The forgotten dilemma. Long-term disability can be a tough time--need it be taxing?
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For a person to become eligible for a disability pension in Norway the presence of illness must be confirmed by a physician. In theory, the task of confirming illness rests on scientific decision. In view of the fact that there is no formal definition of illness the definition must rest on current clinical practice. However, clinical practice, in addition to being based on present medical knowledge, is influenced by several non-medical factors such as conflicting interests associated with the various roles of the physician. This situation is illustrated by discussing underlying conflicts in consultations between doctors and patients suffering from bodily complaints but with no objective signs of disease. It is argued that eligibility for a disability pension should be dissociated from the requirement for declaration of illness.
A survey of Connecticut pediatricians indicated that 90% of the respondents intended to provide care to children with disabilities. However, only 72% provided wheelchair access and only 68% accepted Medicaid reimbursement. Details of barrier-free design are presented and systems of support for the special needs of disabled patients are described.
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This article updates the private social welfare expenditures series with complete data for 1985 and information for most categories through 1986. In the United States, private sector expenditures play a substantial role in the provision of social welfare services. This article presents private social welfare expenditures in terms of the four major categories--health, education, welfare and related services, and income maintenance that includes private pensions, sickness and disability benefits, and group insurance. The private expenditures, which totaled $429.3 billion in 1985, are distributed by major category beginning in 1972 and are also related to public social welfare expenditures and gross national product.
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