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PubMed1981

Motivation as a budgetary tool.

Managing a cost-effective laboratory requires a knowledge of and sensitivity to the motivational needs of employees. This is discussed as it relates to traditional motivational theories and to recent studies on job satisfaction among clinical laboratory scientists. The application of this data to the clinical laboratory is described and a job enrichment plan recommended. The major focus is on understanding what motivational factors will enhance productivity and improve cost-effectiveness of clinical laboratories.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interaction of forward and backward conditioned connections as the neurophysiologic basis of the motivation for behavior].

Motivation is defined as a physiological mechanism of activation of traces, kept in memory (engramms) of those external objects which can satisfy the organism's need and those actions which can satisfy it. In the last years E. A. Asratyan advanced and substantiated the concept that the physiological mechanism of motivation is based on the interaction of forward and backward conditioned connections where the backward connection is an activating influence of reinforcing reflex on the structures receiving conditioned signal and achieving the action which was earlier followed by reinforcement. It is experimentally shown that the appearance and extent of the backward conditioned connections generalization depend on the degree of motivational excitation. The backward conditioned connection is a specialized Ukchtomsky's dominant in the functional structure of the consolidated conditioned reflex, which makes the behaviour goaldirected and active. Thus, fundamental phenomena lay in the basis of behaviour: dominant and conditioned reflex--discovered and introduced in the science by A. A. Ukchtomsky and I. P. Pavlov. In the individual adaptive behaviour the dominant and conditioned reflex play the same role as variability and selection in the process of evolutionary adaptation. That is why the suggestion made by K. Popper and J. Eccles (1977) to replace Pavlov's theory of conditioned reflexes by the hypotheses theory is unfounded.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of tranquilizers on the motivation components and the tactics of operator activities].

The effect of tranquilizers on the motivation components and tactics of operator's activities was investigated, using a model of discrete tracking of a moving object. The correlation-matrix method was applied to determine the region of no error correction. It was shown that specific changes in the tactics of operator's activities developing in response to tranquilizers and reduced motivation were identical. It appears probable that decreased motivation of failure avoidance forms the phenomenon of preparedness of risk taking and optimization of operator's activities when tranquilizers are used under psychological conflict conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Physiological analysis of food motivation in experimentally induced water-salt imbalance].

Internal or motivational factors and external or signal factors were assessed to determine their role in motor-food response during conditioning in cats and dogs. Under experimental water-salt dysbalance visceral signalling was shown to be an essential factor involved in a goal-directed response. In addition to dominant motivation, a conditioned food signal seems to be this factor. In search for neurophysiological correlates of food motivation, we studied responses of n. tractus solitaris in rats to adequate chemical stimulation of the tongue receptors and viscerochemoreceptors. 3 groups of neurons were distinguished: those responding to the stimulation of only one receptive zone (taste and viscerochemical neurons) and neurons responding to the stimulation of both receptive areas ("convergence" units). Under salt deprivation, threshold concentrations of salt for responses from n. solitaris decreased and the response from a convergence neuron to viscerochemical stimulation diminished following application of sodium chloride on the tongue receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Reaction-time and movement-time of children with cerebral palsy: under motivational reinforcement conditions.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of motivational reinforcement (verbal praise), upon the reaction- and movement-times of children with spastic cerebral palsy. Twenty male and sixteen female subjects were tested on the motor task under controlled conditions. Based upon this initial testing, the subjects were matched and paired, and then designated as the experimental (N = 18) and control (N = 18) groups, respectively. The investigation was carried out over a seven week period with the initial (week-one) and final test (week-seven) sessions performed under control conditions. The five week period between initial and final sessions was utilized for application of the treatment condition (verbal praise), or control condition (no praise). The analyses performed indicated that only the experimental group improved significantly in reaction-time and movement-time performance. It was therefore, concluded, that the motivational reinforcement condition (verbal praise), resulted in a reaction-time and movement-time performance which was significantly superior to that of a non-motivational (no praise) condition.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1980

Recent experiments testing an opponent-process theory of acquired motivation.

There are acquired motives of the addiction type which seem to be non-associative in nature. They all seem to involve affective phenomena caused by reinforcers, unconditioned stimuli or innate releasers. When such stimuli are repeatedly presented, at least three affective phenomena occur: (1) affective contrast effects, (2) affective habituation (tolerance), and (3) affective withdrawal syndromes. These phenomena can be precipitated either by pleasant or unpleasant events (positive or negative reinforcers). Whenever we see these three phenomena, we also see the development of an addictive cycle, a new motivational system. These phenomena are explained by an opponent-process theory of motivation which holds that there are affect control systems which oppose large departures from affective equilibrium. The control systems are strengthened by use and weakened by disuse. Current observations and experiments testing the theory are described for: (1) the growth of social attachment (imprinting) in ducklings; and (2) the growth of adjunctive behaviors. The findings so far support the theory.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A systems approach to motivational program development.

The need for heightened motivation among technical staff has long been recognized. Both management and professional radiographers realize a motivated staff has the potential for increasing levels of productivity as well as enhancing the quality of patient care delivered. In accomplishing these highly desirable goals, a knowledge of motivation theory must be systematically integrated into a functional program. Such a program must be based on a flexible design model, sensitive to the personal needs of each radiographer involved.

Employee Incentive Plans↗
PubMed1993

Measuring managerial motivation: the Power Management Inventory.

Psychometric properties for Part I of the Power Management Inventory (Hawker & Hall, 1981) are presented following validation of the instrument with samples of nurse managers (N = 54) and executives (N = 92). The content validity indices were .85 for management issues (item stems), .65 for Personalized Power (PP), .75 for Socialized Power (SP), and .70 for Affiliative Motive (AM) scales. Internal consistency reliabilities were acceptable (.63 to .87). Test-Retest correlations (n = 19 managers) ranged from .74 to .85. Correlation of nurse manager (n = 50) scores with subordinate scores of managers were significant (p < .05) for PP (r = .32) and AM (r = .29). Correlation of nurse executive (n = 59) scores with chief executive officer scores of executives were significant for PP (r = .32, p < .01) and AM (r = .25, p < .05). Mean scores of PP, SP and AM failed to profile the motive pattern for "successful" managers. About 29% of the managers and 39% of the executives were categorized as having no power motive preference. Use of the PMI for career counseling/decisions in nursing is not recommended, however, its use as an organizational development tool is endorsed.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive motivation and family-size preferences among Nigerian men.

Data collected from 3,073 couples in four Nigerian cities and one semi-urban settlement were used to examine reproductive decision-making and male motivation for large family size. The report concludes that the characteristic male-dominant and patrilineal traditions support large family size and that men's reproductive motivation, to a large extent, affects the reproductive behavior of their wives. Therefore, the factors influencing men's reproductive outcomes and intentions are considered important for fertility transition in Nigeria. Male education, age at marriage, monogamy, interspousal communication, and intention not to rely on children for old-age support are significantly related to smaller actual family size and preferences for smaller families, while being in a male-dominant family setting has a strong relation with large family size and preferences for larger families. The policy implication of this study is the need for programs targeted at men and designed to change their attitudes about population matters and motivate them, and hence their wives, to produce smaller families.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The effects of aspartame versus sucrose on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes in obese and lean women.

This study examined the effects of four breakfast preloads of different sweetness and energy content on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes of 12 obese and 12 lean women. The preloads consisted of creamy white cheese (fromage blanc) and were either plain, sweetened with sucrose or aspartame, or sweetened with aspartame and supplemented with maltodextrin. Their energy content was either 300 kcal (1,255 kJ) or 700 kcal (2,929 kJ). Motivational ratings of hunger and the desire to eat were obtained prior to and at 30 min intervals after breakfast. Taste preferences were measured prior to and 150 min after breakfast. The subjects ate buffet-style lunch, snack, and dinner meals in the laboratory. Obese women consumed significantly more energy at meals (2,596 kcal or 10,862 kJ) than did lean women (1,484 kcal or 6,209 kJ); derived a greater proportion of energy from fat (39.9% vs. 35.5%), and had lower dietary carbohydrate-to-fat ratios. Consumption of low-energy as opposed to high-energy breakfast preloads was associated with elevated motivational ratings by noon. However, energy intakes at lunch, snack, or dinner did not vary as a function of preload type, and no compensation was observed for the energy consumed at breakfast. Taste preferences were not affected by preload ingestion or by preload type. The study provided no evidence that aspartame promotes hunger or results in increased energy intakes in obese or in lean women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between childbearing motivations and attitude toward abortion among married men and women.

Relationships between positive and negative childbearing motivations and an abortion attitude index are examined among men and women from 401 married couples--half of whom had one child and half of whom were childless. A multivariate model tests for differences in these relationships, as well as in the association of the attitude index with personality traits, personal value systems and age, across both gender and parity groups. The results indicate that three of the four measures of negative childbearing motivation and one of the five measures of positive childbearing motivation are associated with a more accepting attitude toward abortion. These relationships are independent of the effects of personality, personal values and age, and are the same for both males and females and for respondents with no children and one child.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1993

Health behavior changes through television: the roles of de facto and motivated selection processes.

We assess the role played by two types of self-selection in accounting for the influence of a television series on smoking cessation. De facto selection is based on respondents' regular channel viewing habits that can expose them to the series. Motivated self-selection takes place when viewers deliberately select to watch television programming because it meets their desire to quit smoking. Self-selection also can be viewed as a methodological artifact, spuriously accounting for the association between the airing of the series and smoking cessation among the target audience. Subjects were a probability sample of Chicago smokers who regularly watch the evening news on one of the network channels. The intervention was a televised self-help smoking cessation program broadcast on one of the network channels over 20 days. Using nested covariance structure models for the analysis, we conclude that 1) de facto selection had no influence on exposure to the program; 2) motivated selection had no influence on exposure to the program; 3) the program reduced smoking; and 4) this effect cannot be attributed solely to the methodological artifact of self-selection, although motivation to quit smoking did have the strongest influence on attempts to quit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Childbearing motivations, desires, and intentions: a theoretical framework.

After briefly reviewing different approaches in the social and behavioral sciences to conceptualize the reasons that humans become motivated to bear children, I present a theoretical framework that incorporates many elements of these approaches. The framework is based on a four-step psychological sequence: the formation of traits, the activation of traits into desires, the translation of desires into intentions, and the implementation of intentions in the form of behavior. I use data from 401 married couples to develop regression models of the two middle steps of this sequence that indicate how childbearing motivational traits lead to childbearing desires and how the latter lead to childbearing intentions. I also develop a regression model that indicates how childbearing motivation affects an individual's perception of his or her spouse's childbearing desires.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The process of faculty-mentored student research in family medicine: motives and lessons.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Research suggests that the strongest predictor of postgraduate research activity is medical student research involvement. Yet many medical students still regard family medicine as a "nonresearch" specialty. The purposes of this study were to discover what motivated a group of first-year medical students (and their faculty mentors) to participate in a summer research assistantship and how both groups evaluated the challenges and satisfactions of the experience. METHODS: The study used a grounded theory qualitative methodology that emphasizes an in-depth, inductive approach to evaluation research. Over a 2-year period, 11 first-year medical students who participated in a summer research assistantship and their 10 faculty mentors completed written questionnaires and were interviewed by our research team. Various categories of analysis were constructed and refined over the course of the study to explain the raw data collected through interviews, written questionnaires, and field notes. RESULTS: Findings included identification of a core theme or meaning that motivated participation in the project for students and faculty. This theme was expressed in terms of professional, personal, relational, and societal goals. The study also identified three interrelated mechanisms (socialization, relationship, and technical skill transmission) used in varying degrees by students and faculty to achieve these goals. CONCLUSION: In addition to technical mastery and knowledge, students were actively seeking professional relationships with faculty mentors, greater understanding of other peoples and cultures, and increased self-understanding and self-esteem. Junior and senior faculty reflected differing and multilevel motivations for participating in a research assistantship program.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The "circular" interaction of the signal, motivational and emotiogenic structures in food and defensive (classical and instrumental) conditioned reflexes].

In experiments with dogs was shown the role of motivational and emotional structures of the hypothalamus in reproduction of the adaptive motor reaction both in classical and instrumental conditioned reflexes (alimentary and defensive). Change of parameters of electrostimulation gave a possibility to activate differentially the motivational, emotional negative, and emotional positive structures of the hypothalamus. Electrostimulation of the motivational structures reproduced alimentary but not defensive adaptive motor reaction and decreased the threshold of the motor reaction which was used as a signal during classical alimentary conditioning. Electrostimulation of the emotional negative structures reproduced defensive adaptive reaction and inhibited alimentary unconditioned response. Elaboration of the avoidance of the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was a proof for the activation of the emotional negative structures. Electrostimulation of the emotional positive structures which was used as an unconditioned stimulus during self-stimulation conditioning reproduced neither defensive nor alimentary conditioned response.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of anxiety as motivation in the genesis of manslaughter].

Presented below are the results of comparative analysis of the motivational role of anxiety in man-slaughter based on six subgroups of perpetrators isolated with the help of cluster analysis according to the types and kinds of leading themes of their action. The statistical analysis of the data of a 105 cases of perpetrators of man-slaughter revealed that anxiety played a differentiating role in the psychological mechanisms which are supposed to lay at the bottom of the crime of man-slaughter. This was especially true of those actions governed by psychological processes which are concerned with the relationship between anxiety and the type and level of interpersonal aggression. It may be concluded that aggression, as well as the anxiety at its base, differ as to their genesis, motivation and course. The results do not support a single universal concept about the actions of perpetrators of man-slaughter, but support the heterogeneity of personality factors of such people, the criminogenic factors of situations and the motivational mechanisms which lead to such action.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Motivation and reinforcement in the systemic mechanisms of behavior: the dynamic engrams of reinforcement].

Theoretical and experimental data are presented which give evidence that in systemic organization of behaviour motivation and reinforcement interact in separate brain neurons. It has been shown that the immunity mechanisms participate in motivation-reinforcement interaction. It is postulated that in the process of learning the reinforcement by means of feedback afferentation forms molecular engrams on the neuronal structures of action acceptor. Such engrams are built by DNA and protein synthesis in ribosomes. Later on these engrams can be activated by the dominant motivation.

Animals↗