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PubMed2004

Effects of borderline personality disorder features and a family history of alcohol or drug dependence on P300 in adolescents.

Decrements in P300 amplitude have been associated with familial risk for alcoholism as well as several other psychiatric disorders characterized by disinhibited behavior. The present study examined the P300 in relation to Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) features in adolescents with a paternal history of alcohol or drug dependence. One hundred and seventy-five males and females, aged 14-20, were assigned to groups based on BPD features (BPD+ vs. BPD-), family history of substance dependence (negative FH-, alcohol FHA, drug FHD) and gender. BPD features were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R questionnaire. P300 ERPs were recorded while each subject performed the Stroop color-word compatibility test. Repeated measures analyses, which included Conduct Disorder and Depression symptoms as covariates, indicated a significant reduction in P300 amplitude in the BPD+ group. There were no significant effects of FH or gender on P300 amplitude. These results document the presence of neurophysiological abnormalities associated with BPD features in an adolescent sample. This effect appeared to be independent of a family history of alcohol or substance dependence. These findings suggest that BPD symptoms during adolescence are relevant to the examination of the physiological antecedents of those forms of adult psychopathology characterized by behavioral disinhibition, including alcohol and drug dependence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Ethical aspects of phenomenological research with mentally ill people.

Given the dramatic rise in the frequency of nursing research that involves eliciting personal information, one would expect that attempts to maintain the balance between the aspirations of researchers and the needs and rights of patients would lead to extensive discussion of the ethical issues arising. However, they have received little attention in the literature. This paper outlines and discusses some of the issues associated with qualitative research. The discussion converges on the specific case of phenomenological research, which involves the invasion of participants' personal worlds, and draws attention to some of the ethical issues that arise when the participants are psychiatric patients.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed1988

Aggressive behavior of sows at parturition.

Sows, especially primiparous, may show aggressive behavior at parturition against their own piglets, resulting in wounding or death of the piglets. Frequency, environmental influences and heritability of aggressive behavior were studied in two data sets. The first (923 first litters) was collected at an experimental farm and the other (925 first litters) came from a pig breeding organization. Frequency of aggressiveness ranged, depending on its definition, from 7 to 12%. Fixed effects of year, season and feeding level of the gilt during the rearing period did not affect the frequency of aggressiveness. A regression of aggression on postpartum sow weight was found, suggesting that low weight at first farrowing might predispose sows to aggressive behavior. Coefficients for backfat and litter size were positive but nonsignificant. Heritability of aggressiveness on the underlying normal scale, estimated from the paternal half-sib component of variance, averaged .12 for the first data set, and .25 for data set II. Estimates from daughter-dam regression were .49 and .87 for the two data sets, respectively. A simulation study indicated that this difference might be due to maternal effects. A simple application would be to select boars and gilts from non-aggressive sows only. Response to selection would be rather slow if the frequency of aggressive behavior is low. At frequencies that are too high from an economic point of view, estimation of breeding values, combining own performance and(or) data from relatives, is required.

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

Cryptic female choice in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria (L.).

Both female choice and male-male competition may take place during reproduction in many species. Female choice tends to be less obvious than male-male competition and consequently has received less attention from researchers. The opportunity for cryptic female choice arises after multiple insemination. Through postcopulatory processes, a female could alter the pattern of paternity among her offspring so that it does not directly reflect the different contributions of sperm made by her mates. To be able to determine if a female alters the relative sperm contributions of her mates, the behaviors and influences of the males must therefore be first taken into account. The interest of each male is to father all the offspring, and the interest of each female is to maximize paternal quality. Female yellow dung flies have complex internal reproductive tracts that may give them considerable control over the fertilization success of stored sperm from different males. In laboratory trials to date, the last male to mate has usually been most successful. In the present study, cryptic choice occurred in Scathophaga stercoraria and the pattern of choice was consistent with previously reported results. The fertilization success of a female's second mate (P2) was substantially larger if a female was kept at constant temperature and if the second male was genetically similar to her at the phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) locus. Females from the field normally have three spermathecae, but some have four. Lines were bred to have either three or four spermathecae. Flies from the different lines were crossed to generate females with similar genetic backgrounds that had either three or four spermathecae. P2 was significantly lower for high-quality females, that is, those that laid larger-than-average-clutches, with four spermathecae than for low-quality females with four spermathecae; female quality had no influence on P2 for females with three spermathecae. The results suggest that only large females may benefit from increased spermathecae number by being able to act against male interests. Females may only have three spermathecae, even though genetic variation for more is present, because selection for more spermathecae is weak.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parental division of infant care: contextual influences and infant characteristics.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of maternal employment to division of parental infant caregiving and whether infant characteristics predicted maternal and paternal caregiving during the first year. Subjects were 351 families with healthy infants from normal pregnancies. Measures included a newborn and 1-month Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment, Child Care Activities Scale at 1, 6, and 12 months, Bates Infant Characteristics Questionnaire at 6 and 12 months, and selected demographics. Mothers provided the majority of infant care though fathers' proportion increased with employment of mothers. Controlling for demographics, infant characteristics were infrequent predictors of maternal caregiving and predicted a small amount of paternal caregiving variance.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

In utero and lactation exposure of rats to 1R4F reference cigarette mainstream smoke: effect on prenatal and postnatal development.

Childhood cognitive and behavioral deficits have been reported in children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy (Institute of Medicine, 2001). To investigate these potential responses in an animal model, reproductive and neurotoxicity evaluations based on the U.S. FDA guidelines were used to examine the offspring of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed 2 h/day, 7 days/week by nose-only inhalation to whole mainstream smoke total particulate matter (TPM). Concentrations of 150, 300, or 600 mg/m(3) were used (males: 4 weeks prior to and during mating; and females: 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, and through weaning at postnatal day 21). Sham air controls receiving filtered air and cage controls were also maintained. F(1) rats were weighed, identified by gender, examined for clinical signs of toxicity, and evaluated for neurobehavioral effects through postnatal day 65. Parental exposure was evidenced by smoke concentration-related increases in blood carboxyhemoglobin, nicotine, and cotinine and by characteristic cigarette smoke-related rodent respiratory tract histopathology. Also, nicotine and cotinine were found in F(1) blood through the lactation period. Maternal toxicity occurred at concentrations of 300 and 600 mg TPM/m(3), where total body weight gain during gestation was significantly (p < or = 0.05) decreased compared to sham controls. While smoke concentration-related decreases in F(1) birth weight and growth were evident (600 mg TPM/m(3), significantly different from sham at all time points), no adverse effects on developmental landmarks, including age at vaginal patency or preputial separation, motor activity, acoustic startle response or learning, and memory, were observed in the F(1) generation. This study confirmed that maternal exposure to high levels of mainstream cigarette smoke during gestation and lactation reduces birth weight and retards growth in the rat neonate; however, the developmental and neurobehavioral testing methodologies employed did not appear to be sensitive for an evaluation of neonatal behavioral effects following parental smoke exposure.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavior, heredity, and diabetes in college alumnae.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes has been increasing in incidence and prevalence in the United States. Physical activity and exercise have been shown to lower the risk of noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD), and family history and genetic factors are associated with both insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) (type 1) and NIDD. The objective of this paper is to examine risk factors for diabetes in female college graduates as part of a study designed to determine the long-term health of former college athletes compared with nonathletes. The study was first conducted in 1981-1982, and a follow-up study was conducted in 1996-1997. METHODS: The subjects for this paper are 3940 college alumnae (1945 former athletes and 1995 nonathletes), who participated in the follow-up study by responding to a self-administered questionnaire on medical history, health, family history, and behavioral practices. RESULTS: About 1.3% of the women reported physician-diagnosed diabetes, 0.9% of the former athletes, and 1.7% of the nonathletes. Former athletes had a significantly lower risk of NIDD, with an age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.41, 95% confidence level (CL) 0.2, 0.9. IDD was associated with a history of paternal diabetes (OR = 4.7, 95% CL 1.5, 14.9) and also with a history of diabetes in siblings (OR = 6.7, 95% CL 1.5, 30.1). NIDD was associated with a history of maternal diabetes (OR = 8.0, 95% CL 3.6, 17.8). Behavioral factors showed no association with IDD but were inversely associated with NIDD. The OR for being an athlete was 0.4, 95% CL 0.2, 0.9; for current regular exercise, OR = 0.4, 95% CL 0.2, 0.9; low body mass index (BMI) compared to high BMI, OR = 0.2, 95% CL 0.05, 0.60. CONCLUSIONS: The findings that IDD is associated with paternal diabetes and that NIDD may be maternally transmitted are not widely known, although the mode of transmission of diabetes is receiving increasing attention in the medical and genetic literature. This study confirms that modifiable behavioral practices, such as physical activity and weight control (i.e., optimal BMI), reduce the risk of NIDD.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Suicide on the paternal and maternal sides of depressed patients with a lifetime history of attempted suicide.

The computational model of Slater, based on the analysis of ancestral secondary cases on the paternal and maternal sides of the subjects, was applied to depressed patients with a lifetime history of attempted suicide, either violent or nonviolent, in order to investigate possible modes of transmission of suicidal behavior. Among 549 patients, 15 had 2 or more ascendant first- and second-degree relatives who committed suicide. The results of the distribution of these cases were compatible with polygenic inheritance of suicidal behavior in depressed patients with a history of attempted suicide. In patients using violent methods, a significantly greater loading of ancestral secondary cases of suicide was observed on the maternal side and, in the nonviolent attempter group, on the paternal side.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy by Danish women and their spouses--a potential source of fetal morbidity.

The relationship between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption behavior during pregnancy was examined in a select group of Danish women and their spouses. Five-hundred consecutive women who had uncomplicated pregnancies and delivered full-term babies were interviewed 3+ days postpartum. Information was collected about smoking and drinking behavior of all household members during pregnancy. We found (1) a high percentage of Danish women (70%) and their spouses (80%) consume alcohol during pregnancy, and (2) a significant correlation between maternal and paternal smoking (r = .25, P .0001) and maternal and paternal drinking (r = .35, P .0001). These data suggest that even though the potential dangers of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy have been well publicized, there is still a high percentage of women who participate in such behaviors. There may also exist an important role for the father in affecting these two behaviors and therefore indirectly affecting fetal development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

On the discriminative validity of a family history of problem drinking index with a national sample of young adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to test hypotheses relevant to the discriminative validity of a trichotomous family history of problem drinking index. Early onset substance use, adolescent antisocial behaviors and lifetime alcohol and illicit drug use were used as criterion variables. METHOD: Prospective, longitudinal survey data from over 9,000 young adult subjects (ages 23-30 yrs) in the NLSY archive were used to evaluate several hypotheses regarding familial risk of alcoholism. RESULTS: General support for discriminant validity was indicated, as the high density familial risk group differed from the moderate (paternal or maternal problem drinking only) and low-risk groups with regard to a somewhat earlier onset of marijuana use, higher levels of antisocial behaviors in adolescence (especially substance-related offenses and property offenses) and higher levels of lifetime marijuana and cocaine use. The high- and moderate-risk groups differed from the low-risk group with regard to alcohol use and alcohol-disordered problems (e.g., negative consequences, dependency symptoms). CONCLUSIONS: Risk associated with high familial problem-drinking density includes an earlier onset of illicit substance use, higher rates of lifetime marijuana and cocaine use and more frequent adolescent antisocial behavior. The general pattern of the findings was robust for men and women and suggests that high-risk status may reflect both a high genetic loading and a high environmental risk loading.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Recall of family factors in social phobia and panic disorder: comparison of mother and offspring reports.

Previous research has indicated that adults with various anxiety disorders, especially social phobia, recall their parents as excessively protective and controlling and as low in socialization. However, it is not clear whether such results would be supported by parents. In the present study subjects with social phobia, panic disorder, and nonclinical subjects and their mothers were given parallel measures of maternal control, socialization, and offspring early introverted behaviors as well as several questions relating to two early major life events and family size. Anxious offspring reported the usual high maternal control and low paternal socialization and mother supported the data on socialization. On control, mothers provided mixed results, disagreeing on a more standard measure, but showing agreement on a more operationalized measure. The data were more consistent for social phobia than for panic disorder. In terms of early life factors, both anxiety disorders were associated with fewer friends and more introverted behaviors, while family size and two major life events did not differentiate groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Hypothesis: homozygosity in Tourette syndrome.

We review evidence suggesting that many individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) may be homozygous for a "Tourette syndrome" gene. This is based on experience with pedigrees on 1,200 TS families, comparison of the occurrence of tics or associated behaviors such as obsessive-compulsive behavior, panic attacks, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and/or severe alcohol or drug abuse, on both the maternal and paternal side in 170 TS families compared to control families, biochemical studies of blood serotonin and tryptophan levels, and other evidence. These observations suggest the inheritance in TS may be best described as semi-dominant, semi-recessive. Some of the implications of this proposal are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychiatric commitment and involuntary hospitalization: an ethical perspective.

As a psychiatrist, I have focused in this paper on the medical model view of commitment. Directed against the medical model is the civil liberties position, mostly put forward by attorneys, which values autonomy over beneficence and sees psychiatric decision-making as biased, imprecise, and too paternalistic. Like the moral principles they champion, neither of these positions is "wrong." The tension between them is inevitable and sometimes beneficial. The conflict is inevitable because the proponents differ in their missions and how they think. Attorneys (and philosophers) think in terms of the general case, of classes of situations, whereas psychiatrists focus on individuals as unique. Chodoff has also pointed out that the medical model is a utilitarian one, i.e. the morality of an act is determined by, on balance, whether it increases the good for the individual or society. The civil liberties position, on the other hand, is a deontological one, i.e. the end does not justify the means; some moral principles must be considered even if they do not lead to maximally good outcomes. This conflict between positions can be ultimately beneficial, if we recognize that each is fighting for a good. As a society, we should expect psychiatrists and other mental health professionals to try their utmost to treat the mentally ill, and attorneys to protect their rights. When we view it as such a moral dilemma, "we are confronted not with melodrama, a contest of right against wrong, but rather with tragedy, a conflict of one right--to be at physical liberty--against another right--to be free dehumanizing disease."

Beneficence↗
PubMed2005

Systems analysis of stress and positive perceptions in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism.

Systemic analyses of psychological functioning in families of children with autism have typically shown that parents report different experiences (e.g., stress) and that siblings may also be affected. The purpose of the present research was more explicitly to address relationships between child, partner, and parent variables. Parents of 48 children with autism (41 mother-father pairs) reported on child characteristics, and their own stress and mental health. Mothers were found to report both more depression and more positive perceptions than fathers. Regression analyses revealed that paternal stress and positive perceptions were predicted by maternal depression; maternal stress was predicted by their children's behavior problems (not adaptive behavior or autism symptoms) and by their partner's depression. The future testing of the mechanisms underlying these results is discussed. In addition, the need is emphasized for more systemic analyses to understand the psychological functioning of children with autism and their siblings and parents.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Hypervariable minisatellite DNA sequences in the Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus.

We report here for the first time the large-scale isolation of hypervariable minisatellite DNA sequences from a non-human species, the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus). A size-selected genomic DNA fraction, rich in hypervariable minisatellites, was cloned into Charomid 9-36. This library was screened using two multilocus hypervariable probes, 33.6 and 33.15 and also, in a "probe-walking" approach, with five of the peafowl minisatellites initially isolated. Forty-eight positively hybridizing clones were characterized and found to originate from 30 different loci, 18 of which were polymorphic. Five of these variable minisatellite loci were studied further. They all showed Mendelian inheritance. The heterozygosities of these loci were relatively low (range 22-78%) in comparison with those of previously cloned human loci, as expected in view of inbreeding in our semicaptive study population. No new length allele mutations were observed in families and the mean mutation rate per locus is low (less than 0.004, 95% confidence maximum). These loci were also investigated by cross-species hybridization in related taxa. The ability of the probes to detect hypervariable sequences in other species within the same avian family was found to vary, from those probes that are species-specific to those that are apparently general to the family. We also illustrate the potential usefulness of these probes for paternity analysis in a study of sexual selection, and discuss the general application of specific hypervariable probes in behavioral and evolutionary studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genomic imprinting during seed development.

Genomic imprinting allows parent-of-origin specific control over gene expression. Although imprinted genes (or entire chromosomes) are homologous sequences that can be inherited from either parent, they are differentially marked by a heritable epigenetic modification (imprint), which can condition their behavior in term of gene expression. Imprinting-based regulation of entire chromosomes is observed in both insects (paternal genome elimination) and mammals (nonrandom X inactivation). Until recently, it was unknown whether plants possessed a similar epigenetic system discriminating between homologous chromosomes from either paternal or maternal origin. There is now experimental evidence for a genome-wide imprinting phenomenon during seed development in Arabidopsis. Genomic imprinting at the gene (or locus) level is observed in both mammals and flowering plants. In maize, only a few allelic variants of several nonessential genes expressed in the endosperm are imprinted. In Arabidopsis, gene-specific imprinting has recently been demonstrated for the MEDEA (and FIS2) gene, which is essential for normal seed development. Unlike the imprinted maize genes, so far all tested MEA alleles are subjected to regulation by imprinting. MEDEA and FIS 2 are members of the FIS class of genes (FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED) involved in regulation of growth and cell proliferation during seed development. MEDEA shares several paradigmatic features with imprinted mammalian genes. The MEDEA phenotypes provide empirical support for theories of an intragenomic parental conflict during seed development, whereby imprinting is proposed as a means to differentially balance the selfish interests of each sex's genome during the development of the progeny.

Alleles↗