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PubMed1990

A study of haemoglobin levels in women before and after childbirth.

This retrospective study addresses the question of the use of Syntometrine given routinely following delivery in women who have normal childbirth. From case records 50 primiparous and 50 multiparous women were studied, half of each group having Syntometrine and half no Syntometrine. The haemoglobin at booking and three days after delivery was recorded. There were no statistically significant findings between the four groups in terms of the differences in haemoglobin levels at the time of booking and after delivery.

Delivery, Obstetric↗
PubMed1986

Maternal deaths at Harare Maternity Hospital during 1983.

There were 51 maternal deaths at Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe, during 1983, 25 among patients from the greater Harare area and 26 among patients referred from peripheral hospitals or clinics. The overall maternal mortality rate among patients within the greater Harare area was 56/100 000 (including deaths related to abortion). Among 'booked' patients the maternal mortality rate was 29/100 000. Puerperal sepsis, haemorrhage, post-abortal sepsis and hypertensive disease accounted for 78.4% of the deaths. Avoidable factors, considered to be present in 34 cases (66.7%), are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Gennai Hiraga and Bosho: with special reference to the manuscripts kept by the Suzukis, Izu].

Bosho is one of the important mineral drugs in the Edo era. Gennai Hiraga (1728-1779) gave a lot of space to the item of natural product Bokusho in his book "Butsurui-hinshitsu" (1763). Gennai made bosho from bokusho that was deposited at spring in Kamifunabara is little known to us except "Butsurui-hinshitsu". In Kamifunabara, we got an opportunity to survey the manuscripts kept by the Suzukis, which show Gennai's visit and activities there. The object of this paper is to introduce the manuscripts kept by the Suzukis and also to consider widely the knowledge of Gennai and his teacher Ransui Tamura (1718-1776) concerning bosho and related materials.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed1997

[Reference values in vision development of infants with clinical use of the Teller Acuity Cards].

BACKGROUND: Using Teller Acuity Cards (TAC) for clinical visual testing, the question arose how our measurements fitted in the different standard tables of the producer's hand-book. In addition, we wanted to investigate how reliable the measurements of newborn and infants were and what the examination success rate under clinical conditions was. METHODS: At the paediatric clinic of the University of Erlangen, we tested the binocular grating acuity of 98 infants up to the age of one year, using the complete set of Teller acuity cards. In addition, 41 of the children underwent a monocular vision test. RESULTS: 1. Theoretical: At first we calculated conversion data for our card set. Using this conversion scale from cy/cm in cy/deg and the corresponding vision equivalent we produced our own standards for the development of grating acuity up to the age of one year. 2. Clinical: In 3-5 min per clinical examination we could determine for 90.8% of the patients a vision equivalent. The reliability of the results was age dependent and was at its best at the age of 5-11 months. The reliability was also very dependent on the duration of the test and the number of test runs. This resulted in a limited card choice for each age group.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Symposium overview. Dietary Reference Intakes: considerations for physical activity.

The following series of papers comprise a symposium on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), which are the new dietary recommendations for North Americans, that was presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. The process of developing the DRIs has been an enormous undertaking resulting, thus far, in 12 book-length reports spanning from 1997 to 2004. It was therefore timely to review the recommendations, describe the considerations for physical activity that went into setting the recommendations, and, where possible, indicate how the DRIs may be applied to athletes.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Fetal assessment based on fetal biophysical profile scoring. VIII. The incidence of cerebral palsy in tested and untested perinates.

OBJECTIVE: The intent of this comparative clinical study was fourfold: (1) to determine the incidence of cerebral palsy in a large obstetric population, (2) to compare the incidence of cerebral palsy in patients at high risk referred for and managed according to the fetal biophysical profile score result with the incidence among unreferred and untested patients, (3) to determine the relationship, if any, between the last fetal biophysical profile score and the incidence of cerebral palsy, and (4) to categorize cases of cerebral palsy according to the clinical parameters and the probable time and nature of the damaging insult. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective 5-year comparative study (1987 to 1991) the incidence of cerebral palsy was determined by analysis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, -coded related medical services. The clinical records were then sought and reviewed in index cases and obstetric, neonatal, and postnatal clinical data were abstracted. Cross-correlation with partial registries was done to confirm completeness of capture of index cases. The population of referred high-risk patients who received serial fetal biophysical profile scoring and were managed according to test results was determined by review of a prospective computer-stored database and by review of patient log books. The population of untested patients was calculated as the residual of total cases minus tested cases. The rate of cerebral palsy for all patients and for the tested and untested population was calculated and compared. The tested and untested perinates were compared for birth age, weight, and assigned timing or etiology of cerebral palsy. In the tested population the distribution of test results by last recorded biophysical profile score was determined and the relationship between the last test result and cerebral palsy and predictive accuracy parameters of the fetal biophysical profile score were calculated. RESULTS: The incidence of cerebral palsy among the 84,947 live births was 3.68 per 1000 live births (313 cases). The rate of cerebral palsy in the 26,290 referred high-risk tested patients was 1.33 per 1000 (35 cases) compared with a rate of 4.74 per 1000 live births in the 58,657 untested mixed low-risk/high-risk patients (278 cases). These differences were highly significant. A significant declining trend in the annual incidence of cerebral palsy was observed in the total population and the untested population, whereas the rate in the tested population remained relatively constant over the 5-year study interval. The differences in the cerebral palsy rate between the tested and untested population were not related to differences in gestational age, birth weight, or assigned timing or etiology category. In the tested population the relationship between the incidence of cerebral palsy and the last test fetal biophysical profile score was inverse, exponential, and highly significant. CONCLUSIONS: Antepartum assessment by fetal biophysical profile scoring is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of cerebral palsy compared with untested patients. The relationship between the last test score and the incidence of cerebral palsy is inverse and exponential, suggesting that antenatal asphyxia is an important and potentially avoidable cause of cerebral palsy.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1976

Relationship of causative factors in spontaneous regression of cancer to immunologic factors possibly effective in cancer.

In a book written by Everson and Cole (1966) on spontaneous regression 176 examples of the phenomenon were encountered in the medical literature from 1900 to 1964, supplemented by cases referred by friends. No common denominator of explanations were found. Various types of trauma (e.g., biopsy, incomplete excision), transfusions, infection, hormone changes, drugs, etc. were encountered as possible causative factors. Most significant of all factors was encountered in the 13 examples of spontaneous regression of the bladder; in this series regression of the tumor occurred in 10 after transplantation of the ureters out of the bladder. A consideration and discussion of various reactions in human beings associated with therapeutic regressions have been reviewed hoping to develop a correlation between the two types of regression. At the time of publication of our monograph 9 years ago we were unable to suggest any mechanisms which might explain the regressions. However, since that time so many advances have been made in immunology that it appears now that a stimulation of the immune process might explain most of the regressions. We are just beginning to learn a few methods of stimulating the immune process. Use of BCG is one of the best examples of this stimulating process; other bacterial agents, or fractions, are known to have this action. No doubt there are innumerable others unknown, some of which might explain spontaneous regressions. It would appear that hormonal changes might be responsible for many of the regressions but this author doubts it explains many. More is known at the present time about cellular immunity than humoral immunity, but greater possibilities surely lie in humoral immunity. The blocking and unblocking activities developed by the Hellströms and associates are no doubt important. Immunoglobulins exert a very important role in the immune process; antibodies may consist of immunoglobulins but much more needs to be known before this relationship can be understood. The recent report (Amery, 1975) that levamisole (given at the time of resection of the lung for carcinoma) improves patient survival is exciting. Amery believes the drug may prevent the hematogenous spread of the tumor during surgery and/or may decrease the immunosuppression caused by a major operation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Bioturbation: a fresh look at Darwin's last idea.

Bioturbation refers to the biological reworking of soils and sediments, and its importance for soil processes and geomorphology was first realised by Charles Darwin, who devoted his last scientific book to the subject. Here, we review some new insights into the evolutionary and ecological role of bioturbation that would have probably amazed Darwin. In modern ecological theory, bioturbation is now recognised as an archetypal example of 'ecosystem engineering', modifying geochemical gradients, redistributing food resources, viruses, bacteria, resting stages and eggs. From an evolutionary perspective, recent investigations provide evidence that bioturbation had a key role in the evolution of metazoan life at the end of the Precambrian Era.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

First-trimester blood pressure and gestational diabetes in high-risk Chinese women.

OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which is attributed to maternal insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. A retrospective case-control study was performed to examine the relationship between first-trimester blood pressure (BP) and the subsequent development of GDM in high-risk Chinese women. METHODS: The systolic and diastolic BP readings at the 9th-12th week of gestation were compared between 67 women with GDM and 64 high-risk controls matched for age (+/- 1 year), height (+/- 1 cm), and booking weight (+/- 1 kg), all with singleton pregnancies and delivered within 1 year. The entire cohort was further categorized into systolic and diastolic BP quartile groups based on reference values established in 215 consecutive pregnant women, and the incidence of GDM was correlated with the quartile ranking. RESULTS: The GDM group had significantly higher systolic BP (114.0 +/- 12.9 mmHg versus 108.0 +/- 10.6 mmHg, P =.004) at the 9th-12th week. There was a positive and significant correlation between the incidence of GDM and systolic BP, but not diastolic BP, quartiles, and systolic BP above the median value (109 mmHg) was associated with increased incidence of GDM. Regression analysis with adjustment for the effects of age over 35 years and weight greater than 75 kg confirmed that systolic BP above median was a significant risk factor for GDM (OR 4.20, 95% CI 1.97, 8.94). CONCLUSION: The correlation between first-trimester systolic BP quartiles and incidence of GDM could be a feature of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia before the development of GDM in high-risk Chinese women.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of amino acid patterns in recipes for kidney disease patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine first-limiting amino acids in EAA patterns of a low-protein diet from card-style printed recipes on the market in Japan. In addition, this research explored practical knowledge about which combination of foods could cause an imbalance, if any, of amino acids, and seek to further improve diets for patients with kidney disease. METHODS: Thirty-nine card-style printed recipes for patients with diabetic nephropathy or chronic renal disease or those already on dialysis were chosen for this study. These recipes are available at major book stores in Japan. From each recipe, the first-limiting amino acid, if any, and corresponding amino acid score were investigated and identified. To determine them, the reference amino acid scoring pattern in Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee, 1973, was used as a reference. RESULTS: Among the 39 cards (recipes) examined, we found threonine to be the first-limiting amino acid in 59% of those samples, followed by valine in 8%, methionine + cystine in 3%, lysine in 3%, and leucine in 3%. In the remaining 26%, we did not find any limiting amino acids. Amino acid scores ranged from > or = 100 (26%) to 90-99 (54%), 80-89 (18%), and 70-79 (3%). QUALITY: In 26% of the samples, no deficits in regard to amino acid patterns were found in our analysis of these recipes. Valine, which is an index of malnutrition, was found to be among the first-limiting amino acids. However, because amino acid scores of less than 79 represented only 3% of all recipes chosen, EAAs in protein-controlled diets might not necessarily be deficient. CONCLUSION: The majority of the tested sample recipes were not balanced in EAA pattern, especially for threonine as the first-limiting amino acid of a meal. To prevent malnutrition in chronic renal disease, especially for those following low-protein diets, well-balanced meals on a daily basis as well as adequate energy intake are considered to be necessary.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

What do we know about herbal morning sickness treatments? A literature survey.

OBJECTIVE: A literature survey investigating the use of herbs to treat morning sickness, with particular reference to what is known about their safety. DESIGN: All major English language medical, nursing and scientific databases as well as 300 World Wide Web sites, Internet newsgroups, books and magazines were searched for information about the use and safety of herbs in pregnancy. FINDINGS: A search of medical databases failed to locate any articles which specifically reported investigations of the safety of herbs used during pregnancy. Of 300 non-medical sources studied 75 cited the use of herbs in pregnancy. The most commonly cited herbs for morning sickness were ginger, chamomile, peppermint and raspberry leaf (55, 37, 44 and 63% cited respectively). There was no consensus in the popular literature about whether or not each of these herbs was safe for use in pregnancy. Seven sources (6%) cited chamomile and peppermint as unsafe, while 16 (12%) cited the use of ginger and 11 (15%) the use of raspberry leaf as unsafe during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Herbal remedies are often seen as safe, 'drug-free' treatments for morning sickness. However, the contradictory information and dearth of original research related to their safety indicates that these compounds should be used with caution.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Carbapenems in pediatrics.

Antimicrobial resistance is increasing among bacterial pathogens. In particular, organisms producing extended spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs) and AmpC chromosomal beta-lactamase enzymes are resistant to third generation cephalosporins and pose a formidable challenge in the management of seriously ill patients. Carbapenems are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics with stability against ESBL and AmpC chromosomal beta-lactamases. They are well tolerated by patients. This review will examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of two carbapenems imipenem and meropenem and discuss their clinical use in children. References are limited to the English language and extend back to 1980. Sources include computerized databases such as MEDLINE searched using PubMed, and bibliographies of recent articles and books. Approximately 50% of the articles initially reviewed are included in the bibliography. Carbapenems are efficacious in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections including meningitis, pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, bone, joint and urinary tract infections. The broad spectrum activity and comparatively low toxicity of carbapenems make them valuable therapeutic agents in the treatment of seriously ill patients with bacterial infections. These agents should be used judiciously in order to minimize the risk for development of carbapenem-resistant pathogens.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pregnant women: peculiarities].

This review main purpose is to show nursing the present knowledge about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in pregnant women because of the scarce information published by Spanish Nursing Publications. The bibliographical research was made using both the Medline (from January 1982 to March 1998) and Index de Enfermería databases. There, we can find 32 references from which only 23 were selected (all of them belong to the Medline database) in spite of 3 chapters that had already been selected from other different books. Although maternal cardiac arrest rarely happens during pregnancy, it is very important for sanitary staff to be familiarized with the specifics thecnics and equipment (ultrasound and cardiotocograph monitoring). This review describes the physiological changes that take place during pregnancy and have an incidence into CPR. The article also includes the conclusions about the checked papers and the peculiarities that have to be taken into account in each CPR, such as the fetal viability evaluation, right CPR position, airway and breathing, desfibrillation, external cardiac compression and use of pharmacologic therapy and intravenous fluids. Moreover, there is a special mention of the perimortem cesarean delivery features: antecedents, foetus-maternals consequences and managements, due to the fact that this surgical operation should be included inside the CPR protocols of the pregnant.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed1992

A study of caesarean section cases with special reference to maternal and neonatal outcome.

Two hundred cases of lower uterine segment caesarean section were studied in SSKM Hospital and IPGME&R, Calcutta (a referral hospital) during the period 1986-1987. All were unselected cases of which 192 were booked and 8 were unbooked. The maximum number of caesarean sections were done in the age group of 21-30 years ie, in 154 cases (77.00%). Of total number of cases 53.5% were primigravida, and rest were multipara. Postoperative complications were noted in 42 cases (21%). Complications were more in unbooked and emergency cases ie, 7 (87.5%) and also in cases of antepartum haemorrhage (3 out of 8 cases) and where foetal distress (12 out of 51 cases) ie, prolonged labour, difficult labour was present. Neonatal mortality and morbidity (8 and 26 out of 154 total births respectively) were high in the age group of 21-30 years. Neonatal complications following caesarean section were found in 21.8% patients in emergency caesarean section and 15.5% in elective caesarean section. Neonatal morbidity was 15% and perinatal mortality was 4% in this study. Asphyxia (11 cases) and respiratory distress syndrome (10 cases) were more dangerous complications in caesarean section. There was no maternal mortality in this series.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Professor MA Ji-Xing's contribution in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion science].

Prof. MA, a famous medical historian and a founder of TCM literature science in our country. He works industriously and in the past over 60 years, he has attained great achievements in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion, and made great contribution to the acupoint science and channel and collateral science, published The Concise Acupuncture and Moxibustion Bone-setting, color teaching hanging chart of The Reference Chart of Anatomic Positions of Stimulating Points for Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy, Bronze Acupuncture Figure and Point Location of the Bronze Figure, Textual Criticism of Ancient Medical Books in Dunhuang, Studies on Unearthed Ancient Medical Books No Longer Extant, etc., which have important influences on studies of acupuncture and moxibustion history and acupuncture and moxibustion literature.

Acupuncture↗
PubMed1996

Vitamin C and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory studies suggest that antioxidants, such as Vitamin C, are important inhibitors of atherosclerotic lesions. Most epidemiological reviews have considered all antioxidants together. This review seeks to clarify the current state of knowledge specifically concerned with vitamin C. METHODS: All ecological studies, case-control studies, prospective studies and trials in humans that examined the association between vitamin C intake or blood levels of vitamin C and cardiovascular disease were included. Relevant references were located by MEDLINE search for articles published from 1966 to 1996, by an EMBASE search for articles published from 1980 to 1996, by searching personal bibliographies, books and reviews and from citations in located articles. RESULTS: For coronary heart disease four of seven ecological studies, one of four case-control studies and three of 12 cohort studies found a significant protective association with vitamin C intake or status. For strokes two of two ecological studies, none of one case-control study and two of seven cohort studies found a significant protective association. For total circulatory disease, two of three cohort studies reported a significant protective association. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence, albeit limited, is consistent with vitamin C having protective effect against stroke whereas the evidence that vitamin C is protective against coronary heart disease is less consistent. The lack of an association for coronary heart disease could be explained in terms of there being a true lack of effect, dietary measurement error, a threshold effect, and effect of seasonal variations in intake, an interaction with other dietary constituents or a relatively short duration of follow-up.

Ascorbic Acid↗