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At least 1,477 records · Page 82Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Presence of Triatoma sordida Stäl, 1859 in urban ecotopes, of the city of Corrientes, Argentina].

With the intention of verifying the presence of T. sordida Stál 1859 in urban ecotopes in Corrientes city, Argentina, both, human dwellings and an extradomiciliary habitat were taken as a basis. A complete T. sordida population census was carried on in Mitre Park pigeon house and 400 pigeon nests (Columbia livia) were dissected. The triatomineos samples that had been detected in human dwellings were sent to the Arthropods Laboratory by their inhabitants. These triatomineos were classified systematically and according to their age class. Their feces were examined under a microscope 400 x, so as to identify Trypanosoma cruzi. Six eggs, 45 first-instar nymphs, 110 second-instar nymphs, 226 third-instar nymphs, 303 fourth-instar nymphs, 1.103 fifth-instar nymphs, 12 females and 11 males were collected from the pigeon house. The presence of this species was verified in the 27 houses, situated in 8 different neighborhoods in the city; 13 eggs, 33 different instar nymphs, 27 females and 9 males were captured, 82 samples altogether. No triatomineo was infected by T. cruzi. T. sordida adults moved towards the houses in Spring and Summer. Of the material found in human dwellings 33% was female. The adaptation of T. sordida to extra-domestic habitats and their tendency to invade human houses has thus been verified. This fact should be taken into account in vector control programs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perspectives of use of genetic methods of control of bloodsucking Diptera - vectors of the diseases of man].

This paper presents genetic methods of control of bloodsucking Diptera, mosquitoes. The perspective of the use of various control methods, first of all those tested under field conditions in application for bloodsuckers which are of medical importance throughout the USSR, is regarded. The opinion is suggested that the method of X-ray sterilization of pupae taken from nature and the translocation and chemical sterilization methods can be successfully used for the control of An. m. sacharovi, malaria vectors resistant to DDT. The male sterilization method and the use of males cytoplasmatically incompatible with translocations are suggested for the control of synanthropic populations of C. pipiens.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Insecticide-treated bednets to prevent anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aleppo Governorate, Syria: results from two trials.

The increasing incidence of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Syria, coupled with the inefficacy of residual insecticide spraying to control the disease, have led to the further evaluation of the preventive efficacy of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) through large-scale field studies. Two trials were performed in the historical ACL-endemic areas of the Aleppo Governorate. In 1997-1999, a matched-cluster randomized trial was conducted in five intervention (ITNs) and five control (untreated bednets) villages, which involved a population of 10354 in 1321 households. In 2001-2003, a second study was performed in four villages (a population of 9325 in 858 households), which allowed the evaluation of the impact of the interruption of ITN intervention on ACL incidence rates. Both studies not only confirmed the high efficacy of ITNs in preventing ACL during 1 year post-intervention [about 85% (95% CL 76-98%) in the 1997-1999 trial], but also suggested that the interruption of this control measure might restore the pre-intervention disease incidence within 1-2 years. These findings underline the need for a sustainable and durable implementation of ITN-based control of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate, major component of male pherome in Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera, Dynastidae)].

Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate, which has already been described in Oryctes monoceros, has been identified, using extracts of effluvia collected from males, as being a major component of the male pheromone of O. rhinoceros. Field trials have been carried out in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate synthesized in the laboratory and released at 10 mg/d resulted in the capture of 6.8 insects per week per trap, whereas ethyl chrysanthemate (40 mg/d), an allelochemical compound once used as an attractant, only led to the capture of 0.3 insects, and the control none at all. The insects captured with the pheromone were 81% females, the majority being sexually mature. Discovery of this compound opens up new prospects for O. rhinoceros control.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Residual effectiveness of insect growth regulators applied to carpet for control of cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) larvae.

Three insect growth regulators, fenoxycarb, methoprene, and pyriproxyfen, formulated as total release aerosols, were tested for their residual effectiveness on carpet in bioassays with cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), larvae. All treatments except methoprene produced significant mortality for the 7-mo duration of the test. In general, fenoxycarb and the higher rates of pyriproxyfen reduced adult flea emergence by > 80%.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Trypanosomiasis control.

In July 2000, Heads of State of the 36th Session of the Organisation for African Unity signed a potentially important declaration on African trypanosomiasis, urging member states "to act collectively to rise to the challenge of eliminating the problem through concerted efforts in mobilising the necessary human, financial and material resources required to render Africa tsetse-free within the shortest time possible". To many, such an ambitious dream is received with some scepticism, recalling the doubts that surrounded a similar declaration signed in Brasilia in 1991, which paved the way for the Southern Cone Initiative against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). True, the two diseases are quite different. But the operational challenges are quite similar, and there are sufficient biological parallels to suggest that the Latin American experience in controlling Chagas disease may provide a useful model for the control of African trypanosomiasis.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1994

Community participation in vector control: lessons from Chagas' disease.

As applied to vector-borne disease control, the term community participation has been broadly interpreted. Community-based vector control projects have been described as having both active and passive components. Recently, community participation in organized efforts to control Chagas' disease has become more dynamic, with increasingly active involvement by local community members. Chagas' disease is a particularly significant vector-borne disease problem in the South American countries of Brazil, Venezuela, and Bolivia, and health officials there are beginning to emphasize horizontal or decentralized approaches to control of triatomine vectors. Experience suggests that vector control programs using community participation have significant and sustainable impact on vector density, appear to be more cost-effective than purely vertically structured programs, are readily integrated with other health or development programs, promote an enduring sense of pride in home and community, and are politically viable vector control strategies. Community participation per se has inherent value because of its positive effect on social relationships and community solidarity. Moreover, it is a dynamic process that results in accrued benefits for public health that exceed most vector control program goals and persist well beyond program termination.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The contribution of sandfly control to leishmaniasis control.

Without doubt the single most important constraint on assessing the value of vector control in leishmaniasis control is the lack of well documented examples of intervention; information is usually anecdotal and therefore it is simply not possible to evaluate precisely the significance of sandfly control in disease control. Where the vector is peri-domestic, house spraying with residual insecticides has been employed, but this has usually been as a by-product of anti-malarial control (e.g. N.E.India). Increasing incidence of leishmaniasis following the cessation of mosquito control is cited as evidence of efficacy. However, habitat modification such as the destruction of mammal reservoirs and their burrows, has been effective in arid regions of the Middle East and Central Asia, and forest clearance in combination with insecticides in French Guiana. There have been several imaginative attempts at controlling sandflies by applying insecticides to non-domestic resting sites (eg. emergent trees in rain-forest; termite hills in Kenya and S. Ethiopia) but these have met with varying degrees of success. Fortunately there is little evidence of insecticide resistance. Therefore, there is still scope for exploring control methods based on either the systematic application of insecticides alone, the impregnation of nets or curtains, or even the use of insecticides or chemosterilants in conjunction with an attractant (eg. sugar or pheromones).

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Vector-borne diseases and their control.

Control of the vector is usually a crucial factor in control programs for tropical diseases spread by insect vectors. Successful control programs aim at vulnerable points in the interactions between the vector, the reservoir host, the pathogen, the human host, and the environment. The objective is to prevent potential transmission, or interrupt actual transmission, by reducing the abundance, longevity, or host contact of the vector--whichever is most appropriate to the particular pathogen or disease and the local situation. The importance of individual assessment in the light of local conditions and a knowledge of the biology of the local vector is stressed. The vector-borne diseases discussed here are malaria, filariasis, arbovirus diseases, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, plague and rickettsiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Biotechnology as applied to vectors and vector control.

Vector borne diseases remain some of the major public health problems in the developing world. In this review some of the current applications of biotechnology to vectors and vector control and some of the possible future applications are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Modern medicine versus an ancient scourge: progress toward control of onchocerciasis.

Control of human onchocerciasis has been problematic. Vector control is practical and effective in only a circumscribed region of West Africa. Even in this area, control depends on meticulous monitoring of the vector and associated parasite species and precise application of requisite larvicide on a regular basis. As an alternative to vector control, chemotherapy-based control has been revolutionized by the finding that ivermectin, a novel semisynthetic macrocyclic lactone, is acceptable for mass distribution at the community level and that it represents an effective means of disease control when given once yearly. Efforts are underway to develop a vaccine to prevent infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The practical importance of permanent and semipermanent habitats for controlling aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes: operational observations from a rural town in western Kenya.

Control of aquatic-stage Anopheles is one of the oldest and most historically successful interventions to prevent malaria, but it has seen little application in Africa. Consequently, the ecology of immature afrotropical Anopheles has received insufficient attention. We therefore examined the population dynamics of African anopheline and culicine mosquitoes using operationally practicable techniques to examine the relative importance and availability of different larval habitats in an area of perennial malaria transmission in preparation for a pilot-scale larval control programme. The study was conducted in Mbita, a rural town on the shores of Lake Victoria in Western Kenya, over 20 months. Weekly larval surveys were conducted to identify the availability of stagnant water, habitat characteristics and larval densities. Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors at fortnightly intervals. Availability of aquatic habitats and abundance of mosquito larvae were directly correlated with rainfall. Adult mosquito densities followed similar patterns but with a time-lag of approximately 1 month. About 70% of all available habitats were man-made, half of them representing cement-lined pits. On average, 67% of all aquatic habitats on a given sampling date were colonized by Anopheles larvae, of which all identified morphologically were A. gambiae sensu lato. Natural and artificial habitats were equally productive over the study period and larval densities were positively correlated with presence of tufts of low vegetation and negatively with non-matted algal content. The permanence of a habitat had no significant influence on larval productivity. We conclude that A. gambiae is broadly distributed across a variety of habitat types, regardless of permanence. All potential breeding sites need to be considered as sources of malaria risk at any time of the year and exhaustively targeted in any larval control intervention.

Animals↗