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PubMed2004

Adolescents' attitudes about and consumption of low-fat foods: associations with sex and weight-control behaviors.

The objective of the study was to examine adolescents' attitudes about and consumption of low-fat foods by sex and weight-control behaviors. Ninth- to 12th-grade students (n=1,083) in 20 Minnesota high schools completed mail surveys (response rate=74%) as part of baseline measurements (Fall 2001) in a randomized controlled trial (TACOS: Trying Alternative Cafeteria Options in Schools). Linear models examined attitudes and consumption of low-fat foods by sex and weight-control behaviors. Girls were more likely than boys to report positive attitudes and consumption of low-fat foods (all P<.01). Weight-control practices were associated with more positive attitudes about and higher consumption of low-fat foods. Promoting low-fat snacks to adolescents who are interested in weight control may be an effective component of nutrition intervention programs because these students have more positive attitudes about low-fat foods. Dietitians' efforts to educate adolescents about the benefits and healthfulness of low-fat foods would aid intervention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Fat intake during childhood: metabolic responses and effects on growth.

Lipids are considered the most important energy source in the infant diet and are necessary for normal growth and physical activity. Human milk, in which most of the energy is present as fat, provides a relatively high cholesterol intake. Formula provides a much lower cholesterol intake. Infants fed human milk have higher total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in plasma than do formula-fed infants (P: < 0.05), whereas plasma HDL- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations are lower in formula-fed infants if a formula high in linoleate is fed (P: < 0.05). Infants adapt to the high cholesterol content of human milk through a decrease in cholesterol synthesis; in contrast, the addition of cholesterol to formula does not suppress synthesis. Measurements of serum lipoproteins and LDL-receptor activity suggest that it is the fatty acid content, rather than the cholesterol content, of the diet that regulates cholesterol homeostasis. We studied the effect of total energy, source of energy, and fat on growth indexes of children <6 y of age in Latin America with use of food balance data. With respect to availability of animal fat, a negative relation was evident for being underweight (percentage weight-for-age <2 SDs of the World Health Organization-National Center for Health Statistics standards) and for having a low birth weight; the latter was also negatively related to energy. Wasting (percentage weight-for-height <2 SDs) was not related to dietary factors. These results suggest that diets that provide <22% of energy from fat and that are low in animal fats may restrict growth. The coexistence of early stunting with adult obesity in Latin America creates a dilemma for public nutrition intervention programs.

Child Development↗
PubMed2000

Weight loss in Alzheimer disease.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies have shown that weight loss is commonly associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) and is a manifestation of the disease itself. The etiology of weight loss in AD appears multifactorial. Hypotheses to explain the weight loss have been suggested (eg, atrophy of the mesial temporal cortex, biological disturbances, and higher energy expenditure); however, none have been proven. OBJECTIVE: In the first part of this article, we describe weight loss in AD (epidemiologic data and hypotheses to explain weight loss and anorexia in AD). In the second part we report the results of a longitudinal study of the changes in nutritional variables in a cohort of patients with a probable diagnosis of AD. DESIGN: We followed subjects with AD (based on criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association) who were recruited from the Alzheimer's Disease Center in Toulouse. All subject underwent a nutritional, neuropsychologic, and functional evaluation. The Zarit scales were used to assess caregiver burden and caregiver reactions to the patients' behavioral and autonomic disorders. RESULTS: We showed that only results of the Burden Interview and the Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist, which explored caregiver burden, predicted weight loss in AD. It is possible that caregivers who consider themselves overburdened by the disease process are not willing to invest adequate resources to allow AD patients to properly nourish themselves. CONCLUSION: Nutritional education programs for the caregivers of AD patients seem to be the best way to prevent weight loss and improve the nutritional status of these patients.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1990

Identifying the malnourished within Peru: regional variation in the performance of a nutrition indicator.

Malnourished children may also have siblings at increased risk of poor health. Early identification of siblings at risk could lead to timely intervention to prevent the development of malnutrition or other potentially life-threatening events. In a nationwide survey conducted in Peru in 1984, stunting in an older sibling (defined as height/age less than or equal to 3.00 SD of the NCHS/CDC reference median) was evaluated as an indicator for stunting in a target sibling (next youngest) sibling) (n = 3284). The prevalence of stunting was much higher in target siblings who had an older sibling with stunting compared to those whose older sibling was not stunted, with prevalence ratios of 8.5 in Lima, 4.7 in urban areas, and 2.5 in rural areas. Screening indices (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value positive) also showed marked variation across regions. The variation in this indicator's performance across regions demonstrates the importance of evaluating screening tools within the populations where they will be applied. Regional variations in the performance of malnutrition indicators should be anticipated because malnutrition is the result of a complex, multifactorial process.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2005

The Popeye principle: selling child health in the first nutrition crisis.

The cartoon character Popeye the Sailor was capable of superhuman feats of strength after eating a can of spinach. Popeye ate spinach because the association of spinach with strength was a product of the first national nutrition crisis in the United States: the 1920s fight against child malnutrition. Spanning the first three decades of the twentieth century, the malnutrition crisis arose from the confluence of many different events including the invention of nutrition science and new standards for height and weight; international food crises created by world war; the rise of consumerism, advertising, and new forms of mass media; and Progressive reformers' conviction that education was a key component of any solution. The history of the malnutrition crisis presented in this essay synthesizes disparate histories concerning advertising, public health, education, consumerism, philanthropy, and Progressive Era reform with original analysis of a major nutrition education program sponsored by the Commonwealth Fund in the 1920s. Because the character of Popeye came to embody one of the nutritional norms advocated in the 1920s, I refer to the influence of culturally constructed social norms on children's beliefs about health and nutrition as the Popeye Principle. The history of the malnutrition crisis demonstrates the importance of understanding the cultural and economic conditions surrounding childhood nutrition, the use and influence of numerical norms, and the mutually reinforcing influences on children's nutritional norms from their parents, peers, teachers, and culture.

Cartoons as Topic↗
PubMed1982

India.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition intervention: an evaluation of six studies.

Six nutrition intervention studies were evaluated in the context of a predetermined methodology covering several categories of evaluative criteria. After a presentation of reasons for including each study, a summary is presented of the results of each study in light of the present investigators' evaluation and secondary analyses. Nutrition intervention programs can have a positive effect on health indices of infants and children, but much can be done in future nutrition projects to improve project design and thereby assist and facilitate more meaningful evaluations of nutrition intervention. To this end, a set of points for consideration by those designing nutrition intervention projects is provided.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1987

Comparing participants' and managers' perception of services in a congregate meals program.

Managers and participants in a Title III C meals program were surveyed to explore how differences in perception of program and service quality affect participant acceptance and evaluation of the program. A nutrition monitoring instrument was designed for managers at 14 meal sites to assess major components of the foodservice operation. A survey addressing participant perception of meal quality, meal acceptance, program administration and management, and foodservice personnel was designed and administered to 264 participants. The two surveys contained 17 identical or similar questions to determine any perceptual differences. The influence of social variables on participant response was examined. A significant positive correlation was found for age vs. food temperature, age vs. frequency of participation, and education level vs. evaluation of foodservice workers. Significant negative correlations were found for sex vs. special diets, sex vs. food aversion, education level vs. food temperature, and education level vs. evaluation of the nutrition education component. Manager vs. participant response significantly differed for food temperature, special diets, nutrition education, transportation, and accuracy of posted menus. Assessment of participant vs. manager perception of meal and service quality is recommended to management for more effective program planning, evaluation, and continuous quality assurance.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2000

International trends in adolescent nutrition.

This paper addresses international trends in adolescent nutrition by reviewing the literature from English-language indexed journals and online sources from around the world. Information is presented by geographic region and by nation within region. The literature shows that malnutrition remains a significant problem for adolescents, worldwide, but that the types of nutritional problems impacting this group have changed significantly over the past two decades. While undernutrition and wasting are reported, these conditions, as well as growth stunting, seem to be on the decline. In developed countries, social pressures to achieve a distorted body image are creating a malnutrition of affluence among some groups of adolescents. There appears to be an increasing prevalence of obesity among adolescents worldwide, explained by widespread nutrition transitions to lipid-rich diets and a decrease in physical activity, especially among urban adolescents. These trends are of international importance as they imply the world will see a shift towards longer life spans for this adolescent cohort, with a concomitant increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases as it ages. The epidemiologic transition that will result may be a mixed blessing. It is likely to produce a larger and healthier international workforce, but it also has the potential of becoming a serious burden as demands for health care and support services for those with chronic diseases increase. To prevent inordinate health care demands on the international economy in the future, dietary recommendations with nutritional education programs that are culturally appropriate need to become national priorities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Homocysteine concentrations lowered following dietary intervention in an aboriginal community.

Low circulating folate concentrations lead to elevations of plasma homocysteine. Even mild elevations of plasma homocysteine are associated with significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Available evidence suggests that poor nutrition contributes to excessive premature CVD mortality in Australian Aboriginal people. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a nutrition intervention program conducted in an Aboriginal community on plasma homocysteine concentrations in a community-based cohort. From 1989, a health and nutrition project was developed, implemented and evaluated with the people of a remote Aboriginal community. Plasma homocysteine concentrations were measured in a community-based cohort of 14 men and 21 women screened at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. From baseline to 6 months there was a fall in mean plasma homocysteine of over 2|mol/L (P = 0.006) but no further change thereafter (P = 0.433). These changes were associated with a significant increase in red cell folate concentration from baseline to 6 months (P < 0.001) and a further increase from 6 to 12 months (P < 0.001). In multiple regression analysis, change in homocysteine concentration from baseline to 6 months was predicted by change in red cell folate (P = 0.002) and baseline homocysteine (P < 0.001) concentrations, but not by age, gender or baseline red cell folate concentration. We conclude that modest improvements in dietary quality among populations with poor nutrition (and limited disposable income) can lead to reductions in CVD risk.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health promotion for older Americans.

As American lifespans increase, there is greater concern for the quality of those longer lives. The Department of Health and Human Services, through its many component agencies, has inaugurated a major initiative to promote health and fitness among older Americans to improve life quality and to reduce health care costs. The older population is a fertile ground for such an initiative, because studies indicate that the elderly are extremely health-conscious and very willing to adopt habits that will maintain good health. Investigation disclosed six target areas of concentration at which the health promotion initiative could be aimed: fitness-exercise, nutrition, safe and proper use of drugs and alcohol, accident prevention, other preventive services, and smoking cessation. The initiative includes cooperative programs with States; dissemination of printed information; nutritious meals for the elderly; a Food and Drug Administration consumer education program; Centers for Disease Control programs on accident prevention; a special task force to deal with Alzheimer's disease; and, in cooperation with states, a media campaign of health promotion for the elderly. At least three national health and senior citizens organizations are working closely with HHS agencies on the initiative. A separate Department effort involves the encouragement of fast-growing health maintenance organizations to promote health and prevention for their Medicare members and the persuasion of Medicare beneficiaries generally to seek second medical or surgical opinions. State and local government and the private sector, responding to Department initiatives, have also been developing programs for the aging. Their interest and participation ensures that special health promotion and disease prevention efforts directed toward elderly Americans will continue and proliferate.

Aged↗