expected, autotomy developed in Sprague Dawley and Wistar, but not in Wistar Lewis rats. In the Wistar Lewis, brain and spinal cord concentrations of Met-enkephalin increased, beta-endorphin concentrations were unchanged. In Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats the increase of Met-enkephalin was accompanied by a decrease of beta-endorphin. Administration of chlomipramine, a drug usually employed in the treatment of deafferentiation pain, normalized the concentrations of beta-endorphin in the Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats, and avoided the development of autotomy, while Met-enkephalin concentrations did never change. The data presented suggest a possible correlation between beta-endorphin and autotomy.
Animals↗