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[Clinical evaluation of two canal obturation materials in treatment of periapical periodontitis in deciduous teeth].

PURPOSE: To analyze the clinical effects of 283 deciduous teeth which suffered from periapical periodontitis and sinus in 179 children from the year of 2001 to 2004. METHODS: In all the 283 teeth, the root canal of 196 teeth were obturated with paste zinc oxide-eugenal; the other 87 teeth were obturated with Vitapex. The signs,symptoms and radiographs of these teeth were evaluated at 3 and 12 months after treatment. RESULTS: The successful rate was over 96.0% in both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Most of deciduous teeth which suffered from periapical periodontitis and sinus could be preserved if adequate indications were taken and treated in time.

Calcium Hydroxide↗

The medical examination in United States immigration applications: the potential use of genetic testing leads to heightened privacy concerns.

The medical examination has been an integral part of the immigration application process since the passing of the Immigration Act of 1891. Failing the medical examination can result in denial of the application. Over the years the medical examination has been expanded to include questioning about diseases that are scientifically shown to be rooted in an individual's genetic makeup. Recent advances in the fields of genomics and bioinformatics are making accurate and precise screening for these conditions a reality. Government policymakers will soon be faced with decisions regarding whether or not to sanction the use of these newly-developed genetic tests in the immigration application procedure. The terror threat currently facing the United States may ultimately bolster the argument in favor of genetic testing and/or DNA collection of applicants. However, the possibility of a government mandate requiring genetic testing raises a host of ethical issues; including the threat of eugenics and privacy concerns. Genetic testing has the ability to uncover a wealth of sensitive medical information about an individual and currently there are no medical information privacy protections afforded to immigration applicants. This article examines the potential for genetic testing in the immigration application process and the ethical issues surrounding this testing. In particular, this article explores the existing framework of privacy protections afforded to individuals living in the United States and how this and newly-erected standards like those released by the Health and Human Services (HHS) might apply to individuals seeking to immigrate to the United States.

Blood Specimen Collection↗

[History of psychiatric care].

The lecture incorporates stages of the Ettelbruck jubilee-hospital into european psychiatric history of the two last centuries. Beginning with social exclusion in the sense of a Michel Foucauld ("Central Hospice"), then turning into a typical large psychiatric hospital the CHNP is nowadays a specialized clinic with national tasks within the network of mental health community care. Milestones of this evolution are: the isolation theory of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries; eugenics and euthanasia on patients in Nazi-Germany; the second psychiatric revolution after World War 2 and it's impact in Luxembourg.

History, 19th Century↗

The history of von Hippel-Lindau disease.

von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) disease is a heritable multisystem cancer syndrome that is associated with a germ line mutation of the vHL tumor suppressor gene on the short arm of chromosome 3. Affected individuals are at risk of developing various benign and malignant tumors of the central nervous system, kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and epididymis. The name of this disease derives from two prestigious European physicians, Eugen von Hippel and Arvid Lindau, but many others played an important part in the description of the disorder. vHL disease has an old and modern history, thanks to the advent of new radiology and molecular biology diagnostic techniques.

History, 19th Century↗

[Application of Nida's theory in English translation of traditional Chinese medicine].

The famous American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida has put forward lots of viewpoints and theories for translation work when he translated the Bible, which have important practical instructional meaning for translation of traditional Chinese medicine nowadays. The application of Nida's theories to translating practice of TCM is illustrated by specific examples in this paper.

Medicine, Chinese Traditional↗

The ethics of gene therapy.

Recent developments have progressed in areas of science that pertain to gene therapy and its ethical implications. This review discusses the current state of therapeutic gene technologies, including stem cell therapies and genetic modification, and identifies ethical issues of concern in relation to the science of gene therapy and its application, including the ethics of embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning, the risks associated with gene therapy, and the ethics of clinical research in developing new therapeutic technologies. Additionally, ethical issues relating to genetic modification itself are considered: the significance of the human genome, the distinction between therapy and enhancement, and concerns regarding gene therapy as a eugenic practice.

Embryo Research↗

The history of the Laboratory of Pathology of the Cluj-Napoca Oncological Institute.

The Laboratory of Pathology of the actual "Professor Ion Chiricută" Oncological Institute of Cluj-Napoca, former "Iuliu Maniu" Institute for Cancer Study and Prophylaxis, had the privilege that in its framework carry on an important part of their activity professors Titu Vasiliu and Rubin Popa, who are forming, beside Victor Babeş, the golden trinity of the Romanian pathology. The Cancer Institute of Cluj, one of the first in the World, was founded in 1929, especially by the clear-sightedness and the efforts of Professor Iuliu Moldovan, the master of the modern Romanian school of hygiene. The clinic division was assisted by a Laboratory of Pathology, whose chief was appointed the young pathologist of high competence, Rubin Popa, associate Professor of this department of the Cluj School of Medicine. In 1942' he became director of the Institute, function accomplished until his premature disappearance in 1958. Titu Vasiliu worked in the Oncological Institute from 1949, a year after his forced retreat from the chair of pathology, up to 1958. Fortunately, his premature disappearance did not interrupt the activity of the laboratory, because the management of the Oncological Institute was committed to Ion Chiricută, an experimented and modern surgeon of Bucharest. From 1960, the Laboratory of Pathology has been led by Professor Augustin Mureşan, an experimented, rigorous and prudent pathologist, who has imprinted these indispensable qualities to his disciples learning under his leadership. The activity of the laboratory has been very favorably influenced by the presence of Professor Gheorghe Badenski from the Department of Microbiology. The collaboration with Professor Eugen Pora from Babeş-Bolyai Department of Animal Physiology and his disciples, Virgil Toma, Draga Nestor, Sena Roşculet, Carmen Stugren and Georgette Buga has carried on the performance of interesting works concerning the thymus involution in tumor-bearing hosts and its signification for the depressed immunity in the advanced stages of cancer. In the same direction, the behavior of mast cells has been studied in collaboration with Professor George Csaba from the Budapest Medical University, Department of Biology. The observations brought about were remarked by the Canadian scientist Hans Selye. Most of these works have been included in the book "Immunity and cancer", distinguished with "Victor Babeş" Prize of the Romanian Academy. The arrival in the Institute of Professor Ion Macavei, disciple of Iuliu Hatieganu and founder of the Clinical Hematology in Cluj, expert in blood and bone marrow cytology, has given a strong impulse to the studies of malignant hemopoietic diseases. The current use of cytologic and histopathologic examinations in this field of pathology and, especially, the introduction by him, for the first time in Romania, of the osteomedullary biopsy has permitted the elaboration of an appreciated work about the cytologic and histologic diagnosis of lymphadenopathies. In the histochemical-histoenzymatic period of the microscopic diagnosis, between the years 1960-1990, the laboratory has enjoyed by the advices and the material help of Professor Raymond Wegmann from the Paris University, Institute of Histochemistry, the founder-editor of the International Review of Histochemistry, from 1976, of Cellular and Molecular Biology, who visited our laboratory in 1992. From 1965, in an adjacent Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Corneliu D. Olinici has performed the first karyotypes in Cluj and has teached the method to several other specialists. Despite the technical difficulties, the works performed in the Laboratory of Pathology have succeeded sometimes to reach the quality required by Professor Chiricută to a valuable scientific work in cancerology. This performance has been obtained by a study concerning Crabtree effect variations in tumoral metastases or about lactic-dehydrogenase behavior in breast carcinomas.

Cancer Care Facilities↗

[Importance and extension of the qualitative approach in phenomeno-structural method in psychopathology].

Fundamental principles of phenomeno-structural method partly originate from a phenomenological approach in psychiatry for which, as Jaspers says, "the important thing is less the study of innumerable cases than the intuitive and major comprehension of some particular ones". It means that, far from traditional statistical proceedings, it does not give any priority to the temptation of a cumulative and accumulative collection of data, for which it even receives their greatest misgivings, leaving it out of its procedures. This method also owes a lot to Bergson's insistence on the qualitative characteristics of the "immediate data of consciousness" and of experienced temporality, for which analytical and chronological fragmentations can do nothing but distort the authentically comprehensive grasping, and make them loose their specificity, unity and thus the indecomposability that, by nature, they precisely contain. According to Eugene Minkowski, the psychopathical break-up, proceeding from the deep heart of life, is essentially going to express itself, with its own properties, as a qualitative modification. In this way, the study of some cases carefully chosen, in accordance with their "typical" value, is more important than a blind acquisition of data, i.e. without previous option, orientation or perspective. Starting from their spontaneous words collected during a conversation, the meticulous analysis of the language of the patients, put in resonance with the vivid metaphors of the language in which they are expressed, as Minkowski will so brilliantly show, or via mediations connecting image and language, as in the experiment of the Rorschach--particularly approached in its essential mechanisms by his wife Francoise Minkowska--represents, from this point of view, a mediator and an irreplaceable instrument of a qualitative approach of a normal as well as a pathological personality and, more widely, of the person itself.

Humans↗

[Problem of sexuality in Polish medical aids. The first half of XX century - to 1939].

The article presents an analysis of sexuality-related problems as they are covered in the health guidebooks so well known to her. There are a few topics addressed in Urbanek's text. She describes the evolution of the health guidebooks which was taking place at the end of the 19th and in early 20th centuries and of their users. Women increasingly often were authors and readers of these books. Some of the female authors were medical doctors with an additional passion for writing on public matters. Foreign authors and their works are also mentioned in Urbanek's article. She points to the links between sexology and personal hygiene and even cosmetology. Sexology is present in the guidebooks discussed also as an important ingredient of successful marriage. In this context, Urbanek stresses the changing role of a woman and her strife for acquiring equal rights. Another valuable element in the article is reference to other spheres of culture, such as custom and religion. The 20th century filled these spheres with medical knowledge on childbirth pathologies and their complications. Medical and hygiene-related topics motivate Urbanek to set the question of sexuality in a context of eugenic ideas often debated in the pre-war years. She also points to the multicultural character of the Polish-language health books, identifies various angles of view presented in them, and supports her reflection with well-selected examples. This applies eg. to Soviet books. Although this is not her main subject, Urbanek also writes about health books dealing with sexual matters and destined for men. The author of the article gives a fine description of the variability of sexuality-related contents carried by these books which offered adequate coverage of changes occurring in medical, hygienic, cultural, and even economic fields. The paper is, therefore, not only an analysis of sexuality-related issues but it also presents a broad social context in which these books were conceived and written.

History, 20th Century↗

[Labour, silence and order: visualizing modern psychiatry--strategies for legitimizing Swiss asylum psychiatry in the context of occupational therapy in the interwar period].

In the 1930s Swiss psychiatrists were engaged in a singular public campaign to promote a new image of their profession. The result of this campaign was a series of booklets about psychiatric institutions. These asylum-monographs, as they were called, encompassed a large number of photographic illustrations, most of which showed patients at work. Taking the visual omnipresence of patients' work in the asylum-monographs as a starting point, this contribution examines the status of occupational therapy in psychiatric discourse and practice in Switzerland at the beginning of the 1930s. The first part of the contribution describes and outlines the development of patients' work in several psychiatric institutions after World War I. Then it turns to the discussion about the introduction of a new and more active form of occupational therapy ("aktivere Therapie") in this period. The second part of the contribution analyzes the meanings of therapeutic work in psychiatric discourse. It shows that the enthusiasm occupational therapy produced among Swiss psychiatrists was mainly due to its ability to change the visual appearance of the asylums. Furthermore it points to several traits of Eugen Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia, especially the assumption of different ranks of primary and secondary symptoms and the notion of autism, which were both crucial to the contemporary understanding and handling of occupational therapy. Finally, it argues that a medical interpretation of patients' work, which identified therapy with working discipline, was a necessary precondition for the omnipresence of patients' work in Swiss psychiatry's public campaign in the 1930s.

History, 20th Century↗

A contribution to the discussion concerning the variability of the third peroneal muscle: an anatomical analysis on the basis of foetal material.

The aim of the work was to make a systemic study of the variability of the human musculus peroneus tertius during the foetal period. Examination was made of 193 foetuses of ages ranging from 84 to 256 days after conception. The results obtained indicated that the musculus peroneus tertius was present in 83.16% of the human foetuses studied and that its intrauterine development was progressive and almost proportional. Previous studies have not revealed dimorphic or bilateral differences with respect to any of the features examined. On the basis of the examinations and bibliographical data a uniform typology of the musculus peroneus tertius variants was created and three final types were distinguished: the pithecogenic (44% cases), eugenic (34% cases) and progenic (22% cases).

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

[Air sac midwifery technique for shortening course of labor].

Air sac midwifery technique is developed in this hospital to cut down the duration of labor (birth process). A special small sac is placed inside the ripe cervix and vagina of women of term pregnancy, and aerated slowly till a positive pressure of 16-25 kPa is reached. The cervix can be dilated to 6 to 8 cm, and the vagina 10 to 12 cm in 1 to 2 minutes. The labor course may be cut down by 8 to 10 hours, thus relieving the parturient from pain, lessening perineal laceration and perinatal mortality which is important for eugenics sake.

Adult↗

[National socialist violent measures against psychiatric patients: ways of coping by family members].

In the cause of an historical study dealing with the closing of an ancient psychiatric hospital in Luebeck during the 2nd world war the infrafamilial structures of the deported patients were explored. Among 136 clinical reports 42 cases were found in which families succeeded to get into contact with deported patients, in three cases their efforts to have them discharged were successful. Stress was laid on the exploration of 12 relatives of deported or murdered psychiatric patients. The interviews were structured following the "oral history" concept and psychological interpretation was added. Focussing on infrafamiliar coping processes which were developed facing the NS-propaganda it was found that working-class people tended to see the victim in an idealized role. They showed a strong projective defence remembering Psychiatry as an integral part of nazi-system. Others saw their relatives as victims of war in general. Some of the relatives tried to repress the existence of surviving patients for a long time, a smaller group clinged to the idea of Euthanasia. Remarkable were the deep effects of eugenic nazi-propaganda on the following generation. The national socialistic violence concerning their fathers or mothers was often a total "tabu" and they nowadays still fear to get into contact with Psychiatry being aware of "suffering" from the same "bad blood" as their murdered relatives. Dealing with patients' resistance to therapeutic efforts in gerontopsychiatric wards their heritage of the nazi ear should be taken into account.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

[Experimentation of apiarian preparations for the direct and the indirect capping of the dental pulp].

With a view to extend the range of biologically active preparations for the direct and the indirect capping of the dental pulp the authors have used a paste made from an alcoholic solution of propolis and zincoxyde. The study was carried on in 150 teeth with indirect capping of deep cavities, and 50 teeth with direct capping. The evolution of the cappings was followed clinically, radiologically and morphologically. The results obtained showed that the paste with propolis exerts effects similar to those of zinc eugenate. The morphologic study of the indirect capping showed that secondary dentin developed shortly after the application of the paste, and that it was followed by the development of pulpolites and the sclerous transformation of the pulp. In teeth with direct capping a protective film developed at the opening of the dental chamber. With time the pulpal wound undergoes cicatrization by a process of fibrosis and there is a trend to remineralization. No areas of pulpal degenerescence were found the rest of the pulpal tissue, and this suggests that the paste is more histophilic than the pastes based on calcium hydroxide, with which an area of necrosis occurred at the opening of the chamber, and calcium and fibrous degenerescence occurred in the coronal pulp.

Dental Pulp Capping↗

[Diagnosis of fetal urinary tract deformity and its early surgical treatment].

From July 1987 to August 1989, ultrasound scan was performed in 419 cases of 24-42-week gestation. The result of antepartum diagnosis showed 12 cases of anomaly (7 males and 5 females). After birth, they were all confirmed by pediatric surgery. Seven infants had hydronephrosis (either bilateral or unilateral), two had nephrocystosis (either unilateral or multiple), two had megaureter, one had megabladder, one had single kidney associated with chronic disease, and eight were operated on. The lowest operative age was nine days, and the average age was 72 days. It shows that The operative indications were: (1) increased excretory rate of RBC and WBC; (2) functional damage of tube of kidney; (3) decreased serum albumin and metabolic acidosis; (4) bacteriuria and pyouria; (5) absence of general complications (6) pyelocalicectasis was at least three times that of the healthy side; (7) obstruction of the low urinary tract and or bladder-rectum fistula. Early surgical management is important for eugenic development of the infants.

Female↗

[Study of Doppler flow velocity wave forms of the fetal umbilical artery].

400 umbilical arterial wave forms were determined in 120 cases of normal pregnancy. The systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio of umbilical doppler flow velocity wave declined gradually from 3.3 to 2.2 during the period of 28th to 40th week, It was shown that the utero resistance was reduced and the placental blood perfusion was good. 67 umbilical arterial wave forms were determined in 33 cases of pregnancy induced hypertension. There were 20 cases of IUGR or fetal distress with abnormal umbilical arterial S/D ratio. The incidence of IUGR was 27% (9/33). The results show that this is a good, non-invasive and practical method for predicting fetal outcome. In combination with NST and biophysical profile it can serve as an antepartum assessment of fetal well being and is of much valve to eugenics and perinatology.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

Is schizophrenia what it was? A re-analysis of Kraepelin's and Bleuler's population.

It has been noted that the term "schizophrenia" is now applied to a group in many ways dissimilar to Emil Kraepelin's cases of dementia praecox and Eugene Bleuler's of schizophrenia. No detailed explanation has been offered for the difference. This article offers evidence that Kraepelin's and Bleuler's concepts were derived from a population largely suffering from organic disorders including the Parkinsonian sequelae of encephalitis lethargica; it describes the conceptual confusion which followed the introduction of the concept of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism and discusses some implications for the modern concept of schizophrenia. It is suggested that the differences between earlier and later groups of schizophrenics may be accounted for by the decline in prevalence of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism and of the neurological and behavioral sequelae of other diseases, and by the parallel unsystematic development of the concept of schizophrenia.

History, 20th Century↗

[Sterilization of the mentally handicapped according to section 1905 of the German Civil Code in relation to developing a patient management regulation].

Discussions on the sterilization of the mentally handicapped are still overshadowed to a great extent by the dire consequences of National Socialist policies which were only poorly concealed in the legislation of the period. These laws have meanwhile been rescinded but that has not eradicated the phenomenon itself. In fact, in recent years about 1,000 mentally handicapped persons have been sterilized--without their consent and without any firm legal basis for such action--shortly before reaching the age of 18. In most cases, the parents and the physicians involved joined forces in taking the matter into their own hands. Against this background there is a clear need for legislative action. Virtual agreement has been reached on this between the political groupings represented in the Bundestag and the organizations working for the welfare of the handicapped. Nonetheless, the recently submitted draft of a new bill is for the most part unacceptable. It is an improvement of earlier drafts in asmuchas the attempt to establish a close and often inappropriate link with Sect.218 a of the Penal Code (concerning abortion) has at least partly been given up. But the fact remains that handicapped women are still subjected to greater burdens than their male counterparts. Under the planned amendment to Sect.1905 Para. 1 (4) of the Civil Code, the act itself will define the requirements for a sterilization to be carried out "for medical reasons" (i.e. if life or health of the expectant mother are in jeopardy). Sect.1905 of the Civil Code contains no specific regulations as to when a sterilization is permissible "for eugenic reasons," but the fact remains that it can still be quite easily carried out under the general grounds. Pursuant to Sect.218a of the Penal Code an abortion can be exempt from punishment under special circumstances (i.e. on "social grounds") if the mother is at the time in a desperate situation which cannot be rectified in any other way. It certainly reflects very poorly on us if we do not succeed in giving the handicapped the help and support they need in their life situations which are so completely different from ours.

Child↗