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PubMed1998

The nursing shortage ... will we become an endangered species or near extinction in the new millennium.

In conclusion, it is obvious to each of us that the nursing shortage issue is complex. There are no simple solutions. In the acute care arena we can expect to see the usual recruitment wars using sign-on bonuses, increased salaries for per diem staff, internship programs and all sorts of methods used in the past to recruit needed staff. It is that sort of crisis management and short term thinking that has plagued the profession in the past. These are bandaid efforts especially in light of the factors of supply vs demand with short-term quick fixes. There must be, however, more efforts towards addressing the long-term issues such as wage compression, differentiated practice and pay, effective models of care delivery, educating the public about nursing, and public/government funding more nursing education and research at all levels. There may need to be a federal subsidy for nursing education and recruitment included to affect the magnitude of this potential societal problem. The profession is at a crossroads. One thing is certain however, this nursing shortage is different and will get worse before it gets better. Let's not let the demand for nurses become so large and supply become so small that we are an endangered species or near extinction in the new millennium. What will be the scenario for nurses in 2050? Are we, as the largest healthcare profession, so complacent about our continued existence that we are at a point of paralysis? Are we in such a state of deep depression in response to current changing environment that we will allow ourselves to be devoured by our predators. Are we cannibalistic as we eat our young and chew on our own unresolved internal issues with a lack of action? Are we septic as a result of our own self-inflicted professional wounds? Our profession must become immediately aware of our possibly tenuous future. We must work together as a community of nurses to strategically address the areas of recruitment, education, retention and environmental factors with actionable plans for short term and long term solutions. There is ample opportunity to redefine and build new paradigms and implement structures that will enhance and encourage the growth of the profession into the new millennium. Your Florida nursing professional associations, leaders, and educators are working towards solutions and invite you to help shape the future of nursing by participating actively in your professional organizations.

Florida↗
PubMed1999

[Hundred years' psychiatry in Korea (1899-1999)].

The western medical knowledges of the human anatomy and physiology including knowledges of central nervous system have probably been introduced into Korea by Prince Sohyŏn Seja in 1645. The authentic education for the western medicine at the governmental and private medical schools, however, originated from 1899 and the education of mental disease was included in curriculum of Tai-Han-uiwon, the governmental medical school before 1910. In 1913 the first department of psychiatry (Department of Mental Disease) was established at the Chongdokbu-uiwon, the clinic of the Japanese colonial government, the former Korean governmental hospital which has later developed to the Kyŏngs ŏng Imperial University Hospital. On the other hand, there was in Severance Hospital Medical College, one Australian missionary psychiatrist McLaren, who has served at Paton Memorial Hospital in Jinju, Korea from 1911, taught neurology and psychiatry from 1913 at Severance Hospital Medical College, established psychiatry ward in 1923 at the Hospital, conducted the ward in humanistic way until 1940. It was the German psychiatry which the Japanese psychiatrists have brought to the Korean peninsula and it remained as major trends of psychiatry in Korea during the Japanese occupation between 1911 and 1945. The academic levels of Kyŏngsŏng Imperial University in psychiatry as well as the quality of mental care seemed to be almost equivocal to the psychiatry in Japan. However, psychiatrists scope of social psychiatric issues and of the research interests seemed to be somewhat narrow. Due to the political discrimination for the Korean students, the Koreans had less opportunity for the promotion at the university than Japanese residents in Korea. In 1945, after the end of the Pacific War only about 11 Korean psychiatrists were left in Korea, who organized Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. The Department of Neuropsychiatry of Seoul National University (former Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kyŏngsŏng Imperial University) was the center for psychiatry training. The Korean War (1950-1953) enabled the interchanges between. Korean and American military psychiatrist, and motivated great change in Korean psychiatry from biologic oriented German descriptive psychiatry to the American dynamic psychobiological psychiatry. The German educational clinical systems were completely displaced by the American system, when internship and residency training system was conducted since 1958. However, there were always attempts to integrate old traditional Korean wisdoms into the modern psychiatry and to introduce European approaches and knowledges in psychiatry. With the rapid industrialization and economic development of the country since the late 1960s and the prevailing social defensive attitudes towards mentally ill patients of the leaders of the military regimes the increase of private asylums appeared where many chronically ill mental patients were kept without adequate treatment. The reform of asylums in the mid 1980s was gradually proceeded by the government leading consequently to the increase of huge mental hospitals in the land. With the democratization of the political situation as well as the social welfare policy of the government in the 1990s and with the steady stimulation elicited by some NGOs Mental Health Act was enacted in 1995 and the community mental health centers were increasingly set up in several districts. In concern with research activities in psychiatry remarkable development in social cultural as well as biological fields are recognized especially since in the 1970s academic societies for the subspecialities of psychiatry have been organized which cover the various schools of psychotherapy, social psychiatry as well as many subspecialities of biological psychiatry. The number of training hospitals have been increased as the result, the number of psychiatry specialists was increased from 93 in 1956 to 1593 in 1999. KNPA (Korean Neuropsychiatric Association) internal and international activities has been expanded. Question is however, the quality of services and the quality of academic achievement. Gradually, the voice was raised to focus more on the quality of research and training activities.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2002

[Clinical competence evaluation in undergraduate gynecology and obstetrics].

OBJECTIVE: Assess the clinical competence in Gynecology and obstetrics to the Internship students of the Faculty of Medicine, UNAM. METHOD: The study design was descriptive, transverse type. We assessed 64 students, which had finished their gynecology field rotation with the objective structured clinical examination. The criteria to consider a competent performance level, was arbitrarily set up in 60%, both for individual problems and for the exam's global result. RESULTS: In 15 stations, the result was a 56.2 global average. The best performances were achieved in the following stations: take the pap smear (74.7), Pregnancy diagnostic (67.9), history of Gynecology and obstetrics (67.1), self examination of breast explanation (62.2) preclampsia (61.7) and cervicovaginitis (60). All the rest got a mark lower than 60. DISCUSSION: The results are lower than the ones obtained in written exams, because these cannot assess clinical skills. It could be observed that a student's performance in a clinical problem does not certainly predict his performance in other, so it seems to be determined more by the specific knowledge and the student's experience related to the case, than by a general problem-solving skill. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the advantages of this instrument to assess clinical skills, that justify its application in the formative process. This work evidences that its necessary to improve the acquisition of basic clinical skills trough systematic instructionals strategies and greater opportunities of learning.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2002

[Lifetime achievements of Dragan M. Dugalić. 1934-1992].

Dragan M. Dugalitsh was born on 2nd August 1934 in Stari Trg in Kosovo in a working family. He finished the elementary school in his birthplace and the secondary school in Kosovska Mitrovica. He entered the University School of Medicine in Belgrade in 1954 and finished the studies in 1961 as one of the best students in his generation (average mark 9.22). During the studies D. Dugalitsh was very active in the students' organization, especially in professional and sport activities. He was educator first at the Chair of Chemistry and later at the Chair of Physiology. He was member of the Yugoslav Communist Party since 1954. He participated in three federal work drives. After having done the internship and national service he began to work at the Institute of Physiology of the University School of Medicine in Belgrade. However, in 1963 he changed the Institute for the First Department of Surgery managed by professor Ljubomir Rashovitsh. In 1968 he passed the examination in general surgery with excellent mark and in 1969 he was elected assistant lecturer at the Department of Surgery. His doctor's thesis was entitled "Experimental transplantation of lungs in dogs". Then, he was elected senior lecturer in 1975, associate professor in 1980 and professor of surgery in 1985. At the Department of Surgery he passed through all professional grades, from clinical physician and head of a ward to director of the Department of Surgery (1988-1992). He was also secretary of the Chair of Surgery (1984-1987) and associate dean of the University School of Medicine in Belgrade. Several times he received advanced training abroad. D. Dugalitsh was the visiting lecturer and surgeon in many towns in former Yugoslavia. He was member of many national and international surgical associations (SIC/ICC, CICD) and member of editorial boards of domestic and foreign medical journals (ACI, SA, AGEH). He was very active in the Serbian Medical Society, especially in the Section of surgery where he was also general secretary. He was rewarded by the Serbian Medical Society several times. In 1985 he was awarded the "Vishnjevski Medal" by the Moskow Vishnjevski Institute. In 1988 he became member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Serbian Medical Society. D. Dugalitsh was a workaholic, altruistic and self-denial person, especially devoted to an ill person. He was very respected by his colleagues and collaborators. He died on 3rd December 1992.

General Surgery↗
PubMed2002

[Dust exposure in a pottery plant assessed by using GRIMM dust monitor].

In one of the pottery plants in which pneumoconiosis was the only certified occupational disease (16 cases during the years 1984-1997), the concentrations of dust in inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions were measured at most characteristic workplaces. The highest concentrations in all the three fractions was found in the slip house; the mean concentrations were as follows: inhalable dust-7231.8 mg/m3; thoracic fraction--4834.9 mg/m3; and respirable fraction 1402.2 mg/m3. High concentrations of all the dust fractions were also observed at the workplace of the intershop transport worker who removed the waste body from cast and throw shops. The largest number of pneumoconiosis (7) cases was found among the workers of the slip house (20 persons employed); this was followed by the intershop transport workers-4 cases (4 persons employed). At the other workplaces (cast shop, throw shop and firing), concentrations of inhalable dust ranged from 1175 to 3232 mg/m3; thoracic from 726 to 2001 mg/m3; and respirable from 146 to 549 mg/m3. The contents of free crystalline silica (SiO2) in the air dust ranged from 3% in firing to 50% in slip house, in the latter mostly in the form of quartz or cristobalite. The main fraction of inhalable dust was the tracheobronchial fraction, ranging from 43.1 to 48.2%, the extrathoracic fraction ranged from 32.8 to 42.3% and respirable fraction from 11.8 to 21.6%. On the basis of the graphic record, such activities as pouring of raw materials into grinding mill and reloading of the waste body were identified at the workplaces of slip making and internship transport as those associated with the highest dust emission.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

[Bernard Schapiro--an orthodox Jew as an early andrologist in the 20th century].

The unusual history and professional background of one of the first andrologists is reported. Bernhard Schapiro, born in 1888 in Dvinsk in Latvia, then a city in the Russian Pale of Settlements for Jews, grew up as an orthodox (hassidic) Jew receiving exclusively talmudic lessons until he was 18 years old. During the final years of this period of life he was educated at the famous Slobodka Talmud Academy Kenesset Israel in Kovno where he absorbed the ideals of Musar-doctrines, thus being influenced for the rest of his life. The Rogachover Gaon J. Rozin supported his desire to study medicine. After a brief stay in Frankfurt/Main he acquired by own efforts the necessary general knowledge to matriculate for access to university. Medical studies at Zurich University (1913-1919) were followed by a one-year-internship at a dermatologic department in Breslau/Silesia. The thesis for his doctorate at Zurich University in 1920 was on, Relations between Nodular Erythema and Tuberculosis'. He spent two years training in dermatology at Breslau University under Jadassohn. Back in Berlin, he married and had four children, while he worked at Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Sciences. After initial clinical studies in venerology he more and more turned to andrological problems, including treatment of underdeveloped male genitals, premature ejaculation and impotence in general. In this context he tested the new drug Praehormon and developed the two remedies Testifortan and Praejaculin. He was the first to describe the effect of anterior pituitary lobe hormone on the descent of cryptorchid testicles, thus initiating a treatment modality still in motion today. When Hitler came to power he and his family were spared as Swiss citizens, but he lost his base for working after the Institute was looted. He established an andrologic practice at Zurich. What he had witnessed in Germany caused him to set up a Swiss branch of Mizrachi, the spiritually based center of Zionism in Switzerland. He left Europe in 1940 for New York/USA. After compulsory repetition of medical exams in a new language he managed to establish a new existence as andrologist. His practice flourished, the more as he was trusted to treat Jewish patients according to Jewish Law. The decisive step brought him to Jerusalem, in 1951, where he founded and headed an Endocrinologic Department of the University, pursuing andrologic questions, until his death on December 31, 1966. What actually controlled his life can be read on his tombstone: 'He remained a pupil of Slobodka all the days of his life'.

Andrology↗
PubMed2003

[Surgical education and surgical board system from the view point of pediatric surgeons].

It is necessary to give priority to training in problem-solving ability regarding pre- and postoperative care during undergraduate education and internship training. We do not need to give priority to instruction in the knowledge of a specialized surgical field before surgical residency. Moreover, education that emphasizes a subspecialty from the early stage of surgical residency does not answer the requirements of society, while training in general surgery is indispensable. Reevaluation from the viewpoints of a number of specialists and regional distribution is requested for the present board system, at least in pediatric surgery. In addition, major issues like the acquisition of corporate status of a related surgical society with specialists' advertising deregulation and the influence of the introduction of required two-year clinical training should be resolved.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed2002

Clinical Supervision of Athletic Training Students at Colleges and Universities Needs Improvement.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the type and amount of clinical supervision athletic training students received during clinical education. DESIGN AND SETTING: An online survey was conducted with a questionnaire developed specifically for this study. SUBJECTS: Head athletic trainers from National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (28), Division II (34), and Division III institutions (30). Thirty-four represented Commission on the Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs-accredited athletic training education programs, 20 represented athletic training programs in Joint Review Commission on Athletic Training candidacy, and 35 offered the internship route. MEASUREMENTS: Descriptive statistics were computed. Three sets of chi-square analyses were completed to assess associations among athletic training students with first-responder qualifications, program and institution characteristics, certified athletic trainer medical coverage of moderate- and increased-risk sports, and clinical supervision. A trend analysis of students' class standing and time spent in different types of clinical supervision was also completed. The alpha level was set at <.05. RESULTS: Most of the athletic training students (83.7%), particularly in accredited programs, had first-responder qualifications. More than half of the head athletic trainers (59.8%) indicated that athletic training students were authorized to provide medical care coverage without supervision. A minimal amount of medical care coverage of moderate- and increased-risk sports was unsupervised. No significant difference between the size of the education or athletic program and type and amount of clinical supervision was noted. Freshman athletic training students spent more time in direct clinical supervision and less time in unsupervised experience, but the opposite was true for senior students. CONCLUSIONS: Athletic training students are being utilized beyond appropriate clinical supervision and the scope of clinical education. Future research should employ methods using nonparticipant observation of clinical instructors' supervision of students as well as students' own perceptions of their clinical supervision.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

[Training is not always a quick solution].

This article examines the training strategy developed in 1990 by the Table de concertation des Organismes de Montréal au service des Réfugiés, which was designed for social workers employed by non governmental organizations who were offering new arrivals a variety of support services to help them establish themselves and integrate. The term "new arrivals" includes immigrants and refugees, and takes into account the fact that members of communities that have been established in Québec for a longer period of time may still be using these services. The social workers of these organizations work on a permanent, temporary, internship or volunteer basis. Their work covers a wide variety of areas: assistance in finding lodging and furniture, held in meeting the requirements of immigration services, information on various public services (schools, health and social services, etc.) and referrals to appropriate specialized services. In short, the intervention of community social workers is characterized by versatility and diversity. In his article, the author uses the term "intervenant" to describe these social workers. The training strategy under study aims to facilitate communication and contacts between protagonists that do not necessarily share the same values, nor the same world vision.

Communication↗
PubMed1992

Development of financial management competencies for entry-level and advanced-level dietitians.

The major purposes in this study were to develop a list of financial management competencies for entry- and advanced-level dietitians, determine hospital foodservice directors'/chief dietitians' (practitioners) perceived importance of these competencies at both levels of practice, and determine educators' perceived importance of these competencies at the entry level. Drawing from the literature and the judgment of eight experts, we developed a list of 50 financial management competencies. Written questionnaires that included importance scales for the competencies were mailed to (a) practitioners in a random sample of 1,500 member hospitals of the American Hospital Association and (b) directors of Plan IV/V, Approved Preprofessional Practice, and Dietetic Internship programs. Response rates were 34% for the practitioners and 47% for the educators. Practitioners rated 8 competencies as important or very important for entry-level dietitians and 26 as important or very important for advanced-level dietitians. Practitioners rated all competencies higher for advanced-level dietitians than for those at the entry level, and educators rated all competencies higher than did practitioners. Content areas, identified by factor analysis, were similar for both levels of practice. Our findings indicate that emphasis in undergraduate and practice programs should be given to the eight competencies identified by practitioners and educators as most important. Our results also may be used for development and evaluation of graduate and continuing education programs and for specialty certification in foodservice management.

Dietetics↗
PubMed1992

Mirror to ASHP: 1942-1992.

Highlights from the history of ASHP are presented on the occasion of the Society's 50th anniversary. Efforts to organize a formal group representing hospital pharmacists, begun in the 1920s, resulted in the formation of a subsection on hospital pharmacy of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1936. In 1942, ASHP became a distinct organization affiliated with APhA. The body's goals were to establish minimum standards for pharmaceutical services, ensure a supply of well-qualified hospital pharmacists by providing hospital internships, facilitate information exchange, and foster cost-effective use of medicines. The development of practice standards and periodic surveys of hospital pharmaceutical services, educational efforts and accreditation programs, publications, and ASHP's role in the development of principles for hospital formulary systems are described. ASHP's endorsement of unit dose drug distribution and systems for preparation of intravenous admixtures is discussed. The evolution of pharmacists' clinical roles, their increased involvement in drug therapy decisions and the provision of drug information to patients, and the expanded responsibility implicit in the pharmaceutical care concept are traced. Today's ASHP members can build on the work of yesterday's members to provide better pharmaceutical care.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

[Students carry out community nursing work. How should it be evaluated?].

Evaluating the practices nursing students perform is a complex activity, among various reasons due to the nonexistence of objective measurements with which to evaluate them, as well as the all too often limited previous preparation tutors have in pedagogical methods. These facts can provoke an inadequate evaluation of the aforementioned practices, causing, in the majority of the cases, a higher grade for those practices which is demonstrated in these circumstances by a surprising high, and consistently maintained, average grade obtained by students performing practices. In this article the author weighs a new practice evaluation model for students in Community Nursing who carry out their internship in Area 7 Primary Health Care Centers in Madrid. This model plans to facilitate decision making by tutors with regards to grading the different activities carried out by students as well as to obtain greater validity for the grades assigned to students.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2003

Highlights from the Hill: a united voice for nurses.

The Nurse in Washington Internship (NIWI) is a wonderful opportunity for members of the Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Nurses (SOHN) to experience the political process first hand while making a difference in the lives of others. As President-Elect, I was asked to represent SOHN at NIWI, 2003. I share with you my perspectives based on this unique experience.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

The effect of examination stress conditions on the cortisol content of saliva - a study of students from clinical semesters.

PURPOSE: Psychological stress factors can lead to changes in the immune system, the nervous system, and to psychosomatic diseases, besides releasing typical stress metabolites. This study on hand was to record the reliability of stress self assessment of students in various stress periods, and to be compared with the cortisol value of the saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 38 healthy students (18 women and 20 men), with an average age of 26.9 participated. The saliva of the participants was always tested between 9 AM and 10 AM, and always in various stress periods - during a typical semester internship, and immediately following the oral final examination. This was followed by a questionnaire concerning daily life styles (nutrition, part-time employment, sleeping pattern). The evaluation of the respective cortisol concentration of the total saliva resulted in a statistically high significant difference of values, relevant to stress levels (p = 0.0001). RESULTS: An average value for cortisol of 0.085 microg/dl total saliva was measured in the non-stress period, and in the stress period of 0.315 microg/dl total saliva. The comparison of the questionnaire evaluation to life styles did not show anything significant, the comparison to the cortisol concentration of the saliva showed significant deviations from the individual stress assessments by the participants. CONCLUSION: The results cover a significant correlation of particular stress factors to changes in cortisol values. It is important for dental therapy to use stress reducing measures, or reduce them as much as possible in order to avoid factors that pre-operatively can affect the patient in a stressful way.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancing knowledge and self-confidence of novice nurses: The "Shadow-A-Nurse" ICU program.

The nursing shortage in the United States has resulted in a need for newly graduated novice nurses to rapidly transition into the nursing workforce. Although some nursing schools provide clinical experience in the intensive care unit (ICU), many novice nurses are not confident about their skills in providing critical-care nursing. To assist novice nurses in rapidly transitioning into the ICU nurse role, an innovative internship program for novice nurses was designed and implemented. A pilot study was conducted to determine if working with experienced nurses in the ICU environment, in addition to formal education and skills training in critical-care nursing, enables novice nurses to effectively transition into the role of ICU nurse. Qualitative and quantitative results of the program after the second year are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

CAMPUS--a flexible, interactive system for web-based, problem-based learning in health care.

Care for patients is the best way to learn medicine and medical methods and skills. But the availability of real patients for learners is limited. Often the appropriate patient is missed or he can not be demonstrated to all students because of practical or ethical problems. A possible solution is the presentation of a clinical problem by a virtual patient using a simulative computer program. But such an approach means often a lot of work for the author of the case. We developed a flexible and realistic system, CAMPUS (www.medicase.de), which supports the case authors with appropriate vocabularies and a comfortable authoring tool. There are different kinds of case presentations to the users in accordance to the level of professionalism of the user and the scenario the program is used in. An evaluation within an internship has shown, that such pro-grams are judged as useful by medical students. But further studies are necessary to examine if the program will be used for the self-study and to develop further kinds of using scenarios within problem-based curricula.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An international physician education program to support the recent introduction of family medicine in Egypt.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There are few reports of systematic international physician development programs to create family medicine as a new specialty in a developing nation. This paper describes the process and outcomes of a large-scale effort to initiate new family medicine training through the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) using a 12-week US-based program at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). METHODS: Generalist physicians (n=134) with 1 year of internship training, currently working under the MOHP in Egypt, were competitively selected to participate in a training program at UCI between 1998 and 2002. Participants were assessed before, during, and after the program using multiple measures of competencies in family medicine topics, practice, and teaching. Aggregate participant data, post-program quality surveys, and follow-up surveys of the program's influence on practice behaviors comprised the main measures used for program evaluation. RESULTS: Participants showed improvement in knowledge and skills for family medicine practice and teaching for topics covered in the program. After returning to Egypt, 98% reported continued use of their newly acquired skills and knowledge. Participants reported that the program advanced their careers, they taught family medicine to other physicians, and they were likely to pursue certification under a newly established Family Medicine Board of Egypt. Self-reported practice in family medicine increased to 69% after the program versus 16% before. CONCLUSIONS: Overseas training programs are a viable method of introducing family medicine as a new clinical specialty. Ingredients for successful implementation and barriers are discussed.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2002

[Penetrating wounds of the abdomen. Evaluation of conservative treatment in 40 cases].

Stabbed penetrating abdominal wounds are becoming more and more frequent in our emergency surgical unit due to increase of aggressions. The goal of our study is to evaluate the conservative treatment of these wounds. This concerns a study carried out between January 1997 and October 1998. Exploratory laparotomy was proposed at each time when one or more of the following criteria was noticed: choc, evisceration of intestines, digestive hemorrhagy or hematuria, outlet of digestive fluids, sign of peritoneal irritation, wounds by gunshots or wounds at the frontal regions. In the other cases, the conservative treatment with wound dressing following an antibiotic and serovaccination therapy of tetanus was the therapeutic option. Our study was carried out on 40 patients of whom were 37 males and 3 females of average age 24.9 years with extremities of 7 to 52 years. It arrived to the following results: 32 of the patients (80%) were victim of aggression and 29 cases were stabbed wounds. The wounds were in the central region (umbilicus 29.5%) and superior to the abdomen and were associated with outlet of the omentum (50%) outlet of the intestines (12.5%), peritoneal irritation (27.5%), digestive hemorrhagy (10%), hematuria (2.5%) outlet of faeces (2.5%). 17 patients (42.5%) underwent exploratory laparotomy on the basis of criteria afor mentioned and the 23 others (57.5%) underwent medical surveillance and 3 of them developed peritonitis and underwent surgery. The rate of negative laparotomy was 5% and retarded interventions was 13%. The morbidity was also 13% and mortality 2.5%. The average period of internship in hospital was 11,4 days with extremities of 1 to 101 days. The conservative treatment of penetrating stabbed abdominal wounds out of the criteria mentioned were quite satisfactory.

Abdominal Injuries↗