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PubMed1992

Separate taxation and married women's labor supply: a comparison of West Germany and Sweden.

"The focus of this paper is an empirical analysis of the effects of taxation on women's incentives to contribute to family income. Data on earnings and individual characteristics in 1984 for married or cohabiting Swedish couples...are used together with similar data on German couples.... The main features of the personal income taxation of the two countries have been programmed, and are used for simulating after tax incomes using both tax systems for both countries.... The difference between the Swedish and German tax systems is an important factor in explaining why Swedish women participate more than German women in the labor market, although paid parental leaves and subsidized childcare are other important explanations for the Swedish situation."

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1994

Fertility waves, aggregate savings and the rate of interest.

"During the last fifty years there have in many countries been large movements in the growth of labor productivity, real wage rates, the rate of interest, and the household savings ratio. In this paper we use an overlapping generations model to study if demographic shocks, like the baby boom, can generate the kind of movements observed. Simulations show this is indeed the case. We also study the interactions between a pay-as-you-go pension system and demographic disturbances.... We present some stylized facts of the historical development in Sweden for the rate of interest, the aggregate household saving ratio, growth of labor productivity and the birth rate."

Demography↗
PubMed1994

Capital accumulation, inertia of consumption and norms of reproduction.

"A model of capital accumulation is built in relation with fertility and consumption. Avoiding [the imposition of] a direct analytical relationship between these three variables, the author studies the set of possible evolutions under the constraints imposed by the inertia of habit change. The conflict between the necessity to avoid impoverishment, the desire to increase consumption when possible and the reproduction intensity delineate the set of viable solutions and the set of attitudes leading to capital extinction. This qualitative view of change of behaviors provides an alternative explanation to historical fertility fluctuations outside the usual Easterlin framework." The geographical focus is on Western developed countries, with particular reference to Sweden.

Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Unemployment and marital dissolution.

"This paper analyses the effects of unemployment on the probability of marital dissolution. Based on panel data for a sample of Danish married couples, we estimate a dynamic model for the probability of marital dissolution where we take into account the possible effects of unemployment for both spouses. We also control for other factors such as education, age, presence of children, place of residence, health and economic factors. The empirical results show that unemployment seems to be an important factor behind marital instability. However, only unemployment of the husband has an effect, and this effect is immediate."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Wage differentials due to gender.

"In this paper, a longitudinal data set covering 5% of all Danish wage earners over a 9-year period is used to shed light on the observed wage differentials due to gender. A human capital model is used to isolate the effects of changes in experience, schooling and unemployment, together with other factors.... Despite the observation from macro statistics that women have had the highest observed increases in wage rates, the models show that this increase is mainly due to an improvement in their background characteristics and that men still receive a higher return to their characteristics. The main difference between genders appears to be that female workers do not, in general, get any return to their experience. The estimates also show negative effects on the wage rate of previous spells of unemployment."

Demography↗
PubMed1996

Women's labor force transitions in connection with childbirth: a panel data comparison between Germany, Sweden and Great Britain.

"In this paper we make use of the panel aspects of the German GSOEP, the Swedish HUS and the British BHPS data...[to analyze] labor force transitions triggered by child births of different birth orders.... We find that German and British women have even higher full-time labor force participation than Swedish women 12 months before the birth of the first child. The difference is more pronounced for second and third births than for first births. We suggest that these differences are caused by different family policy regimes where Germany can be characterized as a breadwinner regime and Sweden a regime oriented towards equal role sharing of father and mother. Our results on determinants of being in the labor force both after and before the birth of a child as well as determinants of the tempo of entering the labor force after birth show that women's own human capital is important both in Germany and Great Britain, whereas in Sweden also less educated women have entered the labor force by the time the child is 2 years old."

Birth Order↗
PubMed1993

Demographics and the dynamics of earnings.

"This paper discusses how demographic changes, in particular changes in cohort size, female labor force participation and migration, influence the dynamics of wage rate profiles. A review of the literature suggests that there are demographic effects on wage rate profiles, although they are usually rather small." Data are from Sweden and other developed countries.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1990

The third birth in Sweden.

"This paper considers the formulation, estimation and interpretation of microdynamic models of fertility. Our model explains parity choices, sterility, childlessness, interbirth intervals and initiation of pregnancy within a unified framework. We develop a general methodology for estimating the determinants of transition times to births of different orders. Our procedure incorporates time-varying explanatory variables and unobservables. We present conditions that justify conventional formulae relating hazards to survivor functions when time-varying variables enter hazards. We also consider the validity of widely-used piecemeal estimation strategies that focus on one birth at a time. We consider methods for selecting a best model among a class of non-nested models. Two criteria are set forth and used to evaluate the determinants of third births in Sweden."

Birth Order↗
PubMed1994

Time use in child care and housework and the total cost of children.

"The use of time for child care and housework among Swedish families is investigated. We allow the effect of children on child care and housework to vary by age of the child and also by whether the child is cared for outside the home or not. Our estimates allow us to compute the total cost of children in the form of the cost of time, and the cost of goods, services and housing. The result shows that time used for child care decreases sharply with the age of the child but this is not the case for time used for other housework."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study of aetiological risk factors.

Aetiological risk factors for ectopic pregnancies were evaluated in a prospective study of 86 consecutive patients with ectopic pregnancy and two age- and parity-matched control groups of women in normal early pregnancy; those with planned pregnancy (65 pairs) and those having legal abortion (51 pairs). Compared with women with planned pregnancy, the patients with ectopic pregnancy more often had an IUD in situ, they had less frequently used hormonal contraception, and they had more legal abortions, curettages, previous ectopic pregnancies, gynaecological operations and salpingo-oophoritis. Compared with women having legal abortion, the patients with ectopic pregnancy had favoured IUD-usage, or they had been without any contraception, and they had an increased frequency of previous ectopic pregnancies. The frequency of fertility problems was also increased in patients with ectopic pregnancy. Our results show that gynaecological pelvic operations, endometrial curettage and evacuation, gynaecological infections, and usage of IUD are important risk factors for ectopic pregnancy, and that infertility seems to be a sign of this risk. In addition, the clinical characteristics of the patients with ectopic pregnancy were similar to those of the patients having legal abortion.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1994

Secular changes in the short-term preventive, positive, and temperature checks to population growth in Europe, 1460 to 1909.

"Annual variations in births, marriages, deaths, grain prices, and quarterly temperature series in England, France, Prussia, and Sweden [for the period 1460-1909] are analyzed using a distributed lag model. The results provide support for the existence of the short-term preventive, positive and temperature checks to population growth. Decreases in fertility and nuptiality are generally associated with increases in grain prices. Increases in mortality appear to be associated with high grain prices, cold winters and hot summers. Changes in these responses over time are examined within the context of economic development."

Climate↗
PubMed1994

Marriage and cohabitation in a changing society: experience of Norwegian men and women born in 1945 and 1960.

"Retrospective survey data are used to estimate the effect of various factors on the transitions to first marriage or first cohabitation among single Norwegian men and women born in 1945 and 1960. A high educational level is not found to reduce marriage intensities for women, although educational enrollment appears to be less compatible with marriage for women than men. The effect of employment varies according to prevailing sex-role expectations. The data support the assumption that modern cohabitation developed from two socially opposite origins, the educated elite and the working class. A social value dimension is assumed to have a major effect upon the present-day choice between marriage and cohabitation." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Behavior↗
PubMed1994

A reconstruction of the population of north Italy from 1650 to 1881 using annual inverse projection with comparisons to England, France, and Sweden.

"North Italy annual population and vital rates are reconstructed from 1650 to 1881 using series of vital event indices from many rural parishes and cities. Inverse projection is applied to the reconstructed series of vital events and population to generate annual age distribution, gross reproduction rate, net reproduction rate, life expectancy at birth, and infant mortality rate. The results are compared with official sources and detailed demographic rates produced by annual inverse projection using data from England, France, and Sweden. Over the long term, North Italy is generally characterized by stagnant and relatively high mortality. Fertility and nuptiality are relatively high at the beginning and at the end of the period." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗
PubMed1995

Divorce-risk trends in Sweden 1971-1993.

"The purpose of this paper is to introduce an updated system of annual indexes of divorce risks and to use the system to display trends in divorce risks for Swedish women over the years since 1971. Divorce-risk trends turn out to have been quite different for women at different parities. Trends for women in their first marriage (the majority) are also somewhat different from trends in later marriages. After a spurt in divorces at parity 0 connected with a divorce reform in 1974, divorce risks have been quite stable for women at this parity, but they have increased steadily among married mothers, mostly as an effect of an increasing prevalence of premarital childbearing. Our indexes are produced by an indirect standardization of register data with respect to women's age at marriage, duration of marriage, and order of marriage. We also recommend standardization with respect to an indicator of premarital childbearing, which is particularly important in a population with extensive nonmarital cohabitation." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Biology↗
PubMed1993

Age and sex differentials in mortality during two nineteenth century population crises.

"The exceptionally detailed Finnish materials are used to examine age- and sex-specific mortality in different regions during the country's last famine, the Great Famine of the 1860s. This is compared with another mortality crisis, the 1808-09 War. The results show that in cases when multiple infectious diseases were responsible for elevated mortality, the increases for different age categories were, by and large, proportional to the levels prevailing during normal times. However, excess mortality showed more variability for children. Furthermore, age- and sex-specific social behaviour (specifically large-scale temporary migration) during the crisis period shaped the age patterns and sex differentials in mortality." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Behavior↗
PubMed1993

Sequence analysis of selected regions of the env (V3 loop and gp41) and gag (p7) reading frames of Ethiopian human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains.

Amplified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, corresponding to the V3 loop and gp41 of the env, and p7 of the gag region, from proviral DNA of several Ethiopian and Swedish HIV-1 strains were sequenced. Of the six amino acids (GPGRAF) that constitute the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) within the V3 loop, the Ethiopian isolates all showed two amino acid changes (GPGQTF). Four to five other substitutions were found in the amino acids flanking the PND. Substitution of alanine (A) for threonine (T) should result in a change in the predicted secondary structure, i.e., disappearance of a coil structure. Percentage similarity data on a stretch of 22 amino acids within the V3 loop showed a concordance of the Ethiopian HIV-1 isolates with the sequences of published macrophage-T-cell tropic HIV isolates. Additionally derived protein sequences in two other regions showed two common substitutions in p7 and one to two substitutions in gp41 compared to a recent consensus sequence. These changes are hitherto unique for the Ethiopian strains, and suggest the presence of a clustering of a divergent HIV-1 strain in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Amino Acid Sequence↗