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PubMed1992

Allozyme comparison of three Trypanosoma species (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) of toads and frogs by starch-gel electrophoresis.

Six metabolic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucosephosphate isomerase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase, from clonal isolates of 3 presumptive species of Trypanosoma (T. fallisi, T. ranarum, and T. rotatorium) from 3 anuran hosts (Bufo americanus, Rana clamitans, and Rana catesbeiana) were compared using starch-gel electrophoresis. Although bands were shared among the different zymodemes of isolates of the same host genus, low genetic polymorphism of the enzyme loci was observed with few apparent shared bands between samples isolated from frogs and toads. A distance value calculated between toad and frog trypanosome isolates suggests the likelihood of long-time separation of species. Cluster analysis based on overall similarity distinguished the trypanosomes of toads and frogs as separate taxa, suggesting that host specificity and observed morphological differences are consistent with heritable allozyme differences.

Alleles↗
PubMed1992

[Parasitological and immunological progress control during and after chemotherapy of canine leishmaniasis].

Promastigote Leishmania-organisms were diagnostically cultivated in vitro from popliteal lymph node aspirates obtained from 32 of in total 36 dogs returning from endemic areas. Isoenzyme analysis (glucosephosphate-isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and glutamate-oxaloacetate-transaminase (GOT) resulted in the identification of Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania (L.) infantum) for all 18 isolates investigated. Parasites were still able to be cultivated in vitro in 79% of 28 biopsies (from 15 dogs) even following chemotherapy by Glucantime, independent of the time of sampling and the course of disease after treatment. Dogs with a progressive form of disease (despite chemotherapy) showed only a minor or no reduction (between 0 and 4.8%) of the relative antibody concentration (determined by ELISA), whereas regressive forms of disease (without recurrences observed in the period of 10 to 37 months after therapy) demonstrated a marked reduction of the relative antibody concentration (between 6.7 and 16.2%) within the first 5 to 8 months; thereafter the decrease diminished and changed to a persistent low relative antibody concentration.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Screening genes related to 'black' character in wu-ding chicken by delta differential display].

The 'black' character is a cardinal character of black chicken that is very important to the medical value and economical value of black chicken. The study compared gene expression between black chicken and non-black chicken by delta differential display method, and obtained twenty-nine expressed sequence tags(ESTs) by extraction, amplification, purification, northern blotting, cloning and sequencing of gel-embedded DNA. Of twenty-nine ESTs, eight ESTs have high similarity rate with known gene in chicken-beta-trepomyosin gene, cardiac myosin alkali light chain gene, insertionally activated c-Ha-ras oncogene, fra-2 oncogene, 16S rRNA gene and mitochondrion genome sequence, respectively, with similarity rate 97%,100%, 98%, 98%, 98%, 99%, 99% and 97%. Five ESTs have high similarity rate with human TTN gene, human phosphoglucomutase 5 gene, human or mouse signal recongnition particle 54 kD gene, human or mouse ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor gene, respectively, with similarity rate 82%, 82%, 87%, 99% and 99%. Their homologous genes in chicken are still not cloned. Thirteen ESTs are novel gene fragments. Of thirteen ESTs, nine ESTs have high similarity with ESTs in database. Four ESTs have not high similarity with any EST in database. The results of gene expression analysis show that one known gene (insertionally activated c-Ha-ras oncogene) fragment and one novel gene fragment are expressed in all non-black chicken and are not expressed in all black chicken, and that one known gene (signal recongnition particle 54 kD gene) fragment is expressed in all black chicken and is not expressed in all non-black chicken. According to these results, we conclude that the expression of insertionally activated c-Ha-ras oncogene, signal recongnition particle 54 kD gene and one novel gene are related to the 'black' character in chicken.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Leucocyte energy metabolism. V. Glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes in leucocytes from adults and newborn infants.

The activities of ATP-consuming and ATP-producing steps of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, as well as other glycolytic enzymes (phosphoglucomutase and enolase) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are lower in leucocytes from cord blood than in white cells from adults. These results are related to previous observations (reduced anaerobic glycolysis and nitroblue tetrazolium-test in leucocytes from newborn infants) and discussed in connection with the fact that newborn infants are more susceptible to infections than normal adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension].

Glycogen and protein concentrations and the activities of liver glycogen metabolic enzymes were measured in 22 children aged 4 to 15, suffering from extrahepatic portal hypertension. Glucose-6-phosphatase, amylo-1,6-glucosidase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, phosphorylases alpha and beta, phosphoglucomutase, and phosphohexose isomerase levels were analyzed. Liver biopsy specimens obtained by surgical marginal biopsy were used in the study. No or drastic reduction of phosphorylase alpha activity and reduction of glycogen concentration and glucose-phosphatase activity were found characteristic of extrahepatic hypertension. Analysis of correlations of the findings has demonstrated a medium correlation in 4 cases and a strong correlation between the findings in 1 case, the possibility being estimated as 0.95-0.99. The highest number of correlations was observed with phosphorylase alpha and glucose-6-phosphatase (3 correlations). Liver blood stream impairments result in injury to one of its main biochemical functions, i.e., the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis, this leading to reduction of the adaptation potential of the body; this should be borne in mind when planning therapeutic measures for patients with extrahepatic hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Studies on cartilage formation. XX. Histochemical investigation of some enzymes of glycogen metabolsim in regenerative articular surfaces.

In 28 dogs the distal articular cartilage of the femur was removed and the regenerating articular surface on the 70th postoperative day was studied histochemically for hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphohexose-isomerase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, phosphoglucomutase, phosphorylase, glycogen synthetase, UDP--glucose dehydrogenase, and UDP-glucuronic acid-4-epimerase. The articular surface consisted of fibrous tissue and of cartilage islets. The latter contained cells differentiating into cartilage and young chondrocytes. The glycolytic enzymes reacted positively in the regenerative articular surface. Enzyme activities were higher in the cells (particularly the chondroblasts and young chondrocytes) of the cartilage islets than in the connective tissue. In the cells differentiations into cartilage, beside the LDH isoenzymes characteristic of glycolysis, a significant LDH1 and LDH2 activity was observed. At the same site the presence of fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase-activity could be assumed, but there was no glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Glycogen synthesis proceeded in the cells of the cartilage islets and UDP-glucuronic acid-4-epimerase activity was observed in the differentiated cells. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity was positive in every section of the articular surface.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Characterization and regulation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa algC gene encoding phosphomannomutase.

The nucleotide sequence of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa algC gene encoding phosphomannomutase (PMM; EC 5.4.2.8) was determined. The codon usage in algC in the wobble base position was 90.4% G+C, typical of Pseudomonas genes. The predicted amino acid sequence of phosphomannomutase (PMM) showed homology over a stretch of 112 amino acids in the carboxyl terminus with rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase (PGM), an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction analogous to that catalyzed by PMM. In addition, a specific amino acid sequence within PMM showed homology with the catalytic site of PGM. DNA sequence analysis of a defective algC gene (algC') cloned from a mutant of P. aeruginosa that lacked PMM activity revealed one point mutation (a C to T transition) in the carboxyl terminus of PMM which resulted in an amino acid change from arginine 420 to cysteine 420. The mutation identified in the algC' gene was not within the regions of homology with PGM. The algC promoter showed significant homology with the promoters of two other P. aeruginosa genes involved in alginate synthesis, algD and algR1. Both the algD and algR1 promoters are activated by the product of the algR1 gene in P. aeruginosa. The upstream region of the algC gene contained a sequence identical to the algD upstream sequence that is known to be the binding site for the AlgR1 protein. Expression of algC was reduced 5.7-fold in an algR1 mutant of P. aeruginosa compared to its isogenic parent strain (lacking the algR1 mutation), suggesting that the algR1 gene product activates the transcription of the algC gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Hepatic dysfunction caused by dietary products of lipid peroxidation.

Dietary products of lipid peroxidation cause hepatic dysfunctions such as reductions in activities of aldehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial NAD-dependent), succinate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, glucokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and a depletion of coenzyme A. Toxic products in the peroxidation are considered to be the aldehydes among the decomposed products from hydroperoxides, because the decomposed products were incorporated into the liver but the other products were not when they were administered orally to rats. There are three current ideas on the causes of the dysfunctions: (a) direct attack of the incorporated aldehydes on the enzymes, (b) injury of the bio-membranes by the aldehydes, and (c) disturbance of the synthetic system for enzymes. In this study, to examine these ideas, a reasonable concentration of the peroxidation products to use in vitro was estimated from the amounts present in the liver after an oral dose of lipid peroxidation products. With respect to idea (a), when the peroxidation products were added to subcellular fractions of hepatocytes, the decomposed products specifically inactivated aldehyde dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and destroyed coenzyme A. For ideas (b) and (c), in which the parenchymal hepatocytes isolated from rat were used, the decomposed products did not seem to injure the bio-membrane, but they inhibited induction of glucokinase by hormones in the hepatocytes. It was concluded that in the hepatic dysfunction caused by the dietary products of lipid peroxidation the incorporated decomposed products in the liver directly inactivated the mitochondrial NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, destroyed coenzyme A, and disturbed the synthetic system of glucokinase.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The role of adrenals in diazinon-induced changes in carbohydrate metabolism in rats.

Treatment of rats with diazinon (40 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in hyperglycaemia and depletion of glycogen from the brain and peripheral tissues two hours after administration. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase were significantly higher in the brain and liver; that of glucose-6-phosphatase was not altered. The activities of the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase were increased only in the brain. The cholinesterase activity in the brain was reduced by treatment with diazinon. The activities of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes fructose 1,6-diphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were significantly increased. The lactate level was increased in the brain and blood, whereas that of pyruvate was not changed. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was not changed to any major extent. Cholesterol and ascorbic acid contents of adrenals were depleted in diazinon-treated animals. The changes were pronounced after intraperitoneal administration of 40 mg/kg diazinon, they were slight but significant after 20 mg/kg, and absent after 10 mg/kg. Hyperglycaemia and changes in carbohydrate metabolism were abolished by adrenalectomy suggesting possible involvement of adrenals.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1990

Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in the Balearic Islands. I. Substructuring of the Mallorca population.

A sample of 2143 individuals belonging to six natural geographic regions from Mallorca (Balearic Is. Spain, 39.5N, 3.0E) was studied for the red cell enzyme polymorphisms: Esterase-D (ESD), acid phospatase-1 (ACP1), glyoxalase-I (GLO1), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1) and adenylate-kinase (AK1). The following gene frequencies were obtained: ESD*2'3 = 0.142, ACP1*A = 0.248, ACP1*C = 0.027, GLO1*2 = 0.529, PGD*C = 0.010, PGM1*2 = 0.221 and AK1*2 = 0.033. Most of these gene frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The subpopulation of "La Muntanya" showed significant differences for some allozymes respect to the others, in accordance with its geographic peculiarity.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMed1990

Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in the Balearic Islands. II. A comparison based on multivariate analyses.

A sample of 2143 individuals from Mallorca, coming from six geographic regions of this island: "Es Raiguer", "La Muntanya", "Es Plà", "Mijgorn", "Llevant" and "Palma", as well as 390 individuals from Eivissa island have been studied for the following six red cell enzyme systems: Esterase-D (ESD), acid phosphatase-1 (ACP1), glyoxalase-I (GLO1) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1) and adenylate-kinase (AK1). The data were processed by means of multivariate statistical procedures: principal components, factorial correspondence and cluster analyses. The results indicate that ACP1 and ESD were the most suitable systems for the characterization of these caucasian populations, while GLO1 was important when different ethnic groups were included in the analyses. The Balearic gene frequencies fell within the European standard. Slight genetic distances were detected among the different Balearic populations, notably with the exception of the high differentiation of "La Muntanya".

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1990

[Glycogen phosphorylase from human leukocytes. Isolation and kinetic properties].

Homogeneous glycogen phosphorylase from human leukocytes has been obtained. A one-step bioluminescent procedure for the enzyme activity assay has been developed. This method is based on a continuous recording of the product of the glycogen phosphorylase-catalyzed reaction using a coimmobilized multienzyme system (phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADH:FMN oxidoreductase and bacterial luciferase). The method sensitivity is 10 times as high compared to earlier described methods. The Km values for glycogen (0.2 mg/ml) and phosphate (3.9 mM) at pH 7.9 were determined. AMP was shown to be the enzyme effector.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Red cell enzyme and serum protein polymorphisms in the western Cape region of South Africa.

Nine red cell enzyme systems: Acid phosphatase-1 (ACP1), adenosine deaminase (ADA), adenylate kinase-1 (AK1), esterase D (ESD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), phosphoglucomutase first and second loci (PGM1, PGM2), carbonic anhydrase-2 (CA2) and glyoxalase-I (GLO1); and three serum protein systems: haptoglobin (HP), transferrin (TF) and properdin factor B (BF), were examined in four populations--Caucasoids, "Cape Coloureds", Cape Malays and Negroes--in the western Cape region of South Africa. The results show distinct differences between the four groups for several genetic markers.

Black People↗
PubMed1990

Red cell enzyme polymorphisms of the Hungarian ethnic group in Yugoslavia.

A genetic study was carried out on phenotype and gene frequencies of the genetic markers in eight red cell enzymes: glyoxalase I (GLO1), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), esterase D (ESD), adenylate kinase (AK1), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), adenosine deaminase (ADA), acid phosphatase (ACP1), in the Hungarian ethnic group living in Yugoslavia. The gene frequencies obtained were: GPT*1 = 0.542, PGM1*1 = 0.760, ESD*1 = 0.909, AK*1 = 0.971, PGD*A = 0.971, ADA*1 = 0.939, GLO1*1 = 0.417, ACP1*A = 0.329, ACP1*B = 0.591 and ACP1*C = 0.080. The distribution of these phenotype and gene frequencies was examined and compared with the phenotype and gene frequencies found for the Hungarian population living in Hungary and for other populations living in the northeast of Yugoslavia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Age of menarche and genetic blood markers].

In 160 girls from low and middle socio-economic class of Santiago we correlated the age at menarque with genetic markers such as ABO blood group, Rh, MN, Xg, haptoglobins, Esterase D and Phosphoglucomutase. No significant association of these markers and age at menarque was found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy of zymodemes of E. histolytica technique in an epidemiologic study and report of new zymodemes in Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of zymodemes of E. histolytica technique in an epidemiologic study. To report the zymodemes for the first time described in Mexico. To report the main difficulties in the correct classification of zymodemes in this study. To describe the zymodemes identified in two evaluations done in 100 healthy individuals. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey and a cohort of healthy persons. METHODS: We analyze the results of 1730 Robinson cultures performed in a cross-sectional survey done in the Municipality of Cadereyta, Queretaro, Mexico from October 1986 to August 1987. From positive cultures properly growth a Iysate was done and preserved in liquid nitrogen until the electrophoretic determination of 4 isoenzymes was done: EC 5.3.1.9. glucophosphate isomerase (GPI); EC 1.1.1.40 L-malate: NADP oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate decarboxylating) (ME); Ec 2.7.5.1 phosphoglucomutase (PGM); and EC 2.7.1.1 hexokinase (HK). RESULTS: Of 1730 cultures 289 (16.7%) developed trophozoites, in 100 (34.6%) was possible to make lysate and zymodeme. There were 67 ZNP, 3 mixtures (ZP and ZNP) and 30 ZP. There were two patterns for the first time described in Mexico (XVII and XVIII) and 30 strains had a pattern different from the 20 already described by Sargeaunt. Results observed in 100 individuals measured twice. [table: see text] There were 9 subjects in which zymodemes were isolated twice: at the first time 5 PZ and 4 NPZ, at the second time 1 PZ and 8 NPZ. At first time all 9 had negative serology and the second time one carrier of NPZ became positive. COMMENTS: In our study one tirth of Robinson cultures positive to trophozoites reached lysate. Efficacy of zymodemes and CPS is similar. We report for the first time in Mexico two non-pathogenic zymodemes (XVII and XVIII). We also report 30 zymodemes non-classified according to the standard proposed by Sargeaunt, one explanation for this feature is the possibility of zymodemes variability or new patterns. In endemic populations zymodeme pattern varies with time in asymptomatic carriers.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Distributions of genetic markers in a Nebraska population.

Seven genetic marker systems were analyzed from liquid blood and dried bloodstain specimens submitted to the Nebraska State Patrol Crime Laboratory from various law enforcement agencies throughout Nebraska. The phenotypic and genotypic frequencies for the ABO, Lewis, esterase D (ESD), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), adenylate kinase (AK), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and haptoglobin (HP) systems were calculated. The results indicate that the phenotypic frequencies are generally in agreement with frequencies reported in other populations in the United States.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1979

[Presence of UTP:D-GLUCOSE-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase in liver microsomes of the eel (Conger vulgaris)].

An activity UTP : D-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is located in the microsomal membranes of conger liver. The properties of this enzyme are studied and compared to the soluble activity. The microsomal activity is partially liberated from the membrane by freezing and thawing and by the means of a neutral detergent, Triton X-100. The enzyme is latent in the membranes and totally inhibited by phospholipase A2. This microsomal enzyme could be the last of a membranous biosynthetic pathway for UDP-glucose, as conger liver microsomes contain also a membranous glucokinase and a membranous phosphoglucomutase.

Anguilla↗