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At least 1,477 records · Page 82Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Difference between eye closure and visual stabilization in the control of posture in man.

Stabilizing the visual surroundings of human subjects influences postural control during perturbations of their equilibrium. The latency of the first EMG burst is increased and its amplitude is reduced. Body pitch is 36% stronger than with normal vision. Eye closure does not produce any significant modification of muscular responses and postural performance. This result explains why vision is not considered a rapid source of postural reaction. Eye closure cannot be considered to be visual deprivation.

Electromyography↗
PubMed1981

Improvement of function in hemiplegia after orthopaedic surgery.

Over a 25-year period, 1855 patients have been subjected to a variety of common orthopaedic procedures for correction of disabling postures resulting from spastic hemiplegia. A widely applicable rationale for surgical correction of these postures has been slowly established over these years of clinical research. These methods are submitted in this review article with the hope that others will espouse, criticize and modify them, towards a better understanding of this complex kinetic disorder.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

[Diagnostic value of the far field acoustic response (FAR) as an objective evaluating method for brainstem injury (author's transl)].

Far Field Acoustic Response (FAR) was repeatedly studied from acute stage to chronic stage of severe head injury in 64 patients for evaluation of the degree of brainstem injury. (1) In acute stage within 7 days after trauma, FAR abnormalities are found in 56% of the subjects with severe head injury. These abnormalities are as follows: (i) Prolongation of latency, disappearance of the 5th wave. (ii) Disappearance of the 1st-5th waves or 2nd-5th waves. The incidence of FAR abnormalities is not correlated to disease categories and age of the subjects. (2) FAR findings reveal more precisely the level of brainstem dysfunction than by clinical assessments of brainstem reflexes and posture, and by computerized tomography. (3) Evaluating results of the FAR recorded within 7 days after trauma are correlated to the outcome 3 or more months after injury in the subjects. Almost of them with alteration of only the 5th wave in FAR improve clinically and electrophysiologicaly at 2-3 weeks after trauma. However any patients with disappearance of the 1st-5th waves in FAR are fatal or fell into the state of vegetation. According to these results, it was concluded that FAR has a important diagnostic value as an objective evaluating method for brainstem dysfunction in patients with severe closed head injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recent advances in clinical neurotology.

In recent years, owing to significant technological developments and an increased number of investigators entering the field, there have been spectacular advances in our understanding of the basic anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system. Unfortunately, these advances in basic science are slow to impact the clinical management of patients. We have selected a few important advances in clinical neurotology that have impacted the diagnosis and treatment of patients with vestibular disorders. This material was originally presented at the "Mechanisms of Vestibular Function and Dysfunction" symposium of the 1994 Neural Control of Movement meeting in Waikoloa, Hawaii.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vestibular compensation: a review of the oculomotor, neural, and clinical consequences of unilateral vestibular loss.

Vestibular sensory input is just one sensory input involved in the control of functions such as gaze and posture. The recovery of gaze and posture control after partial or complete unilateral loss of vestibular input is reviewed. The relatively rapid and apparently complete behavioral recovery after unilateral vestibular loss was once regarded as justifying vestibular compensation being used as a text-book example of plasticity in the CNS. This review emphasizes how false that impression is: Detailed examination shows that vestibular compensation is not a single process that recovers completely at a rapid rate but is made up of a number of subprocesses that recover to different levels and at different rates. In some subprocesses there is very modest recovery; in other subprocesses there is probably substitution of other sensory input for the affected vestibular input. It also seems that in some instances new behavioral strategies appear to be learned to allow gaze and posture control to operate as if normal. Recent evidence concerning the physiological and pharmacological mechanisms underlying vestibular compensation is reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reorientation of poststimulus nystagmus in tilted humans.

Recent studies indicate that the direction of postrotatory nystagmus and optokinetic afternystagmus reorients toward earth-horizontal in tilted subjects. To further examine this phenomenon in humans, we studied 8 adults (4M, 4F) with no history of neurologic or otologic disease. Vestibular stimulation consisted of yaw off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) trapezoids with eyes open in the dark at 60 degrees/s constant velocity with a tilt angle of 30 degrees and a deceleration at 100 degrees/s2 to a stop in either the right-ear-down or the left-ear-down position. The optokinetic stimulus consisted of 5 degrees wide black and white stripes projected against a cylindrical visual surround 1 m in diameter rotated at a constant velocity of 30 degrees/s. The projector, visual surround, and subject were all tilted by 30 degrees; subjects were placed either in the right-ear-down or left-ear-down position. Eye position was measured using the magnetic scleral search coil technique. Each trial was scrutinized for the presence of reorientation of nystagmus in the subject's roll plane by looking for vertical nystagmus in the appropriate direction. Results indicated that reorientation of postrotatory nystagmus following OVAR was variable but often present. Reorientation of optokinetic afternystagmus was neither as consistent nor as robust as that seen following OVAR. These findings confirm that humans exhibit a predilection for eye rotations in the earth-horizontal plane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗