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At least 1,477 records · Page 82Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Individual and age-related differences in children's working memory.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which age-related and individual differences in children's working memory (WM) are due to a general or task-specific capacity system. Experiment 1 correlated children's (N = 146; age range 5-19 years) verbal and visual-spatial working memory performance with various intelligence and achievement measures. The results supporting a general system were that (1) visual-spatial and verbal WM measures were significantly intercorrelated with and without age partialed out and (2) both verbal and visual-spatial WM measures were significantly correlated with diverse achievement and intelligence measures. Experiment 2 compared three age groups (N = 192; 7-, 10-, and 13-year-olds) on working-memory performance tasks under initial, enhanced (cued), and maintenance conditions. The results supporting a general capacity system were that (1) age-related performance differences in WM were found on all conditions and not isolated to specific processes, (2) the maintenance measures (high-load condition) predicted the variance better in age-related performance than process measures, and (3) although individual differences in WM performance reflected two independent operations, these operations produced similar correlations to achievement within age groups. Overall, the results support a general capacity explanation of age-related and individual differences in children's WM performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[How bacteria resist antibiotics: a primary form of collective intelligence?].

Bacteria produce inhibitory enzymes (beta-lactamases, etc), block antibiotic attachment to target molecules (MRSA, etc.), extrude antibiotics from the cell by active efflux systems (multidrug resistant pseudomonas, etc) or limit antibiotic penetration through the outer membrane in Gram negatives. Genetically, resistance occurs after mutation or horizontal transfers (transformation, transduction, conjugation) of mobile genetic elements (integrons, transposons, phages, plasmids), associated with a risk of epidemic spread. Recent data stress the importance pheromones for facilitating inter-bacterial genetic exchanges. Activated by quinolones and penicillins the SOS response augments the mutation rate (by about 10,000 fold) and liberates mobile genetic elements offering more opportunities to select resistance. These highly pertinent non-darwinian systems raise the hypothesis of a primary form of intelligence developed already 3.8 billions years ago.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

Data clustering and other archive retrieval strategies for teleradiology and picture archiving and communication systems.

A key advantage in the conversion from film-based to digital radiology is the possibility of a long-term on line electronic archival of patient studies. The popular approach based on optical disk jukeboxes for the long-term archive and magnetic disk storage for data caching is not economically attractive because of the cost of both the jukebox and the medium. Strategies for extending the archival system design with a tape jukebox have been studied. The proposed strategy calls for the use of high-ratio lossy compression together with low-cost tape storage to make long-term on line archiving more affordable. An intelligent prefetching algorithm based on hospital information system and radiologic information system triggers, which in turn are augmented by manual case preparation, can effectively overcome the longer latency of ad hoc retrievals. This longer latency is caused by both system-level bottlenecks and the sequential access constraint of the tape drive. Strategies for image clustering and tape allocation by patient classification also enhance retrieval efficiency. This archival design using image compression, prefetching, and clustering could be implemented in many of the existing teleradiology and picture archiving and communication systems.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1989

The use of inference strategies in the differential diagnosis of microcytic anemia.

A new expert system developed on a Macintosh personal computer using a commercially available artificial intelligence shell was compared with four different discriminant functions (DFs) for the differentiation of microcytic anemia into etiologic categories. Several databases were used with a different composition but all contained at least some samples from thalassemic individuals and from patients with iron deficiency anemia. The DFs analyzed were those proposed by England and Fraser, Green and colleagues, Mentzer, and by Shine and Lal. None of the databases performed satisfactorily when used singly, whereas very high false-positive rates were obtained by one of them. The diagnostic efficiency was somewhat improved by combining several DFs. An expert system using an artificial intelligence "shell" with an "interference engine" was developed using cluster analysis and a set of learning examples. The input necessary for the system to achieve a conclusion consists of MCV, RBC, and RDW as well as a statement as to whether the patient has anemia. Based upon the values of these parameters, the expert system will give an "advice" regarding the probabilities for thalassemia, iron deficiency, and/or other probabilities such as previous transfusions, anemia of chronic disease, laboratory error, etc. In a prospective trial, the system functioned with an accuracy of better than 85%.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed2000

GALEN: a third generation terminology tool to support a multipurpose national coding system for surgical procedures.

Generalised architecture for languages, encyclopedia and nomenclatures in medicine (GALEN) has developed a new generation of terminology tools based on a language independent model describing the semantics and allowing computer processing and multiple reuses as well as natural language understanding systems applications to facilitate the sharing and maintaining of consistent medical knowledge. During the European Union 4 Th. framework program project GALEN-IN-USE and later on within two contracts with the national health authorities we applied the modelling and the tools to the development of a new multipurpose coding system for surgical procedures named CCAM in a minority language country, France. On one hand, we contributed to a language independent knowledge repository and multilingual semantic dictionaries for multicultural Europe. On the other hand, we support the traditional process for creating a new coding system in medicine which is very much labour consuming by artificial intelligence tools using a medically oriented recursive ontology and natural language processing. We used an integrated software named CLAW (for classification workbench) to process French professional medical language rubrics produced by the national colleges of surgeons domain experts into intermediate dissections and to the Grail reference ontology model representation. From this language independent concept model representation, on one hand, we generate with the LNAT natural language generator controlled French natural language to support the finalization of the linguistic labels (first generation) in relation with the meanings of the conceptual system structure. On the other hand, the Claw classification manager proves to be very powerful to retrieve the initial domain experts rubrics list with different categories of concepts (second generation) within a semantic structured representation (third generation) bridge to the electronic patient record detailed terminology.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral phenotype of neurofibromatosis, type 1.

Neurofibromatosis, type 1 (NF1) is a very common inherited disorder that was first described in the late 19th century. NF1 is associated with a myriad of behavioral manifestations in addition to its frequent and often severe medical and physical complications. Learning disability, cognitive impairment, emotional and psychosocial difficulties have been reported so frequently in neurofibromatosis that these are often considered hallmarks. This report briefly introduces the medical and physical characteristics of NF1. We then detail the behavioral manifestations of NF1 with additional discussion of possible etiologies for the high incidence of these behavioral difficulties. MRDD Research Reviews 2000;6:117-124.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1988

Spectral power of human limbic evoked potentials: relationship to seizure onset.

Limbic evoked potentials were recorded from intracerebral electrodes bilaterally implanted in the hippocampi of 16 epileptic patients undergoing evaluation for surgical resection of a seizure focus. Spectral analysis of the limbic evoked potentials revealed consistently lower spectral power of both low-band (1-12.6 Hz) and high-band (13-20 Hz) components recorded form the hippocampus that was associated with the electrographically confirmed seizure focus as compared to the contralateral side. Limbic evoked potential recordings appear to be useful in the determination of a focal functional deficit and thus in identifying the site of epileptogenic pathology. Further, the results support the hypothesis of a local generator for limbic evoked potentials and demonstrate that limbic evoked potentials in humans include not only low-frequency, high-amplitude electric field changes, but also a high-frequency component.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Computer-assisted interpretation of flow cytometry data in hematology.

A computer program has been developed for computer-assisted diagnosis (including subclassification) of flow cytometry data of acute leukaemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas by means of artificial intelligence. The knowledge base for the system has been formulated as semantic networks that describe physiological hematopoiesis as well as the pathological situation (e.g., aberrant antigen expression) of hematological disorders. The semantic networks reflect the hierarchy of cells and their occurrence in diseases, the normal and pathological antigen expression patterns of cells, cell maturation, and the frequency of cell populations in normal blood and bone marrow. Using these semantic networks, the diagnosis algorithm compares the characteristic antigen expression pattern of a disease with the actual findings in the blood or bone marrow sample. The algorithm can separate mixed populations by taking double staining findings into account. Finally, a diagnosis text is generated that describes all identified cell populations and the resulting diagnosis. The validation of the program showed a correct diagnosis (disease group and subclassification) in 97% of the cases (n = 633) with slight differences between the disease groups (e.g., B-NHL: 99%, B-cell ALL: 84%).

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantification of white matter and gray matter volumes from T1 parametric images using fuzzy classifiers.

White matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) were accurately measured using a technique based on a single standardized fuzzy classifier (FC) for each tissue. Fuzzy classifier development was based on experts' visual assessments of WM and GM boundaries from a set of T1 parametric MR images. The fuzzy classifier method's accuracy was validated and optimized by a set of T1 phantom images that were based on hand-detailed human brain cryosection images. Nine sets of axial T1 images of varying thickness equally distributed throughout the brain were simulated. All T1 data sets were mapped to the standardized FCs and rapidly segmented into WM and GM voxel fraction images. Resulting volumes revealed that, in most cases, the difference between measured and actual volumes was less than 5%. This was consistent throughout most of the brain, and as expected, the accuracy improved to generally less than 2% for the 1-mm simulated brain slices.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2006

Active catheter tracking using parallel MRI and real-time image reconstruction.

In this work active MR catheter tracking with automatic slice alignment was combined with an autocalibrated parallel imaging technique. Using an optimized generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) algorithm with an acceleration factor of 2, we were able to reduce the acquisition time per image by 34%. To accelerate real-time GRAPPA image reconstruction, the coil sensitivities were updated only after slice reorientation. For a 2D trueFISP acquisition (160 x 256 matrix, 80% phase matrix, half Fourier acquisition, TR = 3.7 ms, GRAPPA factor = 2) real-time image reconstruction was achieved with up to six imaging coils. In a single animal experiment the method was used to steer a catheter from the vena cava through the beating heart into the pulmonary vasculature at an image update rate of about five images per second. Under all slice orientations, parallel image reconstruction was accomplished with only minor image artifacts, and the increased temporal resolution provided a sharp delineation of intracardial structures, such as the papillary muscle.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

New structural concepts for predicting carcinogenicity in rodents: an artificial intelligence approach.

The Computer Automated Structure Evaluation (CASE) method for studying structure-activity relationships has been applied to a data base of rodent carcinogens. It has been demonstrated that CASE is able to identify determinants embedded in the molecular structure which, with a high probability, predict rodent carcinogenicity. CASE has also identified determinants associated with the activity of non-genotoxic carcinogens, thereby suggesting that there is a structural commonality in the activity of these molecules. The present study reveals that there are "universal" as well as species-specific structural determinants of carcinogenicity. CASE was able to predict the carcinogenicity in rodents of certain endogenous pesticides in edible plants.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Neurological and behavioral sequelae in children operated on for brain abscess.

In order to characterize neurological, intellectual and behavioral sequelae better after surgical treatment of brain abscess in childhood, 32 children were studied over a 10-year time span after treatment of a brain abscess. Depending on the clinical condition, surgical treatment consisted of simple aspiration through a burr hole or of total excision after craniotomy. There were only 3 postoperative deaths (9%). The scheduled time for long-term follow-up was 3 years after surgery. The patient assessment included information concerning the presence of seizures, accurate neurological examination, an EEG, and a battery of intellectual tests to evaluate the presence of behavioral-mental deficits. Late seizures developed in 7 of the 29 survivors. Five patients presented permanent hemiparesis after surgical treatment. It is noteworthy that the intellectual impairment observed was more severe in younger patients, while the behavioral disturbances were more marked in school-age children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

How frequent and how early does the neurological involvement in HIV-positive children occur? Preliminary results of a prospective study.

To study the natural history of the neurological involvement in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 77 children born to seropositive mothers have been followed up since birth. The median follow-up time has been 17.5 months. Fourteen children were classified as infected, 34 as not infected, and 21 as indeterminable. Only two children with full-blown acute immune deficiency syndrome had severe neurological manifestations. "Soft" neurological signs were found in six infected, and ten non-infected children (chi 2, P < 0.05). The mean development quotient and IQ scores in the infected and the non-infected children were 82.22, and 93.15, respectively (Mann-Whitney test, P > 0.05). These data suggest that neurological and developmental abnormalities do not occur early in the course of vertical HIV infection and that they are associated with severe immunodeficiency.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1987

Locative inferences in medical texts.

Medical research relies on epidemiological studies conducted on a large set of clinical records that have been collected from physicians recording individual patient observations. These clinical records are recorded for the purpose of individual care of the patient with little consideration for their use by a biostatistician interested in studying a disease over a large population. Natural language processing of clinical records for epidemiological studies must deal with temporal, locative, and conceptual issues. This makes text understanding and data extraction of clinical records an excellent area for applied research. While much has been done in making temporal or conceptual inferences in medical texts, parallel work in locative inferences has not been done. This paper examines the locative inferences as well as the integration of temporal, locative, and conceptual issues in the clinical record understanding domain by presenting an application that utilizes two key concepts in its parsing strategy--a knowledge-based parsing strategy and a minimal lexicon.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1990

Extracting knowledge from a large primary health care database using a knowledge-based statistical approach.

Clinical databases from automated medical records represent a growing resource for deriving new medical knowledge. In this study a large primary health care database was explored with respect to the association between hypertension and diabetes. Data collection was made with a query language, and data analysis performed with an interactive knowledge-based statistical tool, MAXITAB, employing a multivariate tabular analysis technique. In the study population of 6660 patients the prevalence of diabetes was almost three times higher for hypertensive patients than for those with no hypertension. Conversely, the prevalence of hypertension was 2.6 times higher for diabetic patients than for those with no diabetes. The results support the assumption of a relationship between hypertension and diabetes, although the question of causality between the two diagnoses remains unsolved. Knowledge-based statistical tools of this kind may be feasible for exploring large clinical databases and may result in new medical hypotheses, worthy of further investigation.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Context-dependent associations in linear distributed memories.

In this article we present a method that allows conditioning of the response of a linear distributed memory to a variable context. This method requires a system of two neural networks. The first net constructs the Kronecker product between the vector input and the vector context, and the second net supports a linear associative memory. This system is easily adaptable for different goals. We analyse here its capacity for the conditional extraction of features from a complex perceptual input, its capacity to perform quasi-logical operations (for instance, of the kind of "exclusive-or"), and its capacity to structurate a memory for temporal sequences which access is conditioned by the context. Finally, we evaluate the potential importance of the capacity to establish arbitrary contexts, for the evolution of biological cognitive systems.

Artificial Intelligence↗