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PubMed2007

Psychosocial problems in children with cystic fibrosis.

AIM: To compare the well-being of children (7-14 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF) (n = 43) with the well-being of healthy controls (n = 1121). METHODS: The self-report questionnaire Beck Youth Inventories (BYI) was used to study depression, anxiety, anger, disruptive behaviour and self-concept in children with CF. A measure of social desirability was included as well as body mass index (BMI) and percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) as measures of health status. RESULTS: The children with CF did not differ from the norm group concerning depression, disruptive behaviour and self-concept. Young children with CF (7-10 years) and boys with CF scored significantly higher on anxiety. Girls with CF scored significantly lower on anger than controls. BMI was not associated with any of the BYI subscales. In patients aged 11-14 years, there was a significant correlation between FEV(1) and self-concept as well as a significant inverse correlation between FEV(1) and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Younger children with CF and boys with CF were more anxious than the healthy controls, and girls with CF expressed less anger than their healthy peers. Effects sizes however were small. Low FEV(1) was associated with low self-concept and high anxiety in adolescent patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Self-cognitions in antisocial alcohol dependence and recovery.

Cross-sectional relationships between content and structural properties of the self-concept and alcohol use in young adults with antisocial alcohol dependence (AAD) (n = 24), those in recovery from AAD (n = 18), and controls (n = 23) were examined using the schema model of the self-concept. Persons with AAD had a trend toward fewer positive self-schemas than did controls, and had more negative self-schemas and a trend toward higher interrelatedness than did those in recovery and controls. They also showed evidence of a drinking-related self-schema, whereas those in recovery showed evidence of a recovery-related self-schema. Finally, evidence to support a model using properties of the self-concept to predict high levels of alcohol use was found. These findings provide a beginning empirical foundation for the development of nursing interventions aimed at altering self-structure to prevent the development of and promote recovery from antisocial alcohol dependence.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Culture and self in South Africa: individualism-collectivism predictions.

People from collectivist cultures may have more concrete and interdependent self-concepts than do people from individualist cultures (G. Hofstede, 1980). African cultures are considered collectivist (H. C. Triandis, 1989), but research on self-concept and culture has neglected this continent. The authors attempted a partial replication in an African context of cross-cultural findings on the abstract-concrete and independent-interdependent dimensions of self-construal (referred to as the abstract-specific and the autonomous-social dimensions, respectively, by E. Rhee, J. S. Uleman, H. K. Lee, & R. J. Roman, 1995). University students in South Africa took the 20 Statements Test (M. Kuhn & T. S. McPartland, 1954; Rhee et al.); home languages were rough indicators of cultural identity. The authors used 3 coding schemes to analyze the content of 78 protocols from African-language speakers and 77 protocols from English speakers. In accord with predictions from individualism-collectivism theory, the African-language speakers produced more interdependent and concrete self-descriptions than did the English speakers. Additional findings concerned the orthogonality of the 2 dimensions and the nature and assessment of the social self-concept.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Physical Self Description Questionnaire: stability and discriminant validity.

The Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) is a multidimensional, physical self-concept instrument designed to measure 11 scales: Strength, Body Fat, Activity, Endurance/Fitness, Sports Competence, Coordination, Health, Appearance, Flexibility, Global Physical Self-concept, and Global Esteem. High school students completed the PSDQ on four occasions over a 14-month period. Across the 11 PSDQ scales, the internal consistency at each occasion was good (median alpha = .92) and the stability over time varied from median r = .83 for a 3-month period to median r = .69 for the 14-month period. The data were used to demonstrate the application of confirmatory factor-analysis models of multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data (with occasions as the multiple methods), which supported the discriminant validity of the PSDQ scales. Augmented MTMM models that included two field tests of cardiovascular endurance provided additional support for the construct validity of PSDQ responses and interpretation of the MTMM models. These results contribute to the growing body of support for the construct validity of physical-self-concept responses and illustrate the application of CFA MTMM models.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effects of sibling death on teenagers.

This study reports the effects of sibling death on 33 adolescents from white, middle- to upper-middle income families. Contact was made through mutual support groups for bereaved parents. A focused interview was used to gather data on bereavement reactions and on self-concept. Bereavement reactions investigated included kinds of emotional responses, effects on sleeping and eating, frequency of thoughts about the deceased sibling, effects on school work, means of dealing with the death and interpersonal relationships. Self-concept perception investigated were perceptions of personal maturity, lessons learned from the death and the importance of religious beliefs. Eleven further measures of self-concept were obtained by means of the "Offer Self-Image Questionnaire for Adolescents." By grouping responses into two time frames (before or a few weeks after the death and at the time of the interview), significant differences in reactions and perceptions were found among the participants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and sexual health practices of homeless adolescents.

This study explored the gender differences in sexual self-concept, personal resources for sexual health, safe sex behaviors, and risky sexual behaviors among homeless adolescents with and without histories of sexual abuse. Data for this secondary analysis were collected in 2003 to 2004 in the first phase of a larger repeated-measures sexual health intervention study; 371 homeless youth between 16 and 23 years of age (M = 19.26, SD = 1.83) were recruited from a street outreach center. The majority (64.6%) of participants were males. Self-report instruments were completed at the outreach center via audio computer-assisted self-interview (A-CASI) format. It was found that female participants were better off than males on numerous measures of sexual health behaviors and attitudes. Sexually abused participants had significantly less future time perspective (p = .05), fewer sexual self-care behaviors (p = .04), and less social support than nonabused participants (p = .01) and almost significantly more sexual risk-taking (p = .08). However, no significant differences were found between abused and nonabused participants on sexual self-concept, self-efficacy or intention to use condoms, safe sex behaviors, AIDS knowledge, assertive communication, or self-efficacy to perform testicular/ breast self-exams. Overall, participants who did not report a history of sexual abuse had significantly more sexual health resources and engaged in fewer sex-risk behaviors than those who reported having been abused. These differences have notable implications for screening adolescents for a history of sexual abuse. Adolescents who report sexual abuse should receive risk counseling and be screened regularly for the development of sexual risk behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Epicutaneous breast prosthesis after breast ablation].

INTRODUCTION: Restoration of body symmetry is a very important aspect after mastectomy to help patients coping with daily life. There are basically two possibilities for patients who do not wish breast reconstruction: either using breast forms that are suspended in a brassière or a new system in which the breast form is attached on an adhesive strip to the thorax wall. With burr crushers the breast form is attached to the strip. Brassières are not necessarily needed. The influence of improved prosthetics on the patients' self-concept and well-being was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 67 patients in postoperative care at the Universitätsfrauenklinik Giessen were randomized in control group using customary breast forms and the study group changing to self adhesive breast forms. Using the "Frankfurter Selbstkonzeptionsskalen" (Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales), plus additional questions concerning problems after mastectomy, self-concept was assessed before study and after 3 months. RESULTS: Significant differences with regard to the scale "Social Contact and Relations" (FSKU) were seen. Most patients were better satisfied with epicutaneous self-adhesive breast forms. Weight and movement behaviour of the self-adhesive breast form was considered natural and almost like a part of the body by 92%. 80% considered adhesive strips to be well tolerable. Thoughts about operative breast reconstruction became less important for 62%. 78% were happy to be able to wear more fashionable clothing. CONCLUSION: The new concept of self-adhesive breast forms is an improvement with respect to social and psychological rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Possible self-complexity and affective reactions to goal-relevant evaluation.

The complexity of people's self-concept appears to be inversely related to the intensity of their reactions to evaluative feedback about present goals and abilities (Linville, 1985, 1987). The idea that the complexity of individuals' possible self-concept similarly mediates reactions to feedback regarding future goals was investigated. Two preliminary studies suggested that complexity of the actual self only explains 20% to 30% of the variance in possible self-complexity. Three studies were conducted. Support was found for the idea that possible self-complexity mediates affective reactions to evaluative feedback about future goals and actual self-complexity mediates affective reactions to evaluative feedback about present goals. The findings underscore the independent roles of the organization of actual and possible self-concepts in affective processes.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Psychosocial adjustment in twin pairs with and without hemifacial microsomia.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the psychosocial adjustment of children with and without hemifacial microsomia (HFM). DESIGN: This cross-sectional pilot study investigated psychosocial adjustment of twin pairs in which one twin was affected with HFM and the other was unimpaired. Data were analyzed using paired t tests. SETTING: The dental medicine clinic of a large urban children's hospital, serving a multistate area. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were six twin pairs aged 9 to 15 years and their parents. Data were also collected from classroom teachers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures included: the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Teacher Report Form (TRF), the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), and a structured self-concept interview (the Self-Interview). RESULTS: Children with HFM had significantly higher CBCL and TRF total behavior problem scores and lower SEI general self-esteem scores than their unimpaired twins. No differences were found in CBCL competence scores. Interview data revealed concerns among the HFM group related to appearance, negative social responses, and fear of hospital procedures. Children also reported positive aspects of coping with HFM. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that, similar to other craniofacial conditions, HFM is associated with an elevated risk for childhood psychosocial difficulties. Replication of specific findings with a larger sample is needed. Multicenter, collaborative studies are a crucial next step for this field.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Group decision-making and self-management in the treatment of psychiatric patients.

Examined the effects of a treatment program of patient decision making and self-management upon the self-concept, locus of control and behavioral adjustment of psychiatric patients. It was hypothesized that patients exposed to the experimental treatment would reveal significantly higher levels of self-concept, lower levels of external control and more acceptable behavioral adjustment than patients who did not receive such treatment. Of the three dependent variables, only behavioral adjustment revealed significant changes after treatment. Ss who participated in the decision-making and self-management program displayed substantial gains in their level of behavioral adjustment, while the remaining Ss did not. Nonsignificant trends toward greater levels of self-concept and internal control also were observed in these Ss.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Emotional behaviors in chronically ill children.

Empathy, emotional responsiveness, depression, aggression, and self-concept in 80 chronically ill and 40 well school-age children (9-11 years) were examined in a quasi-experimental study. The ill children had either diabetes or asthma. Results suggested a similarity of emotional functioning for empathy, emotional responsiveness, and depression in the ill children. The ill children had significantly higher levels of these behaviors than the well children. The groups of ill children did not significantly differ from each other in these areas. The diabetic and asthmatic children significantly differed in aggression and self-concept. The diabetic children, however, did not differ from the well children in self-concept. The asthmatic children had the lowest self-reported aggression while the diabetic children had the highest. Neither ill group differed from the well children in aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1986

The self in society: effects of social contexts on the sense of self.

It is assumed here that even as intimate and individualistic an experience as one's sense of self is affected by the social context in which the self-thoughts arise. As regards two major social worlds of childhood, family and school, it is postulated that the family's nurturent atmosphere fosters a more passive self-concept in contrast to a more dynamic sense of self promoted by the school's press toward achievement. Six predictions were derived that self-thoughts in the two contexts will differ in basic psycholinguistic characteristics, the types of verbs used to describe the self. To test these predictions children's three-minute descriptions of their family and of their school were content analysed into successive subject/verb/complement thought segments, from among which we selected out self-thoughts (segments with self as subject). An analysis of the types of verbs used in self-thoughts evoked by family versus school probes supported the six predicted differences in verb types derived from our postulate of a more passive self-concept in the family context. Specifically, in family more than in school contexts the self is perceived passively in terms of state rather than action verbs (of what one is rather than what one does); in terms of static states of being rather than dynamic states of becoming; in terms of overt actions rather than covert reactions; in terms of physical actions rather than social interactions; in terms of cold cognitions rather than hot affects; and in terms of simple affirmations rather than reflexive negations. These six manifestations of a more passive self in family than school social contexts are robust across age, gender and response modality.

Child↗
PubMed1994

[A comparison of two models of gender-related schematic processing].

An experiment was conducted to compare two models of gender-related schematic processing: Bem's gender schema theory (1981) and self-schema theory by Markus, Crane, Bernstein, and Saladi (1982). While the former argues for a construct that is unidimensional, the latter proposes separate masculine and feminine schemata. Two hundred and thirty-six college students (111 males and 125 females) completed Bem Sex Role Inventory, and then estimated subjective percentages of males and females who had each trait of BSRI. The subjective percentages were used to compute sex-typing scores. After the questionnaires, the subjects attempted free recall of the inventory items, and clustering scores were computed from the results. Data analyses, including those of covariance structure, yielded the following results: 1) The fit of the gender schema model was better than the self-schema model. 2) A strong gender schema was related to a high-congruent self-concept score, a low sex-incongruent self-concept score, a high sex-congruent sex-typing score, a high sex-incongruent sex-typing score, and a high sex-congruent clustering score. As a whole, the results could be summarized to support the gender schema theory.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Matchmaking in psychotherapy: patient-therapist dimensions and their impact on outcome.

Patient-therapist matching was investigated using recent theoretical and methodological developments to overcome some of the limitations that have hindered similar past efforts. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) Therapeutic outcome is affected by the interaction between patients' and therapists' self-concepts, and (b) increasing anticomplementarity between therapist self-concept and therapists' perceptions of patients' behavior is negatively associated with patient improvement. Data from the first 2 cohorts of the Vanderbilt II Psychotherapy Project were analyzed. They included the therapies of 16 experienced therapists, who saw a total of 48 patients (38 women and 10 men) in time-limited psychotherapy. Patients' ages ranged from 24 to 64 years (M age = 40). Outcome was measured from the perspective of the patient, therapist, and evaluating clinician. Each hypothesis was supported, but not across all 3 outcome perspectives.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of traditional and non-traditional baccalaureate nursing students on selected components of Meichenbaum and Butler's model of test anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to compare traditional and non-traditional baccalaureate student nurses on test anxiety and major contributing factors using the model proposed by Meichenbaum and Butler. Instruments used to measure the model variables were the Test Anxiety Inventory, the Effective Study Test, the Self-Concept of Academic Ability Scale, the Cognitive Interference Questionnaire and students' admission GPAs. Analysis of data revealed no significant difference between the groups on test anxiety. A significant difference was found between the two groups on knowledge of effective test-taking skills. Significant differences were found between the two groups on two correlations: 1) academic self-concept and knowledge of time management and study organization skills and 2) academic self concept and worry. Pearson correlations indicated that for both groups cognitive interference was the strongest variable associated with test anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Stress in families of children with myelomeningocele.

Three aspects of stress were investigated in 56 families with a child with myelomeningocele and in 53 matched comparison families. Children with myelomeningocele were found to have lower self-concepts than the comparison children, but this did not apply to the siblings in the two groups. Severity of handicap was related to marital satisfaction, in that parents of more severely handicapped children had higher levels of marital satisfaction than parents of less severely involved children. The findings imply that ways should be found of improving the self-concepts of children with myelomeningocele, and of examining interrelationships between the child's self-concept and patterns of family interaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Role loss and emotional adjustment in chronic pain.

Chronic pain interrupts behaviour, interferes with functioning, and may affect a person's identity: their sense of self. We tested whether loss of role and personal attributes and current and past self-concept differentiation, predicted adjustment as indexed by measures of depression. Chronic pain patients (n=80) completed measures of pain (MPQ), disability (PDI), depression and anxiety (BDI, HADS). Measures of role and attribute loss and self-concept differentiation were derived from a Role-Attribute Test in which participants identified four social roles in four domains (friendship, occupation, leisure, family) and nominated two personal attributes in each role prior to pain onset and current. Participants reported mean losses of 3.38 roles, and 6.97 attributes. Greater losses were observed in friendship, occupation and leisure domains compared with the family domain. Multiple regression analyses revealed that after controlling for demographic and clinical differences, role and attribute loss predicted depression scores. There was no evidence that depression was associated with past self-concept differentiation. The results are discussed with reference to the methodology used and the relevance of self-identity to understand adjustment to chronic pain.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Harter's self-perception profile for children adapted for use with young Portuguese students.

This study of 260 Portuguese early adolescents (Grades 5 to 7; 11-14 years old) used a questionnaire which taps six different domains and was devised by Harter to evaluate the self-concepts of children and early adolescents in Grades 3 to 7. The Portuguese version has Cronbach coefficients alpha between .25 and .80. The results of factor analysis and correlational studies evidence a low differentiation of the dimensions of self-concept. Results of differential studies by sex and school grade indicate girls see themselves as better behaved than do boys and boys see themselves as significantly more athletically competent than do girls. Also, fifth graders see themselves as more competent in five domains of self-concept than do seventh graders.

Adolescent↗