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PubMed1969

Differences between the effects of saxitoxin (paralytic shellfish poison) and tetrodotoxin on the frog neuromuscular junction.

1. End-plate potentials (e.p.p.) have been recorded from the neuromuscular junctions of frog sartorius and extensor longus dig. IV muscles, using intracellular micropipettes. Either curare or MgCl(2) were present in the Ringer solution, to keep the e.p.p. amplitude below the threshold for a muscle action potential and contraction.2. It has been shown that saxitoxin (paralytic shellfish poison) usually caused a progressive reduction in the amplitude of the e.p.p. Occasionally, when it was applied in the presence of MgCl(2), the e.p.p. disappeared abruptly.3. Tetrodotoxin usually caused the e.p.p. to disappear abruptly. Occasionally, when applied in the presence of curare, the e.p.p. declined progressively for a short time before disappearing abruptly.4. It is concluded that at the frog neuromuscular junction the preferential site of action of saxitoxin is at the nerve terminals, but tetrodotoxin preferentially blocks nerve conduction at a site proximal to the junction.5. It is suggested that this preparation would be a convenient and reliable test object for distinguishing saxitoxin from tetrodotoxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Neuromuscular system of piglets with splayleg: the synthesis of acetylcholine and the myelinization and ultrastructure of peripheral nerve fibres.

No difference has been found between the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the sciatic nerve of one-day-old piglets with the syndrome of splayleg and in the sciatic nerve of apparently healthy piglets from the same breed. The maximum rates of total synthesis of acetylcholine in the homogenates of the sartorius, tibialis ant. and peroneus tertius muscles and the bromoacetylcholine -inhibitable portions of the acetylcholine-synthesizing capacity (corresponding to the activity of choline acetyltransferase in intramuscular branches and terminals of the motor nerves) were also the same in both groups of one-day-old animals. The number of myelinated fibres in the peroneal nerve of piglets with splayleg did not differ from that in the control group; it increased by 33% between the first and the seventh day of postnatal life in both groups. The only difference revealed by electron microscopy of the peroneal nerves between the animals with splayleg (or on the 7th day after birth, the animals that had recovered from the condition of splayleg) and the unaffected animals was a higher accumulation of glycogen granules in the axons of animals with splayleg. Biochemical and morphological data obtained in the present study thus support the view that an impairment of the function of peripheral nerves is unlikely to be responsible for the development of the splayleg syndrome.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1985

Morphologic alterations in leg muscles of chicks treated with triorthocresyl phosphate in ovo.

Chick embryos were injected on incubation Day 14 with 62 microliter of triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP)/kg egg. Muscles of the leg were examined from 5 to 25 days after hatching. The sartorius from the thigh and the external gastrocnemius and peroneus longus from the tibial leg region were compared for muscle fiber size and end-plate length over this period. Treated chicks showed no acute toxic effects or overt ataxia and were equal in body weight to controls. At 5, 15, and 25 days after hatching, morphologic alterations consistent with denervation were detected. Muscle fibers were smaller than controls on Day 5 and were hypertrophic on Days 15 and 25. On Day 5 growth of fibers was retarded, an effect consistent with denervation, and the subsequent hypertrophy is predicted as compensation for denervated fibers. Small end plates were seen on Day 15, characteristic of end plates that were delayed in development by denervation. Each of these differences was greater in the tibial muscles than in the more proximally located sartorius. This is consistent with a distal neuropathy, such as that caused by TOCP in adult hens. Some recovery was apparent at the low dose 25 days after hatching. It is suggested that this resulted from reinnervation by repaired axons. This study of the myoneural apparatus and muscle fiber response to TOCP adds evidence to the possibility that the developing chick embryo may develop delayed neuropathy from organophosphorus compounds which produce this effect in adult hens.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Noradrenaline stimulation of a membrane pump in frog skeletal muscle.

Resting membrane potentials were recorded from the frog sartorius before and during exposure to noradrenaline (NA; 10(-2) M) in the presence or absence of ouabain (10(-3) M) and during manipulation of the extracellular potassium concentration. In potassium-free Ringer, NA produced no significant change in the resting membrane potential. With the extracellular potassium concentration at 2.5 or 5mM, NA caused a hyperpolarization. This reversed to a depolarization when extracellular K+ was greater than 7 mM. In all cases NA-induced changes were blocked by ouabain. These effects suggest that NA stimulates a membrane cation pump, the Na : K coupling ratio of which is affected by the available ion concentrations.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1984

The slowly exchanging pool of sodium in frog skeletal muscle is confined within a membranous organelle.

In the sartorius of the frog (Rana pipiens), it was found that 10-15% of the tissue sodium was not lost in sodium-free lithium-substituted solution, and was not exchanged with radiosodium in normal frog Ringer's solution, after 4 h. This sodium is not detected by an intracellular sodium-selective glass microelectrode. Detergent or freezing and thawing, in sodium-free solution, cause the loss of all but about 2% of the tissue sodium. The ionophore monensin causes a similar loss but does not disrupt cellular membranes. It was concluded that the slowly exchanging sodium exists in solution inside an organelle whose membrane has a low sodium permeability relative to the sarcolemma, and that this organelle probably is the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Intramuscular EMG from the hip flexor muscles during human locomotion.

The purpose was to investigate the activation pattern of five major hip flexor muscles and its adaptation to changing speed and mode of progression. A total of 11 healthy subjects performed walking and running on a motor-driven treadmill at speeds ranging from 1.0 to 6.0 m s-1. Intramuscular fine-wire electrodes were used to record myoelectric signals from the iliacus, psoas, sartorius, rectus femoris and tensor fascia latae muscles. The basic pattern, with respect to number of activation periods, remained the same irrespective of speed and mode of progression. However, differences in the relative duration and timing of onset of activation occurred between individual muscles. Over the speed range in walking, a progressively earlier onset was generally seen for the activation period related to hip flexion. Changes in EMG amplitude were measured in the iliacus and psoas muscles and showed a marked increase and difference between walking and running at speeds above 2.0 m s-1. Thus, the alternating flexion-extension movements at the hip during locomotion appear to be governed by a rather fixed 'neural program' which normally only needs minor modulations to accomplish the adjustments accompanying an increase in speed of progression as well as a change from walking to running.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Mechanical work, oxygen consumption, and efficiency in isolated frog and rat muscle.

The total work done during shortening, in repeated stretch-shortening cycles and the subsequent recovery oxygen consumption were measured in isolated frog (Rana esculenta) sartorius at 12 degrees C and rat (Wistar strain) extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus at 20 degrees C. Two procedures were followed. In the first, the muscles were lengthened in the relaxed state and stimulated isometrically just before and during the first part of shortening. The peak efficiency (positive work done divided by the energetic equivalent of the oxygen consumed) was approximately 25% at 0.75-1.5 muscle lengths/s (Lo/s) in sartorius, 19% at 1.0 Lo/s in EDL, and 15% at 0.5 Lo/s in the soleus. In contrast to the measured efficiency values, the ratio between the tension-time integral and the oxygen consumption (the economy) is greater in soleus than in EDL. In the second procedure, stimulation began before stretching and continued during the first part of shortening. In this case, the efficiency attained values of approximately 35% in sartorius, 50% in EDL, and 40% in soleus. These values are in rough agreement with those measured in vivo during running.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Use of contralateral rectus femoris flap: an alternative for covering exposed femoral vessels of the thigh.

Myocutaneous coverage of large defects in the thigh following resection of tumors is necessary to ensure adequate protection of the underlying femoral vessels. The usual muscles employed as flaps to achieve this protection are ipsilateral sartorius, rectus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, gracilis, rectus abdominis, or vastus lateralis. However, for situations in which these muscles are not available, the surgeon needs an alternative flap. This report details the successful use of the contralateral rectus femoris muscle to cover exposed femoral vessels in the upper and middle thirds of the thigh. Findings of anatomical dissections confirm that, by freeing the muscle at its origin, its reach can be extended about 6 cm. Postoperatively, no functional deficits resulted from the flap and no damage to the skin graft occurred with radiation therapy. Use of the contralateral rectus femoris flap should therefore be considered when a reliable alternative to conventional flaps must be employed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Duchenne muscular dystrophy: MR grading system with functional correlation.

The pelvic girdle, thigh, and calf muscles of 29 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The muscles that were most resistant to disease were the gracilis, followed by the sartorius, semitendinous, and semimembranous. Sixteen patients had asymmetric involvement in part of the muscle bundles of thigh. An MR grading system was developed to assess the number of preserved pelvic and thigh muscles, the severity of fatty infiltration of the calf, and the increase of subcutaneous fat. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between MR grade and clinical functional grade (P < .01), MR grade and disease duration (P < .01), and MR grade and patient age (P < .01). An inverse correlation was observed between the creatine kinase values and the MR grade (P < .05). The MR grading system helped identify disease severity in patients with low clinical functional grades. Twenty-four follow-up studies were performed in 22 patients. In 13 of the 24 cases, the MR grade progressed while the clinical functional grade remained unchanged. Both the MR and clinical functional grades progressed in six cases. The results suggest that MR imaging may be useful in prebiopsy mapping and may help accurately monitor the progression of DMD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Muscle imaging in dominant core myopathies linked or unlinked to the ryanodine receptor 1 gene.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the muscle involvement of patients with central core disease (CCD) caused by mutations in the ryanodine receptor 1 gene (RYR1) and to compare these findings with those from patients with core myopathies unlinked to the RYR1 gene. METHODS: We performed a systematic muscular imaging assessment in 11 patients with an RYR1 gene mutation and compared these findings with those of 5 patients from two unrelated families with autosomal dominant core myopathies not linked to RYR1, ACTA1, or MYH7 gene loci. RESULTS: All patients with RYR1 CCD had a characteristic pattern with predominant involvement of the gluteus maximus, adductor magnus, sartorius, vastus intermediolateralis, soleus, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles. In contrast, muscle CT in the first family not linked to RYR1 showed predominant affection of the gluteus minimus and hamstring muscles, whereas the second family presented with predominant involvement of the gluteus minimus, vastus intermediolateralis, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius muscles. In addition to muscle imaging data, we present detailed information on the clinical and pathologic findings of these novel phenotypes of core myopathies not linked to RYR1. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant core myopathies and the existence of additional unidentified genes.

Chromosome Disorders↗
PubMed2000

Effect of short-duration spaceflight on thigh and leg muscle volume.

PURPOSE: Human skeletal muscle probably atrophies as a result of spaceflight, but few studies have examined this issue. Thus, little is known about the influence of microgravity upon human skeletal muscle, nor is it possible to assess the validity of ground based models of spaceflight. This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of spaceflight induced muscle atrophy would be a function of flight duration and greater than that of bed rest. METHODS: Three astronauts flew 9, 15, and 16 d in space. Volume of the knee extensor (quadriceps femoris), knee flexor (hamstrings, sartorius, and gracilis), and plantar flexor (triceps surae) muscle groups was measured using magnetic resonance imaging before and after spaceflight and during recovery. The volume of each muscle group in each image was determined by multiplying cross-sectional area by slice thickness. These values were subsequently summed to calculate muscle volume. RESULTS: Volume changes in the knee extensor, knee flexor, and plantar flexor muscle groups ranged from -15.4 to -5.5, -14.1 to -5.6, and -8.8 to -15.9%, respectively. Muscle volume decreases normalized by flight duration ranged from 0.62 to 1.04% x d(-1). These relative changes appeared to be greater than those that we have reported previously for bed rest (Akima et al., J. Gravitat. Physiol. 4:15-22, 1997). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that atrophy as a result of at least 2 wk of spaceflight varied among individuals and muscle groups and that the degree of atrophy appeared to be greater than that induced by 20 d of bed rest.

Astronauts↗
PubMed1999

Classification of the vascular patterns of the pelvic limb muscles of cats.

The vascular patterns of the pelvic limb muscles were studied in 20 limbs of 10 cats. Gross dissection and radiography were used to identify the vascular pedicles. It is proposed that the tensor fascia lata, the rectus femoris, the superficial gluteal, the biceps femoris, the sartorius, the gracilis and the lateral digital extensor muscles are suitable for making muscular and musculocutaneous flaps in cat.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Growth of motor end plates and histochemistry of intrafusal myofibres in neonatal piglets.

Between birth and 10 days the mean growth rate of peroneus longus motor end plates was 0-298 mum/day. A similar rate was found in seven other muscles from different anatomical regions. At birth, sartorius spindles contained three types of intrafusal myofibres; (i) large diameter with conspicuously strong acid-stable, and moderate or strong alkali-stable adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) reactions; (ii) large diameter with weak or negligible acid-stable and alkali-stable ATPase; (iii) small diameter with weak or negligible acid-stable, and strong alkali-stable ATPase. All had a high mitochondrial enzyme content and positive PAS reaction. With the exception of some large diameter fibres, all reacted positively for phosphorylase. The frequency distribution of diameters was unimodal at birth but by 9 or 10 days was bimodal.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1980

Functional evaluation of the pes anserinus transfer by electromyography and gait analysis.

The effectiveness of the pes anserinus transfer, proposed by Slocum and Larson to control anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee, depends on the pes anserinus muscles contracting at times when the instability threatens the patient's function. To examine the activity of the transferred pes anserinus muscles, quantitated dynamic electromyography, isometric testing of muscle strength, and gait-analysis techniques were employed. Seven normal subjects and nine patients who had undergone pes anserinus transfer for anteromedial rotatory instability were tested. In contrast to the normal subjects, who demonstrated pes anserinus muscle activity primarily during swing phase, the patients displayed conspicuous activity of the semitendinosus, gracilis, and sartorius tendons during stance phase. Quantitated electromyography indicated that the pes anserinus muscles worked harder in the patients than in the normal subjects, and more effort was required from the muscles of patients with poor results than from those of patients with good results. All of the patients also demonstrated reduction of single-limb support time, as well as a shorter stride length and reduced gait velocity. We concluded that the pes anserinus transfer is kinetically sound. Since instability of the knee is a functional defect that is present during stance, the finding of marked activity of the pes anserinus muscles during stance phase in the patients but not in the normal subjects suggests that these muscles were being used to control the instability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Neuromuscular organization of feline anterior sartorius: II. Intramuscular length changes and complex length-tension relationships during stimulation of individual nerve branches.

The feline anterior sartorius is a long strap-like muscle composed of short muscle fibers. Nerve branches that enter this muscle contain the axons of motor units whose constituent muscle fibers are distributed asymmetrically within the muscle. In the present study, twitch and tetanic isometric contractions were evoked by stimulating individual nerve branches while muscle force was recorded and intramuscular length changes were monitored optically by the movement of reflective markers on the muscle. Contractions elicited by stimulating the parent nerve produced little change in the positions of the surface markers. Contractions elicited by stimulating the proximally or distally directed nerve branches caused the muscle to shorten at the end closest to the nerve branch and lengthen at the opposite end. Some muscles were supplied by a centrally directed nerve branch whose stimulation produced variable effects: in some cases a portion of the muscle shortened whereas the rest lengthened, but in other cases, the positions of the surface markers showed little change. The intramuscular length changes produced by stimulating single nerve branches were greater during isometric contractions at short whole-muscle lengths than at long whole-muscle lengths. The twitch and tetanic length-tension relationships obtained by stimulating the individual nerve branches were not congruent with the length-tension relationship produced when the parent nerve was stimulated. At short whole-muscle lengths, stimulation of a single nerve branch generated only a small fraction of the force that could be generated by the muscle when the parent nerve was stimulated. As whole-muscle length increased, an increased fraction of total muscle force could be generated by stimulating a single nerve branch. The results suggest that a complex relationship between passive and active elements contributes to the total muscle force and depends on the distribution of active and passive muscle units throughout the muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Entrapment of below-the-knee bypass grafts.

A case is presented in which a below-the-knee saphenous vein bypass graft was compressed between the sartorius and the semimembranosis, semitendinosis, and gracilis muscles. Angiography and noninvasive Doppler showed occlusion with leg extension but no obstruction to flow with flexion. Recognition of this entrapment syndrome and its prompt correction can preserve patency of the graft.

Angiography↗