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PubMed1997

Modern science and the explosion of new knowledge.

The technological evolution of mankind accelerated enormously after the institutionalization of science in the 19th century. In parallel with the vast number of beneficial effects derived from the scientific revolution, the explosion of new knowledge and its centralization in only a few countries has generated a number of complex situations that present major challenges for the modern science. These include the asymmetrical distribution in the planet of young people and science, the super-specialization derived from the information overload and the difficulties in teaching the vast amount of new knowledge generated each year by science.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Learning about children from literature.

Which tells us more about children, behavioral science or the general literature? Actually, neither gave us much information until the last two centuries. Only since Rousseau's contributions in literature and Darwin's in science have accurate descriptions been offered. Now one can find presentations on the impact of physical characteristics and disabilities, family interactions, other social influences, and temperamental predispositions in both literature and science. The difference in treatment is that science describes in abstractions the general principles of human nature, while literature synthesizes vivid, coherent illustrations of whole, believable persons in all their complexities. Literature, moreover, has ventured into some areas that science has not. The complete pediatrician needs both sources of information for a well-rounded knowledge of children and their development.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Chemical mixtures from a public health perspective: the importance of research for informed decision making.

When considered from a public health perspective, the central question regarding chemical mixtures is deceptively simple: Are current approaches to risk assessment for chemical mixtures affording effective (adequate) and efficient (cost-effective) protection for members of our society? Answering this question realistically depends on an understanding of the hierarchical goals of public health (i.e. prevention, intervention, treatment) and an accurate evaluation of the extent to which these goals are being achieved. To allow decision makers to make informed judgments about the health risks of chemical mixtures, adequate scientific knowledge and understanding must be available to support risk assessment activities, which are an integral part of the regulatory decision making process. Designing and implementing relevant research depends on the existence of a feedback loop between researchers and regulators, where the information needs of regulators influence the nature and direction of research and the information and understanding generated by researchers improves the scientific basis for public health decisions. A clear, consistent, commonly accepted taxonomy for describing important mixture-related phenomena is a key factor in creating and maintaining the necessary feedback loop. Ultimately, both researchers and regulators share a common goal with regard to chemical mixtures; improving the state-of-the-science so that we can make informed decisions about protecting public health. A survey of research issues and needs that are crucial to attaining this goal is presented.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1982

Communication and behavior change for cancer control.

Even though behavior can sometimes be changed in a planned way without clear understanding or its original causes, efforts to modify behavior will ultimately be more successful if they grow out of an understanding of causal processes. The literature and experience in communication of health information have identified a number of conditions which affect the likelihood of health education campaigns being effective. Conditions conductive to effective attitude and behavior change through communications are summarized below: (1) Novelty in the way the message is presented to attract attention. (2) Use of multiple channels of communication to increase the probability of reaching the target audience. (3) Pretesting of health messages to ensure that the information is understood by the target audience. (4) Repetition of the message by multiple sources of high credibility. (5) Targeting of specific behaviors to be changed rather than a general orientation. (6) Incorporation of specific behavioral instructions (e.g. tips on how to quit smoking), in the communications. In conclusion, we have attempted to suggest that measured against what prudence science leads us to expect, cancer information and education programs have been dramatically effective. The challenge before us is to evaluate, refine and expand these efforts to reduce cancer incidence and mortality.

Behavior↗
PubMed1996

[Longevity science research retrieval system using the thesaurus specifically developed for the science].

Gerontology is a new field including various disciplines such as medicine, engineering science, social science etc, and is sometimes called as "longevity science". Because of the wide area of the field, it is important to show the scope of the science and the development of its thesaurus contributes to this end. We developed a relevant thesaurus based on the research funded by Longevity Science Promotion Organization, and using the thesaurus, we also developed a database and retrieval system of the gerontology research. This system can be accessed on the Internet.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Achieving empowerment through information.

Despite the problems we encountered, which are not uncommon with the development and implementation of any data system, we are confident that our success in achieving our goals is due to the following: establishing a reliable information database connecting several related departments; interfacing with registration and billing systems to avoid duplication of data and chance for error; appointing a qualified Systems Manager devoted to the project; developing superusers to include intensive training in the operating system (UNIX), parameters of the information system, and the report writer. We achieved what we set out to accomplish: the development of a reliable database and reports on which to base a variety of hospital decisions; improved hospital utilization; reliable clinical data for reimbursement, quality management, and credentialing; enhanced communication and collaboration among departments; and an increased profile of the departments and staff. Data quality specialists, Utilization Management and Quality Management coordinators, and the Medical Staff Credentialing Supervisor and their managers are relied upon by physicians and administrators to provide timely information. The staff are recognized for their knowledge and expertise in their department-specific information. The most significant reward is the potential for innovation. Users are no longer restricted to narrow information corridors. UNIX programming encourages creativity without demanding a degree in computer science. The capability to reach and use diverse hospital database information is no longer a dream.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2002

Caring science and the science of unitary human beings: a trans-theoretical discourse for nursing knowledge development.

BACKGROUND: Two dominant discourses in contemporary nursing theory and knowledge development have evolved over the past few decades, in part by unitary science views and caring theories. Rogers' science of unitary human beings (SUHB) represents the unitary directions in nursing. Caring theories and related caring science (CS) scholarship represent the other. These two contemporary initiatives have generated two parallel, often controversial, seemingly separate and unrelated, trees of knowledge for nursing science. AIM: This paper explores the evolution of CS and its intersection with SUHB that have emerged in contemporary nursing literature. We present a case for integration, convergence, and creative synthesis of CS with SUHB. A trans-theoretical, trans-disciplinary context emerges, allowing nursing to sustain its caring ethic and ontology, within a unitary science. METHODS: The authors critique and review the seminal, critical issues that have separated contemporary knowledge developments in CS and SUHB. Foundational issues of CS, and Watson's theory of transpersonal caring science (TCS), as a specific exemplar, are analysed, alongside parallel themes in SUHB. By examining hidden ethical-ontological and paradigmatic commonalities, trans-theoretical themes and connections are explored and revealed between TCS and SUHB. CONCLUSIONS: Through a creative synthesis of TCS and SUHB we explicate a distinct unitary view of human with a relational caring ontology and ethic that informs nursing as well as other sciences. The result: is a trans-theoretical, trans-disciplinary view for nursing knowledge development. Nursing's history has been to examine theoretical differences rather than commonalities. This trans-theoretical position moves nursing toward theoretical integration and creative synthesis, vs. separation, away from the 'Balkanization' of different theories. This initiative still maintains the integrity of different theories, while facilitating and inviting a new discourse for nursing science. The result: Unitary Caring Science that evokes both science and spirit.

Consciousness↗
PubMed1997

[Automation of medical literature--and information services].

It is important for clinical practice to be able to find (or retrieve) relevant literature and to keep informed of the state of medical science. The fact that the contents of articles in journals are now accessible via computers is the result of integration of bibliographic techniques, medical knowledge and computer technology. Articles published in some 5000 medical journals can nowadays be retrieved electronically via Medline and Embase together (but medical literature in Dutch is underrepresented). Computerised insertion of publications into Internet dose not make information traceable or accessible, let alone reliable and readable. It cannot be predicted if electronic versions of scientific periodicals will replace the printed editions completely. However, valuable, reliable information will always have its price, even on Internet. It is unlikely that electronic information published privately (internet) will replace scientific publishers soon, for readers will still want selection and monitoring of contents and language. Good layout, professional typography and suitable illustrations to enhance reading comfort and cognitive processes, will even become more important. The problems arising from the immensity of scientific knowledge are not (any longer) of a technological nature-what is needed is a cultural about-turn of the information infrastructure in medical-scientific associations, organizations and institutions.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug and poison information resources on the Internet, Part 2: Identification and evaluation.

The Internet is a potential source of information for practitioners and researchers of pharmaceutical sciences. Despite its explosive growth and popularity, pharmacists and other health care providers have been slow to use the Internet as a source of clinical information. We have identified and evaluated several sites available on the Internet that are devoted to providing information related to professional practice, pharmacotherapy, and toxicology. We have concerns, however, regarding the quality of the available information and advise users to be cautious in using the data they obtain.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Overview: Using mode of action and life stage information to evaluate the human relevance of animal toxicity data.

A complete mode of action human relevance analysis--as distinct from mode of action (MOA) analysis alone--depends on robust information on the animal MOA, as well as systematic comparison of the animal data with corresponding information from humans. In November 2003, the International Life Sciences Institute's Risk Science Institute (ILSI RSI) published a 2-year study using animal and human MOA information to generate a four-part Human Relevance Framework (HRF) for systematic and transparent analysis of MOA data and information. Based mainly on non-DNA-reactive carcinogens, the HRF features a "concordance" analysis of MOA information from both animal and human sources, with a focus on determining the appropriate role for each MOA data set in human risk assessment. With MOA information increasingly available for risk assessment purposes, this article illustrates the further applicability of the HRF for reproductive, developmental, neurologic, and renal endpoints, as well as cancer. Based on qualitative and quantitative MOA considerations, the MOA/human relevance analysis also contributes to identifying data needs and issues essential for the dose-response and exposure assessment steps in the overall risk assessment.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

[The stimulated recall method: a research tool applicable to learning at science museums].

The article reports on preliminary research aimed at developing a methological tool applicable to studies of learning in informal educational settings. The study was conducted at two science museums, using a modified version of the stimulated recall method. Digital photographs replaced the traditional video in the final phase, during which eight interviews were conducted, with satisfactory results. The digital photos efficaciously and efficiently stimulated visitors to narrate their experiences and to convey the meanings they took with them from their interactions with the exhibits.

Brazil↗
PubMed2004

Web of science: a unique method of cited reference searching.

The number of times an article is acknowledged as a reference in another article reflects its scientific impact. Citation analysis is one of the parameters for assessing the quality of research published in scientific, technology and social science journals. Web of Science enables users to search current and retrospective multidisciplinary information. Parameters and practical applications evaluating journal and article citation characteristics available through the Science Citation Index are summarized.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1998

Tools for improvement: a systematic analysis and guide to accreditation by the JCAHO.

By viewing the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' (JCAHO) standards in the context of current accreditation practice, hospital librarians can understand and clarify their role in realizing their organization's mission, goals, and objectives. By broadening their view of the information function as described in the accreditation standards, health sciences librarians can enhance their position in the hospital's management team, improve health information practice, and contribute to the overall performance of the health care organization. The role of the librarian and the library throughout the entire set of standards and interrelationships with other professionals and units are described. Examples of ways to demonstrate conformity to the standards are provide. Special emphasis is placed on Standard 9, Management of Information, to provide guidance to the librarian undergoing JCAHO accreditation.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1994

Graduate education in the biomedical sciences: critical observations on training for research careers.

Several aspects of the processes for the pre- and postdoctoral training of PhDs and the postdoctoral research training of MDs are critically examined. The size of the predoctoral pipeline, the sources of support for the students in it, trends in the annual production of bioscience PhDs, and prospects for growth in opportunities, as defined in increases in availability of public and private funds for research, are catalogued. Evidence for the existence of a surplus of research scientists--based on the size and growth of the pool of postdoctorals, the success rates now being experienced by young postdoctorals in competing for National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants, and the success of young postdoctorals in securing career employment--is evaluated, and the conclusion that the nation is producing too many research scientists is suggested. The pros and cons of "downregulating" the production of scientists are explored, the difficulties of reaching a national consensus on the degree of reduction and the partition of reduction among fields of science and academic institutions and academic departments are described, and the mechanisms conceivably available for accomplishing the task--reducing NIH training funds, autoregulation by academic institutions and/or scientific disciplines, and reliance on the decisions of well-informed (probably by the National Academy of Sciences) degree candidates--are enumerated; a preference for the last of these mechanisms is indicated. The NIH's formal training programs are compared with its informal support of training under research grants; questions that the latter practice raises are identified. The striking disparity between the duration of training for conventional predoctoral PhD candidates and that for dual-degree (MD-PhD) aspirants is noted. The measurement problems of assessing the duration of postdoctoral training are highlighted. The fact that dual-degree scientists seem to compete little, if any, more successfully for the great bulk of NIH research grants than do singly-degreed MDs or PhDs is noted, suggesting the advisability of a fresh and objective review of these dual-degree programs, especially the NIH's Medical Scientist Training Program, to reassess their value in the light of their cost. Some characteristics of careers in the biomedical sciences are outlined. Data are presented on the high turnover rates of first-time-ever entrants into the pool of NIH grantees or, stated otherwise, the relatively low rates of survival of principal investigators (PIs) in the NIH research grant system; a method of estimating the steady-state number of NIH ex- PIs "around" at any given moment is proposed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2004

Publication, citations, and impact factors of leading investigators in critical care medicine.

INTRODUCTION: Critical care medicine research is reported in major medical journals that can be accessed via computerized search engines such as PubMed (National Library of Medicine) or Web of Science (Thomson ISI [Institute for Scientific Information]). The crediting of report citations to specific journals or individuals is a rapidly developing and highly controversial evaluative process. METHODS: We conducted a citation analysis to measure the research and publication accomplishments of critical care medicine investigators, by tallying their numbers of published reports and numbers of citations to their reports. Major investigators were identified from the author indexes of major critical care medicine publications. From the Web of Science the number of publications and citations of their works were determined for 224 investigators for the period 1997 through August 2003. We calculated the individual researcher's "impact factor" by dividing the number of citations (made by other researchers to a given researcher's reports) by the number of articles that researcher had published. To estimate which countries are producing the most research on mechanical ventilation, we studied the abstract books from the 2001, 2002, and 2003 American Thoracic Society annual international conferences and tallied the number of posters (pertaining to mechanical ventilation) from the various countries. We then calculated a "country factor" as the number of posters per million population of the source country. RESULTS: We considered 44, 576 citations in 3,755 publications. Using criteria selected to recognize original works, J L Vincent published the greatest number of reports (129). M A Matthay received the most citations (2,056). G U Meduri had the highest impact factor (25.32). There was a balance between the number of leading investigators from Europe and North America. Relative to its population size, Canada warrants leadership acknowledgement in critical care medicine, considering its number of leading investigators and poster presentations. CONCLUSIONS: From criteria selected to attribute original work to specific authors we identified 20 leading critical care medicine investigators, as measured by number of publications, citations, and impact factors. We also report a country factor based on posters (on mechanical ventilation) presented at the 2001-2003 international conferences of the American Thoracic Society.

Authorship↗