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PubMed1986

Epithelial migration on the tympanic membrane and external canal.

An ink dot staining method was used to examine epithelial migration in normal ears, in pathologic tympanic membranes, and in external auditory canal cholesteatoma. The direction of the epithelial migration was found to coincide with that of the vessels in normal ears. This suggested that epithelial migration was controlled by the vessels which supply the epidermal layer of the tympanic membrane. In pathologic tympanic membranes and external auditory canal cholesteatomas, epithelial migration was disturbed to various degrees and depended on the local conditions. In these pathologic conditions, the tympanic membrane showed less vascularization. Based on our findings, we believe that a poor blood supply is the major etiologic factor for the epithelial migratory disturbances of the tympanic membrane.

Cholesteatoma↗
PubMed1981

Interactions of caerulein and morphine on gastrointestinal propulsion in the mouse.

The effects of subcutaneously administered caerulein (ceruletide) and morphine hydrochloride on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal propulsion were studied in male mice. Drug effects were evaluated by the movement of Indian ink administered directly into the stomach after drug injection. Morphine inhibited both gastrointestinal propulsion ( ED50 = 2.1 mumol/kg) and gastric emptying (ED50 - 43 mumol/kg). Caerulein enhanced gastrointestinal propulsion (ED50 = 0.93 nmol/kg) but inhibited gastric emptying (ED50 = 17 nmol/kg). Inhibition of gastric emptying was further potentiated by the combined administration of caerulein and morphine. Naloxone reversed both effects of morphine but not those of caerulein. Morphine antagonized the propulsion-enhancing effect of caerulein.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Endoscopic clip-marking of lesions using the newly developed HX-3L clip.

Injection of India ink and clipping are relatively well-known methods for marking lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. The use of metal clips provides a radiologically recognizable mark, which is also palpable at surgery. In addition, clips can be extremely useful as landmarks in comparing endoscopic findings with the resected specimen. Previous reports of clip-marking have concentrated on the Olympus (Tokyo, Japan) HX-2L clip, but this clip has the disadvantages of having too wide a diameter to be used through most conventional endoscopes and also a relatively low clip-retention rate, as the depth of its bite is limited. Recently, Olympus has marketed a new clip (HX-3L) designed by the author for hemostasis in cases of gastrointestinal bleeding. This new clip is an improved version of the cassette-type J-clip that was previously reported by the author in this journal. The prime advantage of the HX-3L is that the endoscopist can use it via a panendoscope without any assistance. In addition, it has an excellent bite and a very high level of safety. In terms of function and application, it is completely different from the HX-2L. In addition, the tip (the portion that actually grasps tissue) of the HX-3L is longer and thinner than the HX-2L, thus permitting a firm grasp of the muscularis mucosae layer even when approaching from an upper oblique angle and this, in turn, improves the performance of the clip as a marker.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Digestive System↗
PubMed1977

Leukocyte chemotaxis: a new in vivo testing technique.

A new and sensitive technique is introduced for evaluating in vivo leukocyte chemotaxis. A small, disposable plastic chamber is used for holding the test solution, and an electric ink eraser for controlled abrasion of the skin test site. Another innovation is the use of capturing micropore membranes that, when placed between the test solution and the skin, collect cells for a permanent record. The small size of the chamber, the ease of application and immobilization, and the short time needed for cell collection permit experimentation with laboratory animals as well as with human volunteers. The accumulation of leukocytes in the chambers containing previously frozen or complement-activated autologous serum was 20 to 40-fold greater than in buffer controls after 3 h. Cell counts of approximately (1--2) x 10(3) leukocytes per mm3 were obtained in 3 h when serum diluted 1:1 with Hank's solution was applied to human or rabbit skin. Although predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes were detected in the chambers after just 3 h, prolonged incubations of 6--12 h found mononuclear cells also invading the chambers. These results clearly simulate the sequences of cellular emigration commonly observed in local inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

A simple force platform.

The force platform consists of a sandwhich of steel, Rockwool and concrete plates about 900 X 700 mm in surface. Four steel rings were bolted to the under side of the steel plate in each corner. Each steel ring was furnished with only one strain gauge, two of which were placed on the outer- respectively on the inner side of each ring. The four strain gauges were connected to a measuring bridge. Before mounting the rings on the steel plate, the sensitivity to pressure of each ring was adjusted in such a way that they were all similar. Because of this the platform responded with a signal which was independent of where a pressure was applied within the surface of the platform. The platform showed a rectilinear response for static forces up to 500 kp with a stable zero value. In response to dynamic forces the platform showed a resononance frequency of about 50 Hz, with a damping factor of 0.15. Calibration of dynamic forces was carried out by calculation of the forces during a vertical jump compared with what would be expected from the time of flight also registered by the platform-measuring-bridge-ink-writer-set-up. The time of flight was significantly higher (11%) than exected from the time-force relations beforetake-off. This was esplained partly by the relatively low damping factor in the system, partly by the subjects not extending their knees at landing on the platform.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1994

Cryptococcal meningitis with malaria. A case report.

Cryptococcal meningitis is an uncommon infection globally, including Nigeria. This systemic fungal infection often is associated with immunodeficiency. The most common causes of meningitis in Nigeria in the 2-3 year age group are the malaria parasites and bacteria. The concomitant infections of Cryptococcal neoformans and Plasmodium falciparum are uncommon. We present here the report of a case of fatal cryptococcal meningitis with malaria infection in a 2 year old child from Nigeria (one of the malaria endemic regions of the world). This case emphasizes the importance of doing a combination of fungal and bacterial cultures as well as looking for malarial parasites in the determination of etiological agents of meningitis in any hospital in Africa. We suggest that cerebrospinal fluid from meningitis cases must be cultured using Sabouraud dextrose agar and any growth on the agar must be examined using Indian ink.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1976

The openings of the central canal in the filum terminale internum of some mammals.

Openings of the central canal in the filum terminale internum of the rabbit, guinea pig, and rat have been studied by light and electron microscopy. There were two openings in the rabbit, two or three in the guinea pig, and one in the rat. They opened dorsally and were of two types; one type was without a pial covering, the other with a pial covering. In both types, a focal junctional apparatus associated with increased density of the subjacent cytoplasm was observed between the pial cell and the ependymal cell at the margins of the opening, where the basal lamina on the surface of the filum terminale showed a characteristic ending for each species. Injections of india ink into the lateral ventricle of the brain indicated that the cerebrospinal fluid of the ventricular system drains out of the central canal by way of these openings, into the subarachnoid space. Reissner's fibre of the rabbit and rat consisted of a mass of moderately electron dense fibrous material containing many small vesicles in the central canal of the filum terminale. This mass passed through the openings into the subarachnoid space and continued into the subdual space.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Surgical therapy for localized prostatic carcinoma.

The intraoperative, immediate postoperative, and late postoperative morbidity and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in 511 consecutive patients with clinical T1b, T1c, and T2 tumors, who underwent anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy, have been discussed. Between 1988 and 1995, prostatic cancer was diagnosed in 511 patients on the basis of PSA and prostate biopsy, when life expectancy was more than 10 years and frozen sections of obturator lymph nodes were negative. All specimens were cut into 3 mm sections by the step-section technique, after the surgical margin had been inked with formalin-resistant dye to identify the margin status. The mean age of the 511 patients was 63.4 years. Blood loss during the operation decreased to 986 ml in the last 2 years. Of the patients, 4.3% had intraoperative rectal perforation; only 5 required a second operation, which was done with a simple rectal approach. Ureteral injury occurred in 1.4% and this was repaired during the operation; 11% had prolonged lymphocele; all were treated conservatively. Deep-venous thromboses were seen in 3.7%; 5 patients (1%) had pulmonary embolism, which was lethal in 3 patients (0.6% of the whole group). There were no intraoperative deaths. No patient death was observed in the last 3 years, when all lymphoceles were diagnosed with thorough ultrasonographic evaluation and drained immediately. Complete continence after 1 year was achieved in 92% of the patients; 5.8% of the patients had anastomotic stricture; most were treated with a single calibration. Twelve months after the operation, 80% of the patients had no measurable PSA. There was a clear correlation of PSA negativity to tumor stage. Anatomical radical prostatectomy is safe and can cure about 70% of patients with clinical T1b, T1c, and T2 prostatic tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Stage T1c prostate cancer: defining the appropriate staging evaluation and the role for pelvic lymphadenectomy.

A good staging system should be able to accurately reflect the natural history of a malignant disease, to express the extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis, and stratify patients in prognostically distinctive groups. The staging system for prostate cancer, as it is today, fails to fulfill these requirements. Approximately one third of the patients who undergo surgery for complete excision of prostate cancer in fact do not have a localize disease. The incidence of tumor at the inked margin may reach 30% for T1 stage and up to 60% for clinical T2b prostate cancer according to comparison with pathologic examination of resected specimen. Several concepts have been recently proposed as a means of improving the accuracy of the available staging system. In this paper, we review current aspects of clinical and pathological staging of prostate cancer, and the importance of these new concepts on the early stages of prostate cancer.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Colonic mucosal changes in nude mice associated with orthotopic xenografts of human colon cancer cells.

We used the nude mouse tumour xenograft model to study the pathogenesis of mucosa alterations in the large bowel surrounding a carcinoma. In mouse colonic mucosa overlying HT-29 colonic carcinoma xenografts in the caecum, the crypts were elongated in comparison with those in distant mucosa and also frequently showed a shift towards sialomucin production. These features, which are comparable with socalled transitional mucosa (TM) in man, were absent in control animals inoculated with Indian Ink instead of HT-29 cells. Although the localization of the proliferative cell compartment in mouse colonic mucosa overlying HT-29 xenografts appeared to be confined to the lower half of the crypt as in normal mucosa, the relative length of the DNA synthesizing cell compartment along the crypts was slightly elongated. These data strongly suggest that TM should be regarded as a secondary phenomenon rather than a premalignant change in large intestinal epithelium and that higher proliferative activity of epithelial cells contributes little to the elongation of crypts in TM.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A study on the vascular supply of the supraspinatus tendon.

The vascular supply of the rotator cuff in 22 adult shoulders was studied by way of mixture infusion of gelatin and India ink and vascular cast, in combination with Scanning Electronic Microscopy of the vascular pattern in the supraspinatus tendon. It was found that the vessels of the supraspinatus tendon mainly derive from the anterior circumflex humeral and suprascapular arteries. Macroscopically, an avascular zone or critical zone could be seen on the surface of supraspinatus, and the mean distance of the external edge from the osteo-tendinous attachment was 7.8 mm. The area of the avascular zone increased with age.

Arteries↗
PubMed1994

Anatomic basis of venous drainage in donor flaps.

The venous architecture in donor flaps was observed in 17 fresh cadavers by injection of latex or ink into the vessels or by making corrosion-cast specimens. The pattern of the veins resembles that of the arteries, with the difference that there is another set of venous trunks which do not accompany the arteries. Because these trunks are of larger caliber, they are the main drainage route for flaps. There are three types of drainage based on the anatomical architecture: 1) the superficial trunk is the main drainage path; 2) the deep trunk is the main path; 3) both superficial and deep veins are involved. These morphological considerations are the basis for selection of veins for anastomosis in microsurgery. The axial veins in temporal, frontal and facial flaps on the dorsum of the hand and the foot usually loosely accompany the axial arteries. The characteristics of these vascular pedicules should be studied in transplant operation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Vascular networks of the nucleus lentiformis.

The nucleus lentiformis vascular networks were studied in 30 brains by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous Indian ink. The nucleus lentiformis is divided into a medial part, the globus pallidus, and a lateral part, the putamen. These two parts differ completely from one another in their embryology, structure and functions. For these reasons, each part presents a specific vascular network. The putaminal network is dense and shows many similarities with the cerebral cortex vascular network; the pallidal one is simpler and less dense. These two vascular networks are located close to each other without overlapping. Their specificity may be in relation with the histological structure, with the morphogenetic evolution or with the functional activity of both nuclei to which they provide the vascularization.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The sartorius myocutaneous island flap.

The vascular supply to the distal part of sartorius m. was studied in 37 limbs by dissection under magnification and after black ink and latex injections. The muscle or myocutaneous island flap pedicled on the saphenous artery (SA) is supplied by a retrograde circulation through anastomoses of the SA with the perforating branches of the posterior tibial artery and the medial inferior genicular artery. Three different vascular patterns were defined. Retrograde injection also showed good perfusion of the SA. The flap is useful for covering around the knee, the proximal and middle thirds of the lower leg, and the end of the amputation stump. Raising of the flap has not resulted in any functional or cosmetic defect. Eighteen operations have so far been performed, six using the muscle island flap and twelve using the myocutaneous island flap, and all survived completely.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

The venous vascularization of the corpus callosum in man.

The vascularization of the corpus callosum in Man is studied in 20 brains. Their vascular system is injected with Indian ink and gelatin. The corpus callosum is drained by callosal veins and callosocingulate veins towards the deep venous system of the brain. Most of these veins run downwards and join together at the central level of the corpus callosum. They then form the subependymal veins, which form the septal veins and the medial atrial vein. All these vessels are tributaries of the internal cerebral veins.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Arterial vascularisation of the extrahepatic biliary tract.

The aim of this study was to establish a plan of the arterial distribution to the main supraduodenal biliary tract in order to draw practical conclusions for biliary surgery, especially in bilio-alimentary and bilio-biliary anastomoses and liver transplantation. It was based on a study of 60 fresh subjects and was carried out using four different methods: dissection after injection of colored latex into the superior mesenteric a. (10 subjects), radiography and dissection after injection of Micropaque into the celiac trunk (10), dissection after injection of Indian ink into the common hepatic a. (10) and radiography and dissection after selective injection of the right hepatic a. or the gastroduodenal a. (30). Analysis of the results leads to definition of three types of vascularisation and two territories, superior and inferior, overlapping at the level of the mouth of the cystic duct. The practical implications for biliary surgery and liver transplantation are discussed.

Bile Ducts↗
PubMed1995

Study of the arterial vascularisation of the medial tibial condyle in the fetus.

Varus deformity of the knee is common in young children who have suffered from fulminating purpura. This study was directed at the anatomic features of the vascularisation of the upper end of the tibia that might account for such deformation. It was based on the dissection of 28 anatomic specimens prepared by injection of Indian ink into the vascular trunk. 16 specimens were diaphanised for better analysis of the intracartilaginous distribution of the vessels. The study showed that the vascularisation of the medial condyle of the tibia is poor and of terminal nature, which may explain the occurrence of ischemic growth disorders following fulminating purpura.

Femoral Artery↗