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PubMed2001

Communication and consistency: AIDS talk and AIDS attitudes.

The main hypothesis tested in this study is that the frequency of talk about a particular domain is related to the consistency of attitudes in that domain. This hypothesis was developed by viewing talk as one of the ways in which people express their identities and by exploring the interpersonal processes involved in the construction of consistency. The hypothesis was tested with a questionnaire completed by 73 students at Oxford University. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of items related to attitude, and the second part contained questions about respondents' conversations about AIDS and related topics. Strong support was found for the hypothesis relating frequency of talk with consistency of attitudes. Data about who the respondents talked to about AIDS and the perceived agreement between them and their discussion partners demonstrated the homogeneity of the discussion environment. The implications for understanding attitude formation and change in everyday social contexts are considered.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance and control initiatives in Australia. National Arbovirus Advisory Committee of the Communicable Diseases Network Australia.

Mechanisms for monitoring Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus activity include surveillance of human cases, surveillance for activity in sentinel animals, monitoring of mosquito vectors and monitoring of weather conditions. The monitoring of human cases is only one possible trigger for public health action and the additional surveillance systems are used in concert to signal the risk of human disease, often before the appearance of human cases. Mosquito vector surveillance includes mosquito trapping for speciation and enumeration of mosquitoes to monitor population sizes and relative composition. Virus isolation from mosquitoes can also be undertaken. Monitoring of weather conditions and vector surveillance determines whether there is a potential for MVE activity to occur. Virus isolation from trapped mosquitoes is necessary to define whether MVE is actually present, but is difficult to deliver in a timely fashion in some jurisdictions. Monitoring of sentinel animals indicates whether MVE transmission to vertebrates is actually occurring. Meteorological surveillance can assist in the prediction of potential MVE virus activity by signalling conditions that have been associated with outbreaks of Murray Valley encephalitis in humans in the past. Predictive models of MVE virus activity for south-eastern Australia have been developed, but due to the infrequency of outbreaks, are yet to be demonstrated as useful for the forecasting of major outbreaks. Surveillance mechanisms vary across the jurisdictions. Surveillance of human disease occurs in all States and Territories by reporting of cases to health authorities. Sentinel flocks of chickens are maintained in 4 jurisdictions (Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Victoria and New South Wales) with collaborations between Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Mosquito monitoring complements the surveillance of sentinel animals in these jurisdictions. In addition, other mosquito monitoring programs exist in other States (including South Australia and Queensland). Public health control measures may include advice to the general public and mosquito management programs to reduce the numbers of both mosquito larvae and adult vectors. Strategic plans for public health action in the event of MVE virus activity are currently developed or being developed in New South Wales, the Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria. A southern tri-State agreement exists between health departments of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia and the Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. All partners have agreed to co-operate and provide assistance in predicting and combatting outbreaks of mosquito-borne disease in south-eastern Australia. The newly formed National Arbovirus Advisory Committee is a working party providing advice to the Communicable Diseases Network Australia on arbovirus surveillance and control. Recommendations for further enhancement of national surveillance for Murray Valley encephalitis are described.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The ActionAid disability programmes: experiences in early identification and early intervention.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that about 10% of the world's population has some form of disability, while statistics from different sources show that about 3.8% of India's population has locomotor, visual or communication disabilities or mental retardation. The Disability Division of ActionAid-India supports 38 non-governmental organisations involved in disability programmes in India. This paper touches upon the experiences of some of its project partners in the areas of early identification and early intervention.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Acute myocardial infarction in middle-aged women: narrations from the patients and their partners during rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study was to examine the meaning of lived experiences after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and being a partner to an afflicted woman, as it is narrated during rehabilitation. Nine women and their partners narrated their experiences three and twelve months after AMI. The interview texts were transcribed and then interpreted, using a phenomenological-hermeneutic method inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur. The result showed that their experiences of the illness contained two themes: 'rehabilitation needed' and 'loss of freedom' which contains eight sub-themes; 'adapting to it', 'struggling against it', 'living as normally as possible', 'having insight into how it can be', 'feeling guilty and ashamed about being weak', 'withholding feelings', 'feeling useless', and 'feeling fatigued and losing strength'. After further interpretation, the themes gave a deeper meaning of living with AMI and how it affects women and their partners. The women conceded that they felt distressed and vulnerable but struggled against the fear the illness means. The partner's role appears to be one of trying to adapt to the women's experiences of the illness. That the women withheld their feelings and did not talk about them indicates a lack of communication between the couples. As coronary care nurses often come very close both to the afflicted persons and the relatives they fill an important function in each patient's recovery. The nurses could help and prepare the patients and their relatives to understand better such feelings and reactions as could appear after discharge from hospital.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Using problem-based learning as a strategy for cross-discipline emergency preparedness training.

The rapid and effective response to a bioterrorist event requires the coordinated efforts of trained personnel from different agencies. This article describes the design and implementation of a 1-week cross-disciplinary course employing problem-based learning (PBL) for professionals with backgrounds in public health, fire/emergency medical services (EMS), law enforcement, emergency management, and hospital administration. The curriculum provided opportunities for professionals from different disciplines to meet and learn the priorities and resources of partner agencies. In course evaluations, participants rated the training highly and found it applicable to their work and a good use of time and training resources. PBL techniques were successful in fostering cross-agency communication, thereby showing promise as an effective training method for meeting local and national emergency preparedness objectives.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed2006

Management of sildenafil treatment failures.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although oral type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors are considered as first-line therapy for the majority of causes of erectile dysfunction, because of their high efficacy, ease of use, and acceptable safety profile, there are some who fail to respond, mainly because of end-organ failure. This communication reviews the management of sildenafil failures in light of recent advances. RECENT FINDINGS: Sildenafil failures can be attributed to either lack of efficacy or side effects; issues may involve the physician, patient, and his partner. Physicians may contribute to sildenafil failure and discontinuation because of inadequate instructions, lack of adequate follow-up, suboptimal dosing, lack of adequate trial, and insufficient clarification about safety issues. Studies have demonstrated that progression of endothelial dysfunction and diminished cavernosal smooth-muscle content are recognized organic factors which cause end-organ dysfunction and ultimately treatment failure. SUMMARY: Proper counseling, medication optimization, and modifying associated risk factors can provide success in men who had initially failed sildenafil therapy for erectile dysfunction. Other treatment modalities that may be considered when sildenafil failure occurs include vacuum devices, intraurethral, and intracavernosal administration of vasoactive drugs alone or combined with sildenafil. Penile prosthesis implantation is considered as a last resort, if all first-line and second-line therapies fail.

Counseling↗
PubMed2002

Evidence of perspective-taking constraints in children's on-line reference resolution.

Young children's communication has often been characterized as egocentric. Some researchers claim that the processing of language involves an initial stage that relies on egocentric heuristics, even in adults. Such an account, combined with general developmental difficulties with late-stage processes, could provide an explanation for much of children's egocentric communication. However, the experimental data reported in this article do not support such an account: In an elicited-production task, 5- to 6-year-old children were found to be sensitive to their partner's perspective. Moreover, in an on-line comprehension task, they showed sensitivity to common-ground information from the initial stages of language processing. We propose that mutual knowledge is not distinct from other knowledge relevant for language processing, and exerts early effects on processing in proportion to its salience and reliability.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Condom use in multi-ethnic neighborhoods of San Francisco: the population-based AMEN (AIDS in Multi-Ethnic Neighborhoods) Study.

We examined the prevalence and correlates of condom use in a community-based sample of unmarried heterosexual and gay/bisexual Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics (aged 20 to 44 years) in San Francisco (n = 1229). Only 9% of heterosexual males reported always using condoms, and fewer of those with multiple sexual partners (6%) reported always using condoms compared with those in monogamous relationships (12%). Much higher proportions of gay/bisexual men reported always using condoms (48%). Racial differences in condom use were observed only among women. Sexual communication and the sexual enjoyment value of condoms were consistent correlates of condom use across gender and sexual orientation, while other condom-related beliefs were significant predictors of condom use only for men. In general, condom promotion programs should build sexual communication skills, teach people how to enhance enjoyment with condoms, and reduce psychological barriers to condom acquisition and use.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sustaining an Aboriginal mental health service partnership.

The Regional Aboriginal Integrated Social and Emotional (RAISE) Wellbeing program commenced in February 2003 as an Aboriginal mental health service partnership between one Aboriginal Health Service and three mainstream services: a community mental health team, a hospital mental health liaison, and an "outback" community counselling service. A case study method was used to describe the drivers (incentives for program development), linkage processes (structures and activities through which the partnership operated), and sustainability of the program. Program drivers were longstanding problems with Aboriginal peoples' access to mental health care, policy direction favouring shared service responsibility, and a relatively small amount of new funding for mental health that allowed the program to commence. Linkage processes were the important personal relationships between key individuals. Developing the program as a part of routine practice within and across the partner organisations is now needed through formal agreements, common care-management tools, and training. The program's sustainability will depend on this development occurring, as well as better collection and use of data to communicate the value of the program and support calls for adequate recurrent funds. The development of care-management tools, training and data systems will require a longer period of start-up funding as well as some external expertise.

Australia↗
PubMed1992

Relationship patterns in "folie à deux".

"Folie à deux" is characterized by the communication of delusional ideas from one subject to other ones who have been living closely with him for a long time, usually his relatives. Before illness shows, there is a leader-follower relationship between partners, who are lacking of external sources of pleasure and are socially or culturally isolated. The dominating partner usually is a paranoic subject who strongly needs his ideas to be accepted by other people, while the dominated partner is a dependent subject who shares the other one's ideas in order to get pleasure from him and who is not able to criticize these ideas because of the lack for external influences. The two partners project hostility into the external world because, if the dominated partner does not share the other one's ideas, hostility will be projected into him and he will become very anxious. Interpersonal mechanisms in "folie à deux" are similar to those which take place in brainwashing, hypnosis and psychotherapy.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Overcoming problems with polypharmacy and drug misuse in the elderly.

Polypharmacy, the inappropriate use of multiple drug regimens, has a significant impact on the health of elderly individuals. Drug use increases with age, but suitability of therapy is sometimes difficult to define. In ambulatory and hospital care, there is some documentation of poor prescribing practices by physicians and drug misuse by patients. Sound data suggest that polypharmacy and drug misuse are highly prevalent in long-term care facilities. Psychotherapeutic agents are the most commonly misused drugs by physicians in this setting. Polypharmacy is associated with factors such as the number and severity of illnesses, hospitalization, number of physicians seen, number of pharmacies used, and possibly increased patient age. Methods to prevent polypharmacy and drug misuse have not been well studied. There is a need for intensive research to define effective methods to strengthen prescribing practice of physicians for elderly patients, to promote cooperation among health care personnel in ensuring optimal drug use by patients, and to enhance the role of patients as responsible partners in drug therapy. The authors are confident, however, that drug misuse and polypharmacy can be reduced in older persons by the use of current knowledge of risk factors associated with polypharmacy and by improved communication between the physician and patient.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Purposes of AAC device use for persons with ALS as reported by caregivers.

Thirty-four informal caregivers who support 26 persons with ALS reported on AAC technology use. Each caregiver completed the Communication Device Use Checklist, a survey tool developed for this study based on Light's (1988) classification of the purposes of social interaction (Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 4, 66-82). The checklist includes 17 purposes of communication and asks participants to judge importance, mode, and frequency of use for each purpose. Results show that the three communication purposes used most frequently and valued as important by caregivers involve regulating the behavior of others for basic needs and wants (getting needs met; giving instructions or directions to others; and clarifying needs). Consistent reports of use and frequency for the purposes of staying connected (social closeness) and discussing important issues (information transfer) indicate that AAC technology can assist the dyad in maintaining previous relationships. The face-to-face spontaneous conversation mode is used most frequently, despite the slow rate of production, the lack of permanence, and the demands on conversational partners during message generation. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Communication between parental and developing genomes during tetrahymena nuclear differentiation is likely mediated by homologous RNAs.

Approximately 6000 DNA elements, totaling nearly 15 Mb, are coordinately excised from the developing somatic genome of Tetrahymena thermophila. An RNA interference (RNAi)-related mechanism has been implicated in the targeting of these germline-limited sequences for chromatin modification and subsequent DNA rearrangement. The excision of individual DNA segments can be inhibited if the homologous sequence is placed within the parental somatic nucleus, indicating that communication occurs between the parental and developing genomes. To determine how the DNA content of one nucleus is communicated to the other, we assessed DNA rearrangement occurring in wild-type cells that were mated to cells that contained the normally germline-limited M element within their somatic nuclei. M-element rearrangement was blocked in the wild-type cell even when no genetic exchange occurred between mating partners, a finding that is inconsistent with any genetic imprinting models. This inhibition by the parental somatic nucleus was rapidly established between 5 and 6 hr of conjugation, near or shortly after the time that zygotic nuclei are formed. M-element small RNAs (sRNAs) that are believed to direct its rearrangement were found to rapidly accumulate during the first few hours of conjugation before stabilizing to a low, steady-state level. The period between 5 and 6 hr during which sRNA levels stabilize correlates with the time after which the parental genome can block DNA rearrangement. These data lead us to suggest that homologous sRNAs serve as mediators to communicate sequence-specific information between the parental and developing genomes, thereby regulating genome-wide DNA rearrangement, and that these sRNAs can be effectively compared to the somatic genome of both parents.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Networking between occupational health services, client enterprises and other experts: difficulties, supporting factors and benefits.

This study explores difficulties, supporting factors and benefits of networking to studied enterprises and other network partners (focus on OHS and client enterprises). The study also explores social capital as a resource produced in network relations, and trust as a core dimension of social capital, and trust as a binding element in networking. The study is a mixed methods research (both qualitative and quantitative research materials). The most important supporting factors were: committed and active focus person, teamwork skills, long relationships, familiarity, trust and two-way communication in co-operation, shared goals, norms and values, an equal cost and benefit ratio, and the high quality of services. The biggest problems were the lack of skills to operate in the network and difficulties in maintaining the network, weak communication, lack of confidence, inconvenient size or composition of the network, overlapping information, cliques, nodes and missing links. The benefits were versatile: knowledge and skills accumulate, the network multiplies resources, fluency of co-operation, innovations, commitment and trust increase, good practices expand, and moreover, the quality, many-sidedness and appropriateness of operations improve. Networking is beneficial but demanding. There are many limitations. Networks are not equal for every network partner (inequality in cost and benefit ratio). Networks produce social capital for participants. Successful networking requires trust relations between network partners.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed2002

In defense of the internet: the relationship between Internet communication and depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and perceived social support.

As more people connect to the Internet, researchers are beginning to examine the effects of Internet use on users' psychological health. Due in part to a study released by Kraut and colleagues in 1998, which concluded that Internet use is positively correlated with depression, loneliness, and stress, public opinion about the Internet has been decidedly negative. In contrast, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that Internet usage can affect users beneficially. Participants engaged in five chat sessions with an anonymous partner. At three different intervals they were administered scales measuring depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and social support. Changes in their scores were tracked over time. Internet use was found to decrease loneliness and depression significantly, while perceived social support and self-esteem increased significantly.

Communication↗
PubMed2001

Living with post-traumatic stress disorder: the wives'/female partners' perspective.

AIM OF THE STUDY: This phenomenological study examined what it was like for the wives/female partners to live with a Vietnam veteran who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PROCEDURE: Audio-taped interviews were conducted with 10 women and data were examined from three overlapping phases of the veteran/partner relationship: the early phase, the middle phase and the later phase. FINDINGS: The early phase was conceptualized as a period of adjustment in which three themes were identified: (1) attractors, (2) feelings and (3) communication. The middle phase, one of enmeshment, was characterized by six themes: (1) dealing with veteran PTSD symptoms, (2) substance abuse, (3) physical and/or emotional abuse, (4) roles, (5) feelings and (6) coping techniques. Three themes depicted the later phase of resolution/healing: (1) stress related symptoms, (2) staying or leaving and (3) activities that promoted an ongoing process of resolution/healing. CONCLUSIONS: The central meaning statement that best described the experience of wives/female partners who live with a Vietnam veteran with PTSD is that the experience is a gradual process of becoming enmeshed in the veteran's pathology, with all energies being directed at minimizing the effect on self and family, culminating in intermittent movement towards resolution/healing. This study has implications for practitioners who treat Vietnam PTSD veterans and their wives or female partners.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Nigerian university students' knowledge, perceptions, and behaviours about HIV/AIDS: are these students at risk?

The purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge level of undergraduate students of a Nigerian university about HIV/AIDS, their perception of risk of contracting HIV/AIDS based on their sexual behaviour, and to assess how students acquire information about HIV/AIDS. The sample consisted of 380 students from five faculties of the university who volunteered to participate in the study. Participants completed a survey asking about their knowledge about transmission, symptomatology and prevention of HIV/AIDS. The survey included questions about their sexual orientation, past and present sexual practices as well as sources of information about HIV/AIDS. The results indicated that the students were knowledgeable about transmission and symptomatology but there were some misconceptions about the mode of transmission of HIV. Few students identified themselves to be at high risk even though majority of them (92%) were sexually experienced. The study also showed that even though these students are knowledgeable and concerned about contracting HIV/AIDS from their partners, this did not prevent them from engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse. It appears, however, that students are exercising caution when negotiating new sexual relationships, as they are likely to discuss (and insist on) using condoms and ask to have a monogamous relationship. Students obtained information about HIV/AIDS primarily from the media rather than from school classrooms and homes, which suggests a need to increase educational efforts at the university. Many students of this university may be at risk of becoming HIV-infected due to their age bracket, level of sexual activity and past/present sexual behaviors. University faculty can be actively involved in developing and implementing HIV/AIDS education and prevention strategies on their campuses. Health educators must go beyond providing accurate and gender-specific information about HIV/AIDS; they must also help students realistically assess their own risk of infection, and develop communication processes which enable them to negotiate safer sexual practices.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Contact-dependent inhibition: bacterial brakes and secret handshakes.

Interbacterial communication can be mediated by soluble secreted factors and direct cell-cell contact. Recently, Aoki et al. identified a new contact-dependent communication pathway by which strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli can inhibit the growth of other microbes within a mixed population. Two novel gene products--CdiA and CdiB, which seem to be members of a two-partner secretion family with homologs in many pathogens--mediate this contact-dependent inhibition (CDI). A third gene product, CdiI, provides immunity to CDI, as does expression of either P or S pili. The interplay between CDI and immunity factors could directly affect the course of an infection and modulate both the dispersion and the chronic persistence of bacterial pathogens within the host.

Escherichia coli↗