Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Primates”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,477 records · Page 82Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Dose-dependent behavioural changes induced by apomorphine in selected members of a primate social colony.

The effect of six acute doses of the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine on non-human primate social and individual behaviour was studied in a social colony of four adult Stumptail macaques. Apomorphine was administered intramuscularly to 2 monkeys/day in doses ranging from 0.05 to 3.00 mg kg-1 15 min bfefore a 1 h observation period. Apomorphine induced hyperactivity, hypervigilance, and stereotyped behaviour at doses of 0.50 mg kg-1 and greater in all 4 monkeys. In addition it also caused a dose-dependent disruption of normal behavioural patterns. Social grooming was eliminated while the submissive gestures were significantly increased. It also induced an increase in vocalizations and suppression of food forage behaviours. The results demonstrate the role of dopamine systems in the mediation of affiliative behaviour as well as motor behaviour in a primate species. Also, since similar behavioural changes are induced in this species during chronic (+)-amphetamine treatment, it is suggested that dopamine systems play a predominant role in amphetamine-induced behaviour in primates.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Acoustic analysis of vocal development in a New World primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

In contrast to humans and songbirds, there is limited evidence of vocal learning in nonhuman primates. While previous studies suggested that primate vocalizations exhibit developmental changes, detailed analyses of the extent and time course of such changes across a species' vocal repertoire remain limited. In a highly vocal primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), we studied developmental changes in the acoustic structure of species-specific communication sounds produced in a social setting. We performed detailed acoustic analyses of the spectral and temporal characteristics of marmoset vocalizations during development, comparing differences between genders and twin pairs, as well as with vocalizations from adult marmosets residing in the same colony. Our analyses revealed significant changes in spectral and temporal features as well as variability of particular call types over time. Infant and juvenile vocalizations changed progressively toward the vocalizations produced by adult marmosets. Call types observed early in development that were unique to infants disappeared gradually with age, while vocal exchanges with conspecifics emerged. Our observations clearly indicate that marmoset vocalizations undergo both qualitative and quantitative postnatal changes, establishing the basis for further studies to delineate contributions from maturation of the vocal apparatus and behavioral experience.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of spectral and nonspectral frequency difference limens for human and nonhuman primates.

Difference limens for frequency were measured in normal-hearing human and nonhuman-primate (macaque) subjects. Stimuli were 1-kHz pure tones, containing both spectral and temporal cues, and 100-Hz sinusoidally amplitude modulated broadband noise (SAM noise), containing only temporal (nonspectral) cues. Subjects were tested for a minimum of 20 sessions and until difference limens were stable over time for each stimulus at each of several sensation levels. Difference limens for pure-tone stimuli showed almost no overlap between human and nonhuman-primate subjects. Difference limens for SAM-noise stimuli for human and nonhuman-primate subjects overlapped considerably. The correlations between performance for the pure-tone stimuli and performance for the SAM noise stimuli averaged 0.60. These data suggest that at least two factors influence pure-tone frequency discrimination. One factor is dependent on the presence of place mechanisms while the other factor, or group of factors, seems to influence both spectral and nonspectral frequency discrimination.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Sympathetic innervation in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine primate model of Parkinson's disease.

Cardiac sympathetic denervation occurs commonly in Parkinson's disease. This study explored whether analogous denervation occurs in primates with Parkinsonism from systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). 6-[18F]Fluorodopamine positron emission tomographic scanning and plasma levels of catecholamines and their deaminated metabolites were used to assess sympathetic and adrenomedullary function in rhesus monkeys, in the untreated state (n = 3), 2 weeks after a series of four MPTP injections, before establishment of Parkinsonism (acute phase, n = 1); a month later, after four more MPTP doses, associated with severe Parkinsonism (subacute phase, n = 1); or more than 2 years from the last dose (remote phase, n = 3), with persistent severe Parkinsonism. A positive control received i.v. 6-hydroxydopamine 1 week before 6-[18F]fluorodopamine scanning. Acute MPTP treatment increased cardiac 6-[18F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity, whereas 6-hydroxydopamine markedly decreased cardiac radioactivity, despite similarly low plasma levels of catecholamines and metabolites after either treatment. Subacutely, plasma catecholamines remained decreased, but now with myocardial 6-[18F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity also decreased. Remotely, MPTP-treated monkeys had lower plasma catecholamines and higher myocardial 6-[18F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity than did untreated animals. The results indicate that in nonhuman primates, systemic MPTP administration produces multiphasic effects on peripheral catecholamine systems, with nearly complete recovery by 2 years. MPTP- and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced changes differ markedly, probably from ganglionic or preganglionic neurotoxicity with the former and more severe cardiac sympathetic neurotoxicity with the latter. Because of multiphasic sympathetic and adrenomedullary effects, without cardioselective sympathetic denervation at any time, the primate MPTP model does not mimic the changes in peripheral catecholamine systems that characterize the human disease.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed1970

Insulin levels in primates by immunoassay.

Only trace amounts of insulin were detected by an immunoassay system with guinea pig antibody to pork insulin in the New World primates Cebus and Saimiri. The system found insulin levels in the Old World primates rhesus and chimpanzee which were quite like those of human beings. The findings suggest important structural differences in the insulins of the two primate divisions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor KNI-272 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in nonhuman primates after intravenous dosing and in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children after intravenous and oral dosing.

KNI-272 is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor with potent activity in vitro. We studied the pharmacokinetics of KNI-272 in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a nonhuman primate model and after intravenous and oral administration to children with HIV infection. Plasma and CSF were sampled over 24 h after the administration of an intravenous dose of 50 mg of KNI-272 per kg of body weight (approximately 1,000 mg/m2) to three nonhuman primates. The pharmacokinetics of KNI-272 were also studied in 18 children (9 males and 9 females; median age, 9.4 years) enrolled in a phase I trial of four dose levels of KNI-272 (100, 200, 330, and 500 mg/m2 per dose given four times daily). The plasma concentration-time profile of KNI-272 in the nonhuman primate model was characterized by considerable interanimal variability and rapid elimination (clearance, 2.5 liters/h/kg; terminal half-life, 0.54 h). The level of drug exposure achieved in CSF, as measured by the area under the KNI-272 concentration-time curve, was only 1% of that achieved in plasma. The pharmacokinetics of KNI-272 in children were characterized by rapid elimination (clearance, 276 ml/min/m2; terminal half-life, 0.44 h), limited (12%) and apparently saturable bioavailability, and limited distribution (volume of distribution at steady state, 0.11 liter/kg). The concentrations in plasma were maintained above a concentration that is active in vitro for less than half of the 6-h dosing interval. There was no significant increase in CD4 cell counts or decrease in p24 antigen or HIV RNA levels. The pharmacokinetic profile of KNI-272 may limit the drug's efficacy in vivo. It appears that KNI-272 will play a limited role in the treatment of HIV-infected children.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Arcobacter (Campylobacter) butzleri-associated diarrheal illness in a nonhuman primate population.

After DNA hybridization identified an isolate from an ill rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) as Arcobacter (Campylobacter) butzleri, we initiated a study to determine whether A. butzleri was associated with diarrheal disease in nonhuman primates at the Yerkes Primate Research Center. By using Campy-CVA medium incubated at 35 degrees C, 15 A. butzleri isolates were obtained from 14 macaques; 7 macaques were coinfected with Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. A. butzleri was not isolated from normal feces, despite the fact that feces from 76 macaques were cultured at necropsy. Histologic evaluation of colonic specimens from three macaques from which A. butzleri had been isolated showed mild to moderately severe chronic, active colitis. Ribotype analysis of the 15 A. butzleri isolates revealed nine different strains; these data suggest that A. butzleri may be endemic in this primate population and that a point source of infection is unlikely. This is the first report of the presence of A. butzleri in juvenile and adult macaques with diarrhea, and it may present an opportunity to study the pathogenesis of this organism, which appears to be associated with persistent diarrhea in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Primary isolation and serial passage of hepatitis A virus strains in primate cell cultures.

Although several primate cell types have been reported to support replication of hepatitis A virus, optimal conditions for the isolation and production of quantities of virus have not been defined. We therefore examined seven different primate cell types for their ability to support replication of primate-passaged and wild-type virus as reflected by intracytoplasmic accumulation of viral antigen (direct immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay) and propagation of cell culture-adapted virus. Of the cells tested, low-passage African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells were most sensitive for initial isolation. Viral replication was documented after inoculation of AGMK cells with seven of nine hepatitis A virus antigen-positive fecal specimens (from seven epidemiologically distinct sources). With six inocula, virus was successfully passed in serial cultures. AGMK-adapted virus was readily propagated in continuous AGMK (BS-C-1) cells. The optimal temperature for the growth of virus in BS-C-1 cells was 35 degrees C. Viral release into supernatant fluids was documented in the absence of any cytopathic effect, and infectivity titers in supernatant fluids 21 days after inoculation (50% tissue culture infective does [TCID50], 10(6.0)/ml) equalled or exceeded those in the cell fraction (TCID50, 10(5.5)/ml). Cells maintained in serum-free media readily supported viral growth, with yields of virus (TCID50, 10(6.5)/ml) equal to or greater than those obtained with cells maintained in 2% fetal bovine serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Detection of baboon type C viral sequences in various primate tissues by molecular hybridization.

Nucleic acid sequences homologous to a single-stranded [(3)H]DNA transcript prepared from a baboon type C virus replicating in dog thymus cells can be readily detected in the cellular DNA of several Old World monkeys (baboon, patas, African green, and two species of macaques-rhesus and stumptail). These results demonstrate that primates other than the baboon also contain endogenous type C viral genes. With the hybridization conditions employed (S(1) nuclease, 65 C), no homologous sequences were detected in DNA from human or New World monkey tissues. Of various nonprimate tissues examined, only domestic cat cellular DNA was partially homologous to the baboon virus [(3)H]DNA transcript. In reciprocal experiments, [(3)H]DNA transcripts of RNAs from endogenous cat viruses (RD-114/CCC group) show a significant partial homology with cellular DNA from Old World primates (baboon, patas, and rhesus monkey). The partial homology between type-C-related information in the DNA of domestic cats and various Old World monkeys suggests the possibility of horizontal transmission between the progenitors of these animals at some point in evolution. No nucleic acid sequences homologous to [(3)H]DNA transcripts prepared from type C viruses isolated from tumor tissue of a woolly monkey and a gibbon ape could be detected in any primate tissue DNA examined; however, a partial nucleic acid homology was found between woolly monkey and gibbon ape type C viral [(3)H]DNA and normal mouse cellular DNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Molecular diversity among five different endogenous primate retroviruses.

Genetically transmitted retroviruses of Old and New World monkeys include type C viruses isolated from baboons (M7), macaque (MAC-1), and owl monkeys (OMC-1) and type D viruses from langurs (PO-1-Lu) and squirrel monkeys (SMRV, M534). Each of these isolates is unrelated to the others by nucleic acid hybridization criteria and contains a unique array of virion-associated proteins which can be resolved by agarose gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The major structural protein of each virus has a distinct primary structure, as determined by two-dimensional tryptic peptide analysis, and is antigenically different from the others. The major virion phosphoproteins of endogenous primate type C viruses (pp15) are also different from those of type D viruses (pp13-pp14). Immunological and structural analyses show that the endogenous langur virus and the horizontally transmitted Mason-Pfizer virus of rhesus monkeys are closely related to one another, consistent with the sequence homology detected in their RNA genomes. Although certain radioimmunoassays detect interspecies antigenic determinants common to either the p30 or gp70 proteins of some of these viruses, no one assay has yet been designed which can detect all groups of endogenous primate retroviridae. The data lead to the conclusion that primates contain a minimum of three different sets of genetically transmitted type C and type D retroviral genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Reticuloendotheliosis type C and primate type D oncoretroviruses are members of the same receptor interference group.

The reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REVs), originally isolated from avian species, constitute a group of retroviruses which are more closely related to mammalian retroviruses than to other avian retroviruses. The envelope glycoproteins of members of the REV group display a striking amino acid sequence identity with a group of primate oncoretroviruses which belong to a single receptor interference group and include all of the type D and some type C primate oncoretroviruses. Members of the REV group also have a broad host range which covers most avian cells and some mammalian cells, including those of simian and human origin. In view of this broad host range and the envelope sequence similarities, we investigated the cross-interference pattern between REV and primate virus groups to determine whether they utilized the same receptor. Superinfection experiments using a vector virus containing an Escherichia coli lacZ gene showed that reticuloendotheliosis and simian oncoretroviruses constitute a single receptor interference group on both human and canine cells and indicate that the viruses bind to the same receptor to initiate infection. These results suggest that this receptor binding specificity has been maintained over a wide range of retroviruses and may be responsible for the broad spread of these retroviruses between different orders of vertebrates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Conservation and host specificity of Vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest suggest a fundamental role in primate lentivirus evolution and biology.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein prevents infected cells from passing through mitosis by arresting them in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Vpr is conserved among all primate lentiviruses, suggesting an important role in the virus life cycle. Moreover, in this study we show that the ability to cause cell cycle arrest is also conserved in Vpr proteins from a wide variety of both tissue culture-passaged and uncultured human (HIV-1 and HIV-2), sooty mangabey (simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(SM)), African green monkey (SIV(AGM)), and Sykes' monkey (SIV(SYK)) isolates. However, this property is cell type specific and appears to depend on the particular primate species from which the cells are derived. SIV(AGM) and SIV(SYK) Vpr proteins are capable of arresting African green monkey cells but are completely inactive in human cells. By contrast, HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV(SM) Vpr proteins function in both simian and human cell types, although SIV(SM) Vpr functions more efficiently in simian cells than it does in human cells. Neither differential protein stability nor subcellular localization explains the species-specific activities of these proteins. These results thus suggest that Vpr exerts its G2 arrest function by interacting with cellular factors that have evolved differently among the various primate species.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from guereza colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in Cameroon: a new lineage in the nonhuman primate lentivirus family.

Exploration of the diversity among primate lentiviruses is necessary to elucidate the origins and evolution of immunodeficiency viruses. During a serological survey in Cameroon, we screened 25 wild-born guereza colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) and identified 7 with HIV/SIV cross-reactive antibodies. In this study, we describe a novel lentivirus, named SIVcol, prevalent in guereza colobus monkeys. Genetic analysis revealed that SIVcol was very distinct from all other known SIV/HIV isolates, with average amino acid identities of 40% for Gag, 50% for Pol, 28% for Env, and around 25% for proteins encoded by five other genes. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that SIVcol is genetically distinct from other previously characterized primate lentiviruses and clusters independently, forming a novel lineage, the sixth in the current classification. Cercopithecidae monkeys (Old World monkeys) are subdivided into two subfamilies, the Colobinae and the Cercopithecinae, and, so far, all Cercopithecidae monkeys from which lentiviruses have been isolated belong to the Cercopithecinae subfamily. Therefore, SIVcol from guereza colobus monkeys (C. guereza) is the first primate lentivirus identified in the Colobinae subfamily and the divergence of SIVcol may reflect divergence of the host lineage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Persistent infection with primate foamy virus type 1 increases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cell binding via a Bet-independent mechanism.

We report that human T cells persistently infected with primate foamy virus type 1 (PFV-1) display an increased capacity to bind human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), resulting in increased cell permissiveness to HIV-1 infection and enhanced cell-to-cell virus transmission. This phenomenon is independent of HIV-1 receptor, CD4, and it is not related to PFV-1 Bet protein expression. Increased virus attachment is specifically inhibited by heparin, indicating that it should be mediated by interactions with heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans expressed on the target cells. Given that both viruses infect similar animal species, the issue of whether coinfection with primate foamy viruses interferes with the natural course of lentivirus infections in nonhuman primates should be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Reduced prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphocryptovirus infection in sera from a new world primate.

The recent discovery of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphocryptovirus (LCV) naturally infecting common marmosets demonstrated that gamma-1 herpesviruses are not limited to human and Old World nonhuman primate hosts. We developed serologic assays to detect serum antibodies against lytic- and latent-infection marmoset LCV antigens in order to perform the first seroepidemiologic study of LCV infection in New World primates. In three different domestic colonies and in animals recently captured from the wild, we found that the seroprevalence of marmoset LCV infection was not as ubiquitous as with EBV or Old World LCV. These biologic differences in LCV infection of New World versus human and Old World primate hosts correlate with the evolution of the LCV viral gene repertoire.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Evolution of an Alu DNA element of type Sx in the lineage of primates and the origin of an associated tetranucleotide microsatellite.

A 394-bp DNA fragment, which in human is on chromosome 6 near the MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) gene and encompasses an Alu element and an associated tetranucleotide microsatellite, was sequenced from a large range of primate species to follow its evolutionary divergence and to understand the origin of the microsatellite. This Alu element is found at the same orthologous position in all primates sequenced, but the tetranucleotide repeat is present only in Catarrhini between the 3'-oligo(dA) of the Alu element and the 3' flanking direct repeat. Little intraspecific variation was found. Sequence identity values for this orthologous primate Alu averaged 90% (82-99%) with transitions comprising between 70% and 100% of the observed nucleotide substitutions. Although the insertion of the Alu element predates the separation of these species, the original sequence of the site of integration can still be identified. This identification of the direct repeats suggests an active role of the oligo(dA) of the Alu element in the origin of the tetranucleotide repeats. The microsatellite probably appeared after the insertion of the Alu element, early in the lineage leading to the common ancestor of the hominoids and the Old World monkeys.

Alu Elements↗
PubMed1982

Increased left atrial pressure does not alter renal function in the conscious primate.

To study the functional role of the atriorenal reflex in the nonhuman primate, we chronically instrumented six Macaca fascicularis with left atrial snares and left atrial and aortic catheters. After inserting a bladder catheter, we determined hemodynamic and renal responses of the conscious chair-restrained monkey to increased left atrial pressure. In 23 snare experiments, no significant changes in renal or cardiovascular function were observed even though left atrial pressure increased from 6.5 +/- 3.3 to 16.2 +/- 3.4 mmHg. The animals were subjected also to blood volume expansion with isoncotic isotonic dextran solutions (+15% of calculated blood volume). They responded normally to this volume stimulus. Conscious dogs prepared in the same manner as the nonhuman primate exhibited diuresis in response to elevations of atrial pressure. We conclude that left atrial stretch receptors are not importantly involved in volume homeostasis in the nonhuman primate.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Influence of renal sympathetic nerve stimulation on renal function in the primate.

In anesthetized Macaca fascicularis monkeys renal sympathetic nerves were stimulated electrically while changes in renal function were measured. The range of stimulation frequencies was 0.25-4.0 Hz. In the primate the stimulation threshold for changes in renal vascular resistance at a renal perfusion pressure of 100 mmHg was between 1 and 2 Hz. Vascular resistance increased progressively at higher stimulation frequencies. The threshold for changes in sodium reabsorption was somewhat lower (between 0.5 and 1 Hz). At higher stimulation frequencies sodium excretion was dramatically reduced. Renin secretion was not significantly affected at 0.25 and 0.5 Hz stimulation and rose significantly only at stimulation frequencies of 1.0 Hz or above. Thus renal sympathetic nerves in the primate appear to influence renal vascular resistance and electrolyte excretion in a manner that is quantitatively similar to that seen in other species. However, in the primate it was not possible to stimulate renin secretion in the absence of changes in renal blood flow and sodium reabsorption.

Animals↗