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PubMed2004

[Phosphorus intake in Poland in 1994-2000].

The aim of the study was the evaluation of the phosphorus intake in 8 types of households with different family number of persons in Poland during 1994-2000. The research was conducted on the basis on households budget food consumption data and tables of food composition and nutritional value. Phosphorus intake per capita per day was compared to RDA at the safe level. The intake of phosphorus was high in all investigated households and ranged between 65-144% above lower RDA limit and 34-96% for upper one. When the family number of persons increased, the intake decreased. The main food sources of phosphorus were: bread, meat and meat products, milk and milk drinks and vegetables and mushrooms. The bread has a highest share in phosphorus supply in households maintained from non-earned sources and the lowest for the non-manual labour position one.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2003

Differences in clinical test results of patients with bronchial asthma and living environment. Research in rural and urban areas in the eastern part of Poland.

The objective of the research was to evaluate immunological and clinical parameters in bronchial asthma patients from rural and urban areas in the east part of Poland. The study comprised 55 subjects reporting from November 2001 to January 2002 at the Pulmonary Department in order to have the disease diagnosed or to continue the treatment. The type of symptoms was determined on the basis of the standardized questionnaire. The patients were subjected to spirometry and skin prick tests. Blood eosinophil number as well as total and specific IgE levels were also evaluated. Significant (p<0.05) disturbances in respiratory parameters were found in 23% of patients living in the city and in 50% of subjects from the rural area. The level of IgE against grass pollens was significantly (p<0.01) higher in urban residents. The level of IgE against house dust was similar in both groups. Our study shows important differences between clinical manifestation of asthma in rural and inner-city patients and indicates that different aetiology may play an important role in asthma development.

Asthma↗
PubMed2003

Diabetes mellitus type-2 is unknown in 75% of cases--results of a population study in rural areas of the Lublin Region (Eastern Poland).

There are scare data concerning the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural population in Poland. Our study, performed in 1806 subjects from rural areas, showed that prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural population is unexpectedly high (17.2%) and is higher than in urban population. The fact that 3/4 of the cases turned out to be the cases of previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus is especially distressing. Thus, main efforts should be concentrated on the necessity of screening tests in the group which is not subjected to periodical medical examinations, the more so that the prevalence of obesity in women reached 40%. The family physician and an appropriate organisation of educational prophylaxis can play a major role in fighting this problem.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains isolated in The Netherlands and Poland are genetically diverse.

Gram-negative anaerobic rods isolated in The Netherlands and Poland from extraintestinal and intestinal sources were identified as Bacteroides fragilis (n = 210) on the basis of Gram staining, growth on selective Bacteroides Bile Esculine medium as black colonies, and biochemical characteristics. PCR-mediated assessment of the presence of the B. fragilis enterotoxin (fragilysin) gene in all strains identified 12 so-called enterotoxin-positive B. fragilis (ETBF) strains (15%) among the Dutch strains and 16 ETBF among the Polish strains (13%). NotI Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis revealed that these strains are genetically heterogeneous. Among the Dutch strains an identical pair and a set of four indiscriminate strains were identified. This suggests that limited nosocomial spread of ETBF can be observed. However, there was no identity obeserved when strains from The Netherlands were compared to their Polish counterparts. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that one Polish strain isolated from a patient with antibiotic associated diarrhoeae (AAD) was simultaneously highly resistant to clindamycin and cefoxitin (MIC>256 mg/L). Two other strains appeared to be clindamycin resistant. All resistant strains had different PFGE patterns, suggesting that resistance development occurred at independent occassions.

Bacteroides fragilis↗
PubMed2004

[Cost-effectiveness of coronary angioplasty procedures in Poland].

BACKGROUND: Restenosis following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) increases re-hospitalisation rate and may lead to new myocardial infarction (MI) or death. Besides medical aspects, it may also reduce cost-effectiveness of the procedure. AIM: To analyse the medical and economical outcome of patients treated with PCI during a one year period. METHODS: Medical outcome, cost of PCI and total cost of treatment during one year after PCI were assessed in 188 consecutive patients who underwent PCI during the first three months of 2002. Patients with acute MI treated with PCI were not included in the analysis. RESULTS: The rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) which included death, new MI or repeated revascularisation, was 1.6% during hospital stay and 14.4% during one-year follow-up. Re-hospitalisation rate was 28.2%. The mean number of outpatient visits during one year was 9.8. The costs of initial hospitalisation and procedures performed during this hospital stay were 7,839 Polish zlotys (PLN) per patient whereas the costs during one-year follow-up were 3,490 PLN (re-hospitalisations and repeated procedures 3,091 PLN, outpatient visits 238 PLN, and pharmacotherapy costs 161 PLN). In the group of patients with MACE, the costs of treatment during one-year follow-up were 13,398 PLN whereas in patients without complications 1,349 PLN per patient. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who develop complications after PCI generate costs exceeding ten times that of patients with a favourable outcome. Thus, from the economical and medical point of view, there is a need to identify high-risk patients before the decision is made as to which type of treatment is used. Because the health service in Poland is under-funded, patients at risk should be treated with the most effective methods (antiproliferative stents or surgical revascularisation) as an initial treatment, which may decrease total costs during a long-term period.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The association between income, education, control over life and health in a large urban population of Poland.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to examine the relation of income, education and control over life with health self-evaluation and chronic diseases, e.g., hypertension, back illness, hypercholesterolemia, gastritis, coronary heart disease, and diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data were collected in Lódź, a large industrial city of Poland, between 2001 and 2002, as a part of the Countrywide Integrated Noncommunicable Diseases Intervention Programme. The surveys were directed at random samples of the adult population, 1837 men and women aged 18-64 years. A questionnaire completed during a doctor's visit was used for data collection. RESULTS: All chronic illnesses were age-related. A strong association was also seen between chronic illnesses and poor control over life. People who reported poor control over life were more likely to suffer from any of the studied chronic illnesses; this relationship was mostly pronounced in case of gastritis. The incidence of coronary heart disease and back illnesses was very strongly related with low education, whereas low income with hypertension, back illnesses and coronary heart disease, however this relation was not so strongly manifested. Seventy percent of the study population rated their health as "good" and 30% as "poor". The worst results of health self-evaluation were found in older people with low education, low income, poor control over life and chronic illnesses. CONCLUSIONS: Poor control over life was associated with chronic illnesses. Our study suggest that higher education and higher income in the period of socioeconomic changes are the explanatory variables for good health.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

PCR-RFLP analysis of a point mutation in codons 315 and 463 of the katG gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients in Silesia, Poland.

Resistance to antituberculous agents is an important cause of ineffectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. The resistance of M. tuberculosis to antituberculous agents is a result of mutations in genes participating in those agent's action. The antituberculous drug--isoniazid can be activated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis either through a hydroperoxidase I/II or a superoxide-dependent oxyferrous pathway. The present study analyzed the frequency of the mutations occurring in codons 315 and 463 in katG gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from Silesia, Poland. In this study 23 isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were analyzed. For RFLP analysis, a 620 bp amplified fragment of katG gene was digested with restriction endonuclease MspI. Among 24 isoniazid-resistant strains, isolated from patients between 2000-2001, point mutations were found in 30% of analyzed isoniazid-resistant strains in codons 315 or 463 (7 strains). In contrast, no mutations in codons 315 and/or 463 katG gene were found in 16 strains (70%). Obtained results suggests that point mutations S315T (AGC-->ACC) and R463L in katG gene are infrequent in the analyzed population.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed2004

[Occupational exposure to hand-transmitted vibration in Poland].

BACKGROUND: Occupational exposure to hand transmitted vibration may cause disorders in upper extremities known as hand-arm vibration syndrome. Therefore it is essential to know the sources of vibration, occupational groups exposed to vibration and the number of exposed workers. The aim of the study was to estimate the number of men and women exposed to hand-transmitted vibration in Poland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The completed questionnaires were obtained from 265 (80%) sanitary inspection stations. They included questions on: the name of workplaces, the name and the type of vibration sources, workers' gender, the number of workers exposed to vibration, indicating the extent of exposure measured against the three threshold limit values (< 0.5 TLV; 0.5 < TLV < 1 and > 1 TLV), and the number of workers exposed to hand-transmitted vibration not documented by measurements in a particular workplaces, indicating one of the three possible kinds of exposure (occasional, periodical and constant). The questionnaire data were based on measurements and analyses performed in 1997-2000. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study showed that vibrating tools used by grinders, fitters, locksmiths, rammers, road workers, carpenters and smiths proved to be the most frequent sources of hand-transmitted vibration. It was revealed that 78.6% of operators of these tools were exposed to vibration exceeding 1 TLV. The study also indicated that 17,000 workers, including 1700 women, were exposed to vibration exceeding the threshold limit values.

Arm Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Severe sepsis in Poland--results of internet surveillance of 1043 cases.

BACKGROUND: Severe sepsis is a clinical syndrome frequently occurring in intensive care units (ICUs) when systemic infection results in multiorgan dysfunction. No Polish data concerning treatment and prognosis in this group of patients have been available to date. MATERIAL/METHODS: The Polish Working Group for Sepsis introduced in 2003 internet registration of severe sepsis cases treated in ICUs in Poland. Information about severe sepsis were entered including the type of infection, clinical course, methods and results of treatment. RESULTS: From 20.04.2003 to 10.01.2004, 1043 severe sepsis cases were reported by 104 ICUs. Mean age of patients was 59 years. Mean duration of treatment was 19 days, with mortality rate of 55%. In 60% dysfunction of 4 or more organs was diagnosed. In 55% the underlying disease was surgical and abdominal cavity was the primary infection site (47%). Pathogens most likely to cause severe sepsis were G- (48%) and G+ (43%) bacteria, as well as fungi (21%). Positive blood culture was obtained in 45% of patients. Treatment involved antibiotic and support of organ function. Activated protein C was used in 8.2%, causing a reduction of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Severe sepsis in Polish ICUs develops most frequently in the course of intra-abdominal infections. Dysfunction of 4 or more organs caused observed high mortality (55%) Internet surveillance proved to be useful method of collecting information, widely accepted by personnel of ICUs.

Female↗
PubMed2004

[Thyroid cancer in Poland in 1980-2000].

The objective of this paper was to assess the occurrence of thyroid cancer in Poland between 1980 and 2000 concerning incidence, hospitalisation and mortality. The frequency of thyroid cancer is relatively low - 0.5% in men and above 2% in women among all malignant. Mortality of thyroid cancer is on the low, stable level - 0.45 death per 100 000 in men and 1.05 in women. Hospital morbidity caused by thyroid cancer is almost three-fold higher then incidence. In the framework of 1980-2000 the substantial increase of incidence was observed especially since 1991 in women and in 1992-1993 and 1999-2000 in men. It could be associated with the pause in iodine prophylactic in 1980. Factors such radiation from medical treatment, ionising radiation as well as environmental, nutrition and genetic conditions may play role as a risk factors. In the last years slightly increase of incidence of thyroid cancer was observed in the population of 0-15. It could be possible caused by radiation after accident of the Chernobyl.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The problem of prematurity in Poland].

In Poland an impressive decline in perinatal and neonatal mortality rate has been observed during the past decade. A further improvement will be hindered by such new phenomena like multiple gestation following assisted procreation and a higher risk of preterm birth arising from it as well as age increase among pregnant women. Prematurity rate is also more and more frequently influenced by preterm births induced due to threat to the life of the mother or the fetus. All these factors should be taken into consideration in preventive actions and health programs over the mother and the child.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of Alnus, Corylus and Betula pollen counts in Lublin (Poland) and Skien (Norway).

Symptoms of pollen allergy in springtime in Middle and Northern Europe are mainly caused by pollen grains of birch, hazel and alder. The aim of the present study was the pollen fall comparison of the mentioned taxa in Lublin (Poland) and Skien (Norway). These sites are located approximately 1,200 km away apart by air. The pollen monitoring was carried out by gravimetric method in 1999-2000. The start and end of pollen seasons were defined by the 90% method. The beginning of pollen seasons for Corylus and Betula were observed 1-3 weeks earlier in Lublin than in Skien, but pollen grains of Alnus appeared simultaneously in both towns. In 1999, annual totals of Alnus, Corylus and Betula pollen grains were considerably less numerous in Skien than in Lublin. No important differences were observed among the pollen fall amounts of the mentioned taxa in 2000. The maximum values of pollen grains were defined in different terms. The results of investigations differed as regards the years compared as well as the sites.

Alnus↗
PubMed2004

Allergenic airborne grass pollen in Szczecin, Poland.

Grass pollens are known as very potent aeroallergens. The aim of the study was to analyse the grass pollen season in Szczecin (western Poland) in the years 2000-2003 and to establish a relationship between the meteorological conditions and the pollen counts of Poaceae. The meteorological parameters analysed were the maximum and mean air temperature, relative humidity, amount of precipitation and wind speed. Measurements were performed mainly by the volumetric method. In parallel, gravimetric monitoring was conducted in 4 Szczecin city districts in order to establish the spatial distribution of pollen in aeroplankton. Pollen seasons were defined as the periods in which 95 % of the total catch occurred. In the 4 years studied, the lowest concentration of grass pollen was observed in 2000 with the maximum value of 123 pollen grains in 1 m3 per 24 h. In subsequent seasons, the concentration of Poaceae pollen increased and the highest concentration of grass pollen, equal to 809 pollen grains in 1 m3 per 24 h was noted in 2003. The majority of Poaceae species have constant periods of pollen release and the high number of their species means that the pollen season is long and lasts from the beginning of May until the middle of September. The longest pollen season was observed in the year 2000 when the lowest pollen count was found. In sensitive persons the symptoms of pollinosis occur after some threshold pollen count value, which for grass is 30 grains in 1 m3 per 24 h. Therefore, the greatest threat from Poaceae pollen allergens is noted from the middle of May and until the end of July, and at the beginning of September. Analysis of the pollen distribution in different Szczecin city districts determined by the gravimetric method, has shown that the highest exposure to grass pollen allergens occurs in the districts Zelechowa and Sródmieście, in the area with parks, villas and gardens or garden allotments. However, in the pollen season the threshold Poaceae pollen count value is usually exceeded in the entire city. Statistically significant correlations have been found between the grass pollen count in the air and the maximum wind speed, air temperature, amount of precipitation and relative air humidity. The pollen count of grass is determined by the diversity of local flora and weather conditions, especially by the air temperature and relative humidity.

Allergens↗
PubMed2004

Monitoring of Alternaria Ness and Cladosporium Link airborne spores in Lublin (Poland) in 2002.

The concentration of Alternaria and Cladosporium spores was monitored throughout the year 2002 in Lublin (Eastern Poland). Fungal spores were sampled with Lanzoni VPPS 2000 volumetric spore trap. The total annual spore concentrations of Alternaria and Cladosporium reached 30,880 and 865,254 spores/m3, respectively. The majority of Alternaria spores was collected between 17:00-20:00, whereas Cladosporium spores were caught between 9:00-10:00.

Alternaria↗
PubMed2004

[The use of antibiotics during the perioperative period and incidence of complications--based on data from selected ocular surgery centers in Poland].

The aim of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics usage and the prevalence of infectious complications, after ocular surgery. Authors analyzed data from 53 ocular surgery centers in Poland: 28674 cases of cataract surgery, 6518 cases of complicated cataract surgery, 1387 cases of contemporary cataract and glaucoma surgery and 2978 cases of glaucoma surgery. The prevalence of endophthalmitis in this group of patients ranged from 0.29% after cataract surgery to 0.93% after complex surgery (cataract and glaucoma), and was higher than other studies show. This is because the study group was much smaller. The study is the first step to create optimal schema of antibiotics usage during ocular surgery. Rational antibiotics usage is very important because of worldwide growing antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMed2004

Health care reforms in Poland.

This paper examines the shape of the recently reformed health care system in Poland. Until December 31,1998 everyone had access to free health care and the medical institutions were financed by the State. Since January 1, 1999, under the provisions of the Universal Health Insurance Act, hospitals became independent from the State budget and gained more financial resources for their activities. 17 regional health insurance funds contract for medical services with hospitals and individual practices. Most services provided to the insured are paid by the funds that receive premiums, but some are still financed from the State budget. The revised legislation on Medical Care Establishments intended to create a better management of health care institutions and administrative control over the quality of care. The system has been severely criticised: it is too bureaucratic, there are too many insurance funds, patients have experienced problems with access to health care, particularly to special treatment or to treatment available outside the area of the health insurance fund to which the patient belongs. The new Minister for Health suggested that the 17 funds should be replaced by 5 "health funds" that would finance health care and be closely connected to the local government answerable for their activities. This paper will deal with the scope of health care packages, the conditions of provision of health services, obligations of health care providers, patient rights, and the quality of health care.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

Genetic variability among Polish Red, Hereford and Holstein-Friesian cattle raised in Poland based on analysis of microsatellite DNA sequences.

Polymorphism of 11 microsatellite DNA loci was analysed in Polish Red (PR), Hereford and Holstein-Friesian (HF) cattle raised in Poland and genetic distance among these breeds was determined. At the 11 loci (TGLA227, BM2113, TGLA53, ETH10, SPS115, TGLA126, TGLA122, INRA23, ETH3, ETH225 and BM1824) analysed with automated DNA sizing technology, a total of 213 alleles were identified: 76 in PR, 76 in HF, and 61 in Hereford. All the microsatellite DNA markers showed high polymorphism. Polymorphism information content (PIC) calculated for each marker exceeded 0.5, except for the ETH3 locus in Hereford cattle (PIC=0.475), and heterozygosity (H) ranged from 54.1% to as much as 85.2%. The coefficient of genetic distance was 0.354 between PR and Hereford, 0.414 between HF and Hereford, and 0.416 between PR and HF cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[ESBL-positive strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group isolated from patients at the regional hospital center in Płock (Poland)].

The aim of this study was to confirm a presumptive qualification of clinical B. fragilis group strains isolated in Płock as ESBL-positive strains and to determine some properties of these strains. Twenty four clinical strains belonging to the B. fragilis group, isolated first of all from surgical patients, were received for testing. Identification of strains was performed in the automatic ATB Expression system (bioMerieux sa, France) using biochemical API 20 A strips. Strains were tested for the production of catalase (ID Color Catalase test, bioMerieux sa) and beta-lactamase (Cefinase, BBL, Becton Dickinson, USA). Susceptibility of strains to four antimicrobial agents: clindamycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and imipenem was determined by Etest (AB Biodisk, Sweden). ESBLs were detected with the use of two disc diffusion methods: the double-disc synergy test (DDST) according to Jarlier et al. and the diagnostic disc (DD) test according to Appleton. Seventeen of examined strains belonged to the species Bacteroides fragilis, three--to B. ovatus/thetaiotaomicron, two--to B. distasonis, one--to B. uniformis and one--to B. stercoris/eggerthii. One strain (B. uniformis) did not produce catalase, whereas all strains produced beta-lactamases. Examined strains were susceptible in vitro to metronidazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and imipenem. One clindamycin-resistant strain was detected (B. fragilis). Occurrence of ESBL-type enzymes was confirmed in 22 strains of following species: B. fragilis (17 strains), B. ovatus/thetaiotaomicron (3), B. distasonis (1) and B. uniformis (1). Clinical strains of the B. fragilis group with a new mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics appeared during last years in Poland. They produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), so they are resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins and monobactams. Monitoring of infections caused by these threatening strains in hospital patients is very important.

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination↗